Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris...

[linux/fpc-iii.git] / drivers / md / bcache / bcache.h

#ifndef _BCACHE_H
#define _BCACHE_H

/*
 * SOME HIGH LEVEL CODE DOCUMENTATION:
 *
 * Bcache mostly works with cache sets, cache devices, and backing devices.
 *
 * Support for multiple cache devices hasn't quite been finished off yet, but
 * it's about 95% plumbed through. A cache set and its cache devices is sort of
 * like a md raid array and its component devices. Most of the code doesn't care
 * about individual cache devices, the main abstraction is the cache set.
 *
 * Multiple cache devices is intended to give us the ability to mirror dirty
 * cached data and metadata, without mirroring clean cached data.
 *
 * Backing devices are different, in that they have a lifetime independent of a
 * cache set. When you register a newly formatted backing device it'll come up
 * in passthrough mode, and then you can attach and detach a backing device from
 * a cache set at runtime - while it's mounted and in use. Detaching implicitly
 * invalidates any cached data for that backing device.
 *
 * A cache set can have multiple (many) backing devices attached to it.
 *
 * There's also flash only volumes - this is the reason for the distinction
 * between struct cached_dev and struct bcache_device. A flash only volume
 * works much like a bcache device that has a backing device, except the
 * "cached" data is always dirty. The end result is that we get thin
 * provisioning with very little additional code.
 *
 * Flash only volumes work but they're not production ready because the moving
 * garbage collector needs more work. More on that later.
 *
 * BUCKETS/ALLOCATION:
 *
 * Bcache is primarily designed for caching, which means that in normal
 * operation all of our available space will be allocated. Thus, we need an
 * efficient way of deleting things from the cache so we can write new things to
 * it.
 *
 * To do this, we first divide the cache device up into buckets. A bucket is the
 * unit of allocation; they're typically around 1 mb - anywhere from 128k to 2M+
 * works efficiently.
 *
 * Each bucket has a 16 bit priority, and an 8 bit generation associated with
 * it. The gens and priorities for all the buckets are stored contiguously and
 * packed on disk (in a linked list of buckets - aside from the superblock, all
 * of bcache's metadata is stored in buckets).
 *
 * The priority is used to implement an LRU. We reset a bucket's priority when
 * we allocate it or on cache it, and every so often we decrement the priority
 * of each bucket. It could be used to implement something more sophisticated,
 * if anyone ever gets around to it.
 *
 * The generation is used for invalidating buckets. Each pointer also has an 8
 * bit generation embedded in it; for a pointer to be considered valid, its gen
 * must match the gen of the bucket it points into.  Thus, to reuse a bucket all
 * we have to do is increment its gen (and write its new gen to disk; we batch
 * this up).
 *
 * Bcache is entirely COW - we never write twice to a bucket, even buckets that
 * contain metadata (including btree nodes).
 *
 * THE BTREE:
 *
 * Bcache is in large part design around the btree.
 *
 * At a high level, the btree is just an index of key -> ptr tuples.
 *
 * Keys represent extents, and thus have a size field. Keys also have a variable
 * number of pointers attached to them (potentially zero, which is handy for
 * invalidating the cache).
 *
 * The key itself is an inode:offset pair. The inode number corresponds to a
 * backing device or a flash only volume. The offset is the ending offset of the
 * extent within the inode - not the starting offset; this makes lookups
 * slightly more convenient.
 *
 * Pointers contain the cache device id, the offset on that device, and an 8 bit
 * generation number. More on the gen later.
 *
 * Index lookups are not fully abstracted - cache lookups in particular are
 * still somewhat mixed in with the btree code, but things are headed in that
 * direction.
 *
 * Updates are fairly well abstracted, though. There are two different ways of
 * updating the btree; insert and replace.
 *
 * BTREE_INSERT will just take a list of keys and insert them into the btree -
 * overwriting (possibly only partially) any extents they overlap with. This is
 * used to update the index after a write.
 *
 * BTREE_REPLACE is really cmpxchg(); it inserts a key into the btree iff it is
 * overwriting a key that matches another given key. This is used for inserting
 * data into the cache after a cache miss, and for background writeback, and for
 * the moving garbage collector.
 *
 * There is no "delete" operation; deleting things from the index is
 * accomplished by either by invalidating pointers (by incrementing a bucket's
 * gen) or by inserting a key with 0 pointers - which will overwrite anything
 * previously present at that location in the index.
 *
 * This means that there are always stale/invalid keys in the btree. They're
 * filtered out by the code that iterates through a btree node, and removed when
 * a btree node is rewritten.
 *
 * BTREE NODES:
 *
 * Our unit of allocation is a bucket, and we we can't arbitrarily allocate and
 * free smaller than a bucket - so, that's how big our btree nodes are.
 *
 * (If buckets are really big we'll only use part of the bucket for a btree node
 * - no less than 1/4th - but a bucket still contains no more than a single
 * btree node. I'd actually like to change this, but for now we rely on the
 * bucket's gen for deleting btree nodes when we rewrite/split a node.)
 *
 * Anyways, btree nodes are big - big enough to be inefficient with a textbook
 * btree implementation.
 *
 * The way this is solved is that btree nodes are internally log structured; we
 * can append new keys to an existing btree node without rewriting it. This
 * means each set of keys we write is sorted, but the node is not.
 *
 * We maintain this log structure in memory - keeping 1Mb of keys sorted would
 * be expensive, and we have to distinguish between the keys we have written and
 * the keys we haven't. So to do a lookup in a btree node, we have to search
 * each sorted set. But we do merge written sets together lazily, so the cost of
 * these extra searches is quite low (normally most of the keys in a btree node
 * will be in one big set, and then there'll be one or two sets that are much
 * smaller).
 *
 * This log structure makes bcache's btree more of a hybrid between a
 * conventional btree and a compacting data structure, with some of the
 * advantages of both.
 *
 * GARBAGE COLLECTION:
 *
 * We can't just invalidate any bucket - it might contain dirty data or
 * metadata. If it once contained dirty data, other writes might overwrite it
 * later, leaving no valid pointers into that bucket in the index.
 *
 * Thus, the primary purpose of garbage collection is to find buckets to reuse.
 * It also counts how much valid data it each bucket currently contains, so that
 * allocation can reuse buckets sooner when they've been mostly overwritten.
 *
 * It also does some things that are really internal to the btree
 * implementation. If a btree node contains pointers that are stale by more than
 * some threshold, it rewrites the btree node to avoid the bucket's generation
 * wrapping around. It also merges adjacent btree nodes if they're empty enough.
 *
 * THE JOURNAL:
 *
 * Bcache's journal is not necessary for consistency; we always strictly
 * order metadata writes so that the btree and everything else is consistent on
 * disk in the event of an unclean shutdown, and in fact bcache had writeback
 * caching (with recovery from unclean shutdown) before journalling was
 * implemented.
 *
 * Rather, the journal is purely a performance optimization; we can't complete a
 * write until we've updated the index on disk, otherwise the cache would be
 * inconsistent in the event of an unclean shutdown. This means that without the
 * journal, on random write workloads we constantly have to update all the leaf
 * nodes in the btree, and those writes will be mostly empty (appending at most
 * a few keys each) - highly inefficient in terms of amount of metadata writes,
 * and it puts more strain on the various btree resorting/compacting code.
 *
 * The journal is just a log of keys we've inserted; on startup we just reinsert
 * all the keys in the open journal entries. That means that when we're updating
 * a node in the btree, we can wait until a 4k block of keys fills up before
 * writing them out.
 *
 * For simplicity, we only journal updates to leaf nodes; updates to parent
 * nodes are rare enough (since our leaf nodes are huge) that it wasn't worth
 * the complexity to deal with journalling them (in particular, journal replay)
 * - updates to non leaf nodes just happen synchronously (see btree_split()).
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) "bcache: %s() " fmt "\n", __func__

#include <linux/bcache.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/kobject.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>

#include "bset.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "closure.h"

struct bucket {
        atomic_t        pin;
        uint16_t        prio;
        uint8_t         gen;
        uint8_t         disk_gen;
        uint8_t         last_gc; /* Most out of date gen in the btree */
        uint8_t         gc_gen;
        uint16_t        gc_mark; /* Bitfield used by GC. See below for field */
};

/*
 * I'd use bitfields for these, but I don't trust the compiler not to screw me
 * as multiple threads touch struct bucket without locking
 */

BITMASK(GC_MARK,         struct bucket, gc_mark, 0, 2);
#define GC_MARK_RECLAIMABLE     0
#define GC_MARK_DIRTY           1
#define GC_MARK_METADATA        2
BITMASK(GC_SECTORS_USED, struct bucket, gc_mark, 2, 13);
BITMASK(GC_MOVE, struct bucket, gc_mark, 15, 1);

#include "journal.h"
#include "stats.h"
struct search;
struct btree;
struct keybuf;

struct keybuf_key {
        struct rb_node          node;
        BKEY_PADDED(key);
        void                    *private;
};

struct keybuf {
        struct bkey             last_scanned;
        spinlock_t              lock;

        /*
         * Beginning and end of range in rb tree - so that we can skip taking
         * lock and checking the rb tree when we need to check for overlapping
         * keys.
         */
        struct bkey             start;
        struct bkey             end;

        struct rb_root          keys;

#define KEYBUF_NR               500
        DECLARE_ARRAY_ALLOCATOR(struct keybuf_key, freelist, KEYBUF_NR);
};

struct bio_split_pool {
        struct bio_set          *bio_split;
        mempool_t               *bio_split_hook;
};

struct bio_split_hook {
        struct closure          cl;
        struct bio_split_pool   *p;
        struct bio              *bio;
        bio_end_io_t            *bi_end_io;
        void                    *bi_private;
};

struct bcache_device {
        struct closure          cl;

        struct kobject          kobj;

        struct cache_set        *c;
        unsigned                id;
#define BCACHEDEVNAME_SIZE      12
        char                    name[BCACHEDEVNAME_SIZE];

        struct gendisk          *disk;

        unsigned long           flags;
#define BCACHE_DEV_CLOSING      0
#define BCACHE_DEV_DETACHING    1
#define BCACHE_DEV_UNLINK_DONE  2

        unsigned                nr_stripes;
        unsigned                stripe_size;
        atomic_t                *stripe_sectors_dirty;
        unsigned long           *full_dirty_stripes;

        unsigned long           sectors_dirty_last;
        long                    sectors_dirty_derivative;

        struct bio_set          *bio_split;

        unsigned                data_csum:1;

        int (*cache_miss)(struct btree *, struct search *,
                          struct bio *, unsigned);
        int (*ioctl) (struct bcache_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);

        struct bio_split_pool   bio_split_hook;
};

struct io {
        /* Used to track sequential IO so it can be skipped */
        struct hlist_node       hash;
        struct list_head        lru;

        unsigned long           jiffies;
        unsigned                sequential;
        sector_t                last;
};

struct cached_dev {
        struct list_head        list;
        struct bcache_device    disk;
        struct block_device     *bdev;

        struct cache_sb         sb;
        struct bio              sb_bio;
        struct bio_vec          sb_bv[1];
        struct closure          sb_write;
        struct semaphore        sb_write_mutex;

        /* Refcount on the cache set. Always nonzero when we're caching. */
        atomic_t                count;
        struct work_struct      detach;

        /*
         * Device might not be running if it's dirty and the cache set hasn't
         * showed up yet.
         */
        atomic_t                running;

        /*
         * Writes take a shared lock from start to finish; scanning for dirty
         * data to refill the rb tree requires an exclusive lock.
         */
        struct rw_semaphore     writeback_lock;

        /*
         * Nonzero, and writeback has a refcount (d->count), iff there is dirty
         * data in the cache. Protected by writeback_lock; must have an
         * shared lock to set and exclusive lock to clear.
         */
        atomic_t                has_dirty;

        struct bch_ratelimit    writeback_rate;
        struct delayed_work     writeback_rate_update;

        /*
         * Internal to the writeback code, so read_dirty() can keep track of
         * where it's at.
         */
        sector_t                last_read;

        /* Limit number of writeback bios in flight */
        struct semaphore        in_flight;
        struct task_struct      *writeback_thread;

        struct keybuf           writeback_keys;

        /* For tracking sequential IO */
#define RECENT_IO_BITS  7
#define RECENT_IO       (1 << RECENT_IO_BITS)
        struct io               io[RECENT_IO];
        struct hlist_head       io_hash[RECENT_IO + 1];
        struct list_head        io_lru;
        spinlock_t              io_lock;

        struct cache_accounting accounting;

        /* The rest of this all shows up in sysfs */
        unsigned                sequential_cutoff;
        unsigned                readahead;

        unsigned                verify:1;
        unsigned                bypass_torture_test:1;

        unsigned                partial_stripes_expensive:1;
        unsigned                writeback_metadata:1;
        unsigned                writeback_running:1;
        unsigned char           writeback_percent;
        unsigned                writeback_delay;

        uint64_t                writeback_rate_target;
        int64_t                 writeback_rate_proportional;
        int64_t                 writeback_rate_derivative;
        int64_t                 writeback_rate_change;

        unsigned                writeback_rate_update_seconds;
        unsigned                writeback_rate_d_term;
        unsigned                writeback_rate_p_term_inverse;
};

enum alloc_reserve {
        RESERVE_BTREE,
        RESERVE_PRIO,
        RESERVE_MOVINGGC,
        RESERVE_NONE,
        RESERVE_NR,
};

struct cache {
        struct cache_set        *set;
        struct cache_sb         sb;
        struct bio              sb_bio;
        struct bio_vec          sb_bv[1];

        struct kobject          kobj;
        struct block_device     *bdev;

        struct task_struct      *alloc_thread;

        struct closure          prio;
        struct prio_set         *disk_buckets;

        /*
         * When allocating new buckets, prio_write() gets first dibs - since we
         * may not be allocate at all without writing priorities and gens.
         * prio_buckets[] contains the last buckets we wrote priorities to (so
         * gc can mark them as metadata), prio_next[] contains the buckets
         * allocated for the next prio write.
         */
        uint64_t                *prio_buckets;
        uint64_t                *prio_last_buckets;

        /*
         * free: Buckets that are ready to be used
         *
         * free_inc: Incoming buckets - these are buckets that currently have
         * cached data in them, and we can't reuse them until after we write
         * their new gen to disk. After prio_write() finishes writing the new
         * gens/prios, they'll be moved to the free list (and possibly discarded
         * in the process)
         *
         * unused: GC found nothing pointing into these buckets (possibly
         * because all the data they contained was overwritten), so we only
         * need to discard them before they can be moved to the free list.
         */
        DECLARE_FIFO(long, free)[RESERVE_NR];
        DECLARE_FIFO(long, free_inc);
        DECLARE_FIFO(long, unused);

        size_t                  fifo_last_bucket;

        /* Allocation stuff: */
        struct bucket           *buckets;

        DECLARE_HEAP(struct bucket *, heap);

        /*
         * max(gen - disk_gen) for all buckets. When it gets too big we have to
         * call prio_write() to keep gens from wrapping.
         */
        uint8_t                 need_save_prio;

        /*
         * If nonzero, we know we aren't going to find any buckets to invalidate
         * until a gc finishes - otherwise we could pointlessly burn a ton of
         * cpu
         */
        unsigned                invalidate_needs_gc:1;

        bool                    discard; /* Get rid of? */

        struct journal_device   journal;

        /* The rest of this all shows up in sysfs */
#define IO_ERROR_SHIFT          20
        atomic_t                io_errors;
        atomic_t                io_count;

        atomic_long_t           meta_sectors_written;
        atomic_long_t           btree_sectors_written;
        atomic_long_t           sectors_written;

        struct bio_split_pool   bio_split_hook;
};

struct gc_stat {
        size_t                  nodes;
        size_t                  key_bytes;

        size_t                  nkeys;
        uint64_t                data;   /* sectors */
        unsigned                in_use; /* percent */
};

/*
 * Flag bits, for how the cache set is shutting down, and what phase it's at:
 *
 * CACHE_SET_UNREGISTERING means we're not just shutting down, we're detaching
 * all the backing devices first (their cached data gets invalidated, and they
 * won't automatically reattach).
 *
 * CACHE_SET_STOPPING always gets set first when we're closing down a cache set;
 * we'll continue to run normally for awhile with CACHE_SET_STOPPING set (i.e.
 * flushing dirty data).
 */
#define CACHE_SET_UNREGISTERING         0
#define CACHE_SET_STOPPING              1

struct cache_set {
        struct closure          cl;

        struct list_head        list;
        struct kobject          kobj;
        struct kobject          internal;
        struct dentry           *debug;
        struct cache_accounting accounting;

        unsigned long           flags;

        struct cache_sb         sb;

        struct cache            *cache[MAX_CACHES_PER_SET];
        struct cache            *cache_by_alloc[MAX_CACHES_PER_SET];
        int                     caches_loaded;

        struct bcache_device    **devices;
        struct list_head        cached_devs;
        uint64_t                cached_dev_sectors;
        struct closure          caching;

        struct closure          sb_write;
        struct semaphore        sb_write_mutex;

        mempool_t               *search;
        mempool_t               *bio_meta;
        struct bio_set          *bio_split;

        /* For the btree cache */
        struct shrinker         shrink;

        /* For the btree cache and anything allocation related */
        struct mutex            bucket_lock;

        /* log2(bucket_size), in sectors */
        unsigned short          bucket_bits;

        /* log2(block_size), in sectors */
        unsigned short          block_bits;

        /*
         * Default number of pages for a new btree node - may be less than a
         * full bucket
         */
        unsigned                btree_pages;

        /*
         * Lists of struct btrees; lru is the list for structs that have memory
         * allocated for actual btree node, freed is for structs that do not.
         *
         * We never free a struct btree, except on shutdown - we just put it on
         * the btree_cache_freed list and reuse it later. This simplifies the
         * code, and it doesn't cost us much memory as the memory usage is
         * dominated by buffers that hold the actual btree node data and those
         * can be freed - and the number of struct btrees allocated is
         * effectively bounded.
         *
         * btree_cache_freeable effectively is a small cache - we use it because
         * high order page allocations can be rather expensive, and it's quite
         * common to delete and allocate btree nodes in quick succession. It
         * should never grow past ~2-3 nodes in practice.
         */
        struct list_head        btree_cache;
        struct list_head        btree_cache_freeable;
        struct list_head        btree_cache_freed;

        /* Number of elements in btree_cache + btree_cache_freeable lists */
        unsigned                bucket_cache_used;

        /*
         * If we need to allocate memory for a new btree node and that
         * allocation fails, we can cannibalize another node in the btree cache
         * to satisfy the allocation. However, only one thread can be doing this
         * at a time, for obvious reasons - try_harder and try_wait are
         * basically a lock for this that we can wait on asynchronously. The
         * btree_root() macro releases the lock when it returns.
         */
        struct task_struct      *try_harder;
        wait_queue_head_t       try_wait;
        uint64_t                try_harder_start;

        /*
         * When we free a btree node, we increment the gen of the bucket the
         * node is in - but we can't rewrite the prios and gens until we
         * finished whatever it is we were doing, otherwise after a crash the
         * btree node would be freed but for say a split, we might not have the
         * pointers to the new nodes inserted into the btree yet.
         *
         * This is a refcount that blocks prio_write() until the new keys are
         * written.
         */
        atomic_t                prio_blocked;
        wait_queue_head_t       bucket_wait;

        /*
         * For any bio we don't skip we subtract the number of sectors from
         * rescale; when it hits 0 we rescale all the bucket priorities.
         */
        atomic_t                rescale;
        /*
         * When we invalidate buckets, we use both the priority and the amount
         * of good data to determine which buckets to reuse first - to weight
         * those together consistently we keep track of the smallest nonzero
         * priority of any bucket.
         */
        uint16_t                min_prio;

        /*
         * max(gen - gc_gen) for all buckets. When it gets too big we have to gc
         * to keep gens from wrapping around.
         */
        uint8_t                 need_gc;
        struct gc_stat          gc_stats;
        size_t                  nbuckets;

        struct task_struct      *gc_thread;
        /* Where in the btree gc currently is */
        struct bkey             gc_done;

        /*
         * The allocation code needs gc_mark in struct bucket to be correct, but
         * it's not while a gc is in progress. Protected by bucket_lock.
         */
        int                     gc_mark_valid;

        /* Counts how many sectors bio_insert has added to the cache */
        atomic_t                sectors_to_gc;

        wait_queue_head_t       moving_gc_wait;
        struct keybuf           moving_gc_keys;
        /* Number of moving GC bios in flight */
        struct semaphore        moving_in_flight;

        struct btree            *root;

#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHE_DEBUG
        struct btree            *verify_data;
        struct bset             *verify_ondisk;
        struct mutex            verify_lock;
#endif

        unsigned                nr_uuids;
        struct uuid_entry       *uuids;
        BKEY_PADDED(uuid_bucket);
        struct closure          uuid_write;
        struct semaphore        uuid_write_mutex;

        /*
         * A btree node on disk could have too many bsets for an iterator to fit
         * on the stack - have to dynamically allocate them
         */
        mempool_t               *fill_iter;

        struct bset_sort_state  sort;

        /* List of buckets we're currently writing data to */
        struct list_head        data_buckets;
        spinlock_t              data_bucket_lock;

        struct journal          journal;

#define CONGESTED_MAX           1024
        unsigned                congested_last_us;
        atomic_t                congested;

        /* The rest of this all shows up in sysfs */
        unsigned                congested_read_threshold_us;
        unsigned                congested_write_threshold_us;

        struct time_stats       btree_gc_time;
        struct time_stats       btree_split_time;
        struct time_stats       btree_read_time;
        struct time_stats       try_harder_time;

        atomic_long_t           cache_read_races;
        atomic_long_t           writeback_keys_done;
        atomic_long_t           writeback_keys_failed;

        enum                    {
                ON_ERROR_UNREGISTER,
                ON_ERROR_PANIC,
        }                       on_error;
        unsigned                error_limit;
        unsigned                error_decay;

        unsigned short          journal_delay_ms;
        bool                    expensive_debug_checks;
        unsigned                verify:1;
        unsigned                key_merging_disabled:1;
        unsigned                gc_always_rewrite:1;
        unsigned                shrinker_disabled:1;
        unsigned                copy_gc_enabled:1;

#define BUCKET_HASH_BITS        12
        struct hlist_head       bucket_hash[1 << BUCKET_HASH_BITS];
};

struct bbio {
        unsigned                submit_time_us;
        union {
                struct bkey     key;
                uint64_t        _pad[3];
                /*
                 * We only need pad = 3 here because we only ever carry around a
                 * single pointer - i.e. the pointer we're doing io to/from.
                 */
        };
        struct bio              bio;
};

#define BTREE_PRIO              USHRT_MAX
#define INITIAL_PRIO            32768U

#define btree_bytes(c)          ((c)->btree_pages * PAGE_SIZE)
#define btree_blocks(b)                                                 \
        ((unsigned) (KEY_SIZE(&b->key) >> (b)->c->block_bits))

#define btree_default_blocks(c)                                         \
        ((unsigned) ((PAGE_SECTORS * (c)->btree_pages) >> (c)->block_bits))

#define bucket_pages(c)         ((c)->sb.bucket_size / PAGE_SECTORS)
#define bucket_bytes(c)         ((c)->sb.bucket_size << 9)
#define block_bytes(c)          ((c)->sb.block_size << 9)

#define prios_per_bucket(c)                             \
        ((bucket_bytes(c) - sizeof(struct prio_set)) /  \
         sizeof(struct bucket_disk))
#define prio_buckets(c)                                 \
        DIV_ROUND_UP((size_t) (c)->sb.nbuckets, prios_per_bucket(c))

static inline size_t sector_to_bucket(struct cache_set *c, sector_t s)
{
        return s >> c->bucket_bits;
}

static inline sector_t bucket_to_sector(struct cache_set *c, size_t b)
{
        return ((sector_t) b) << c->bucket_bits;
}

static inline sector_t bucket_remainder(struct cache_set *c, sector_t s)
{
        return s & (c->sb.bucket_size - 1);
}

static inline struct cache *PTR_CACHE(struct cache_set *c,
                                      const struct bkey *k,
                                      unsigned ptr)
{
        return c->cache[PTR_DEV(k, ptr)];
}

static inline size_t PTR_BUCKET_NR(struct cache_set *c,
                                   const struct bkey *k,
                                   unsigned ptr)
{
        return sector_to_bucket(c, PTR_OFFSET(k, ptr));
}

static inline struct bucket *PTR_BUCKET(struct cache_set *c,
                                        const struct bkey *k,
                                        unsigned ptr)
{
        return PTR_CACHE(c, k, ptr)->buckets + PTR_BUCKET_NR(c, k, ptr);
}

static inline uint8_t gen_after(uint8_t a, uint8_t b)
{
        uint8_t r = a - b;
        return r > 128U ? 0 : r;
}

static inline uint8_t ptr_stale(struct cache_set *c, const struct bkey *k,
                                unsigned i)
{
        return gen_after(PTR_BUCKET(c, k, i)->gen, PTR_GEN(k, i));
}

static inline bool ptr_available(struct cache_set *c, const struct bkey *k,
                                 unsigned i)
{
        return (PTR_DEV(k, i) < MAX_CACHES_PER_SET) && PTR_CACHE(c, k, i);
}

/* Btree key macros */

/*
 * This is used for various on disk data structures - cache_sb, prio_set, bset,
 * jset: The checksum is _always_ the first 8 bytes of these structs
 */
#define csum_set(i)                                                     \
        bch_crc64(((void *) (i)) + sizeof(uint64_t),                    \
                  ((void *) bset_bkey_last(i)) -                        \
                  (((void *) (i)) + sizeof(uint64_t)))

/* Error handling macros */

#define btree_bug(b, ...)                                               \
do {                                                                    \
        if (bch_cache_set_error((b)->c, __VA_ARGS__))                   \
                dump_stack();                                           \
} while (0)

#define cache_bug(c, ...)                                               \
do {                                                                    \
        if (bch_cache_set_error(c, __VA_ARGS__))                        \
                dump_stack();                                           \
} while (0)

#define btree_bug_on(cond, b, ...)                                      \
do {                                                                    \
        if (cond)                                                       \
                btree_bug(b, __VA_ARGS__);                              \
} while (0)

#define cache_bug_on(cond, c, ...)                                      \
do {                                                                    \
        if (cond)                                                       \
                cache_bug(c, __VA_ARGS__);                              \
} while (0)

#define cache_set_err_on(cond, c, ...)                                  \
do {                                                                    \
        if (cond)                                                       \
                bch_cache_set_error(c, __VA_ARGS__);                    \
} while (0)

/* Looping macros */

#define for_each_cache(ca, cs, iter)                                    \
        for (iter = 0; ca = cs->cache[iter], iter < (cs)->sb.nr_in_set; iter++)

#define for_each_bucket(b, ca)                                          \
        for (b = (ca)->buckets + (ca)->sb.first_bucket;                 \
             b < (ca)->buckets + (ca)->sb.nbuckets; b++)

static inline void cached_dev_put(struct cached_dev *dc)
{
        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dc->count))
                schedule_work(&dc->detach);
}

static inline bool cached_dev_get(struct cached_dev *dc)
{
        if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&dc->count))
                return false;

        /* Paired with the mb in cached_dev_attach */
        smp_mb__after_atomic_inc();
        return true;
}

/*
 * bucket_gc_gen() returns the difference between the bucket's current gen and
 * the oldest gen of any pointer into that bucket in the btree (last_gc).
 *
 * bucket_disk_gen() returns the difference between the current gen and the gen
 * on disk; they're both used to make sure gens don't wrap around.
 */

static inline uint8_t bucket_gc_gen(struct bucket *b)
{
        return b->gen - b->last_gc;
}

static inline uint8_t bucket_disk_gen(struct bucket *b)
{
        return b->gen - b->disk_gen;
}

#define BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX       96U
#define BUCKET_DISK_GEN_MAX     64U

#define kobj_attribute_write(n, fn)                                     \
        static struct kobj_attribute ksysfs_##n = __ATTR(n, S_IWUSR, NULL, fn)

#define kobj_attribute_rw(n, show, store)                               \
        static struct kobj_attribute ksysfs_##n =                       \
                __ATTR(n, S_IWUSR|S_IRUSR, show, store)

static inline void wake_up_allocators(struct cache_set *c)
{
        struct cache *ca;
        unsigned i;

        for_each_cache(ca, c, i)
                wake_up_process(ca->alloc_thread);
}

/* Forward declarations */

void bch_count_io_errors(struct cache *, int, const char *);
void bch_bbio_count_io_errors(struct cache_set *, struct bio *,
                              int, const char *);
void bch_bbio_endio(struct cache_set *, struct bio *, int, const char *);
void bch_bbio_free(struct bio *, struct cache_set *);
struct bio *bch_bbio_alloc(struct cache_set *);

void bch_generic_make_request(struct bio *, struct bio_split_pool *);
void __bch_submit_bbio(struct bio *, struct cache_set *);
void bch_submit_bbio(struct bio *, struct cache_set *, struct bkey *, unsigned);

uint8_t bch_inc_gen(struct cache *, struct bucket *);
void bch_rescale_priorities(struct cache_set *, int);
bool bch_bucket_add_unused(struct cache *, struct bucket *);

long bch_bucket_alloc(struct cache *, unsigned, bool);
void bch_bucket_free(struct cache_set *, struct bkey *);

int __bch_bucket_alloc_set(struct cache_set *, unsigned,
                           struct bkey *, int, bool);
int bch_bucket_alloc_set(struct cache_set *, unsigned,
                         struct bkey *, int, bool);
bool bch_alloc_sectors(struct cache_set *, struct bkey *, unsigned,
                       unsigned, unsigned, bool);

__printf(2, 3)
bool bch_cache_set_error(struct cache_set *, const char *, ...);

void bch_prio_write(struct cache *);
void bch_write_bdev_super(struct cached_dev *, struct closure *);

extern struct workqueue_struct *bcache_wq;
extern const char * const bch_cache_modes[];
extern struct mutex bch_register_lock;
extern struct list_head bch_cache_sets;

extern struct kobj_type bch_cached_dev_ktype;
extern struct kobj_type bch_flash_dev_ktype;
extern struct kobj_type bch_cache_set_ktype;
extern struct kobj_type bch_cache_set_internal_ktype;
extern struct kobj_type bch_cache_ktype;

void bch_cached_dev_release(struct kobject *);
void bch_flash_dev_release(struct kobject *);
void bch_cache_set_release(struct kobject *);
void bch_cache_release(struct kobject *);

int bch_uuid_write(struct cache_set *);
void bcache_write_super(struct cache_set *);

int bch_flash_dev_create(struct cache_set *c, uint64_t size);

int bch_cached_dev_attach(struct cached_dev *, struct cache_set *);
void bch_cached_dev_detach(struct cached_dev *);
void bch_cached_dev_run(struct cached_dev *);
void bcache_device_stop(struct bcache_device *);

void bch_cache_set_unregister(struct cache_set *);
void bch_cache_set_stop(struct cache_set *);

struct cache_set *bch_cache_set_alloc(struct cache_sb *);
void bch_btree_cache_free(struct cache_set *);
int bch_btree_cache_alloc(struct cache_set *);
void bch_moving_init_cache_set(struct cache_set *);
int bch_open_buckets_alloc(struct cache_set *);
void bch_open_buckets_free(struct cache_set *);

int bch_cache_allocator_start(struct cache *ca);
int bch_cache_allocator_init(struct cache *ca);

void bch_debug_exit(void);
int bch_debug_init(struct kobject *);
void bch_request_exit(void);
int bch_request_init(void);
void bch_btree_exit(void);
int bch_btree_init(void);

#endif /* _BCACHE_H */