4 files: arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
5 arch/s390/include/asm/debug.h
9 The goal of this feature is to provide a kernel debug logging API
10 where log records can be stored efficiently in memory, where each component
11 (e.g. device drivers) can have one separate debug log.
12 One purpose of this is to inspect the debug logs after a production system crash
13 in order to analyze the reason for the crash.
14 If the system still runs but only a subcomponent which uses dbf fails,
15 it is possible to look at the debug logs on a live system via the Linux
17 The debug feature may also very useful for kernel and driver development.
21 Kernel components (e.g. device drivers) can register themselves at the debug
22 feature with the function call debug_register(). This function initializes a
23 debug log for the caller. For each debug log exists a number of debug areas
24 where exactly one is active at one time. Each debug area consists of contiguous
25 pages in memory. In the debug areas there are stored debug entries (log records)
26 which are written by event- and exception-calls.
28 An event-call writes the specified debug entry to the active debug
29 area and updates the log pointer for the active area. If the end
30 of the active debug area is reached, a wrap around is done (ring buffer)
31 and the next debug entry will be written at the beginning of the active
34 An exception-call writes the specified debug entry to the log and
35 switches to the next debug area. This is done in order to be sure
36 that the records which describe the origin of the exception are not
37 overwritten when a wrap around for the current area occurs.
39 The debug areas themselves are also ordered in form of a ring buffer.
40 When an exception is thrown in the last debug area, the following debug
41 entries are then written again in the very first area.
43 There are three versions for the event- and exception-calls: One for
44 logging raw data, one for text and one for numbers.
46 Each debug entry contains the following data:
49 - Cpu-Number of calling task
50 - Level of debug entry (0...6)
51 - Return Address to caller
52 - Flag, if entry is an exception or not
54 The debug logs can be inspected in a live system through entries in
55 the debugfs-filesystem. Under the toplevel directory "s390dbf" there is
56 a directory for each registered component, which is named like the
57 corresponding component. The debugfs normally should be mounted to
58 /sys/kernel/debug therefore the debug feature can be accessed under
59 /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf.
61 The content of the directories are files which represent different views
62 to the debug log. Each component can decide which views should be
63 used through registering them with the function debug_register_view().
64 Predefined views for hex/ascii, sprintf and raw binary data are provided.
65 It is also possible to define other views. The content of
66 a view can be inspected simply by reading the corresponding debugfs file.
68 All debug logs have an actual debug level (range from 0 to 6).
69 The default level is 3. Event and Exception functions have a 'level'
70 parameter. Only debug entries with a level that is lower or equal
71 than the actual level are written to the log. This means, when
72 writing events, high priority log entries should have a low level
73 value whereas low priority entries should have a high one.
74 The actual debug level can be changed with the help of the debugfs-filesystem
75 through writing a number string "x" to the 'level' debugfs file which is
76 provided for every debug log. Debugging can be switched off completely
77 by using "-" on the 'level' debugfs file.
81 > echo "-" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
83 It is also possible to deactivate the debug feature globally for every
84 debug log. You can change the behavior using 2 sysctl parameters in
86 There are currently 2 possible triggers, which stop the debug feature
87 globally. The first possibility is to use the "debug_active" sysctl. If
88 set to 1 the debug feature is running. If "debug_active" is set to 0 the
89 debug feature is turned off.
90 The second trigger which stops the debug feature is a kernel oops.
91 That prevents the debug feature from overwriting debug information that
92 happened before the oops. After an oops you can reactivate the debug feature
93 by piping 1 to /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active. Nevertheless, its not
94 suggested to use an oopsed kernel in a production environment.
95 If you want to disallow the deactivation of the debug feature, you can use
96 the "debug_stoppable" sysctl. If you set "debug_stoppable" to 0 the debug
97 feature cannot be stopped. If the debug feature is already stopped, it
98 will stay deactivated.
103 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
104 debug_info_t *debug_register(char *name, int pages, int nr_areas,
107 Parameter: name: Name of debug log (e.g. used for debugfs entry)
108 pages: number of pages, which will be allocated per area
109 nr_areas: number of debug areas
110 buf_size: size of data area in each debug entry
112 Return Value: Handle for generated debug area
113 NULL if register failed
115 Description: Allocates memory for a debug log
116 Must not be called within an interrupt handler
118 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
119 debug_info_t *debug_register_mode(char *name, int pages, int nr_areas,
120 int buf_size, mode_t mode, uid_t uid,
123 Parameter: name: Name of debug log (e.g. used for debugfs entry)
124 pages: Number of pages, which will be allocated per area
125 nr_areas: Number of debug areas
126 buf_size: Size of data area in each debug entry
127 mode: File mode for debugfs files. E.g. S_IRWXUGO
128 uid: User ID for debugfs files. Currently only 0 is
130 gid: Group ID for debugfs files. Currently only 0 is
133 Return Value: Handle for generated debug area
134 NULL if register failed
136 Description: Allocates memory for a debug log
137 Must not be called within an interrupt handler
139 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
140 void debug_unregister (debug_info_t * id);
142 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
146 Description: frees memory for a debug log and removes all registered debug
148 Must not be called within an interrupt handler
150 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
151 void debug_set_level (debug_info_t * id, int new_level);
153 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
154 new_level: new debug level
158 Description: Sets new actual debug level if new_level is valid.
160 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
161 bool debug_level_enabled (debug_info_t * id, int level);
163 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
166 Return Value: True if level is less or equal to the current debug level.
168 Description: Returns true if debug events for the specified level would be
169 logged. Otherwise returns false.
170 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
171 void debug_stop_all(void);
177 Description: stops the debug feature if stopping is allowed. Currently
178 used in case of a kernel oops.
180 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
181 debug_entry_t* debug_event (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
184 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
186 data: pointer to data for debug entry
187 length: length of data in bytes
189 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
191 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
194 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
195 debug_entry_t* debug_int_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
197 debug_entry_t* debug_long_event(debug_info_t * id, int level,
200 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
202 data: integer value for debug entry
204 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
206 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
209 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
210 debug_entry_t* debug_text_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
213 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
215 data: string for debug entry
217 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
219 Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
220 (if level <= actual debug level)
222 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
223 debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
226 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
228 string: format string for debug entry
229 ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
231 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
233 Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
234 active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level).
235 floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
237 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
239 debug_entry_t* debug_exception (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
242 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
244 data: pointer to data for debug entry
245 length: length of data in bytes
247 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
249 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
250 debug level) and switches to next debug area
252 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
253 debug_entry_t* debug_int_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
255 debug_entry_t* debug_long_exception(debug_info_t * id, int level,
258 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
260 data: integer value for debug entry
262 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
264 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
265 debug level) and switches to next debug area
267 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
268 debug_entry_t* debug_text_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
271 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
273 data: string for debug entry
275 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
277 Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
278 (if level <= actual debug level) and switches to next debug
281 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
282 debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
285 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
287 string: format string for debug entry
288 ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
290 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
292 Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
293 active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level) and
294 switches to next debug area.
295 floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
297 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
299 int debug_register_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
301 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
302 view: pointer to debug view struct
307 Description: registers new debug view and creates debugfs dir entry
309 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
310 int debug_unregister_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
312 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
313 view: pointer to debug view struct
318 Description: unregisters debug view and removes debugfs dir entry
325 extern struct debug_view debug_hex_ascii_view;
326 extern struct debug_view debug_raw_view;
327 extern struct debug_view debug_sprintf_view;
333 * hex_ascii- + raw-view Example
336 #include <linux/init.h>
337 #include <asm/debug.h>
339 static debug_info_t* debug_info;
341 static int init(void)
343 /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and 4 byte data field */
345 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 1, 4, 4 );
346 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_hex_ascii_view);
347 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_raw_view);
349 debug_text_event(debug_info, 4 , "one ");
350 debug_int_exception(debug_info, 4, 4711);
351 debug_event(debug_info, 3, &debug_info, 4);
356 static void cleanup(void)
358 debug_unregister (debug_info);
362 module_exit(cleanup);
364 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
367 * sprintf-view Example
370 #include <linux/init.h>
371 #include <asm/debug.h>
373 static debug_info_t* debug_info;
375 static int init(void)
377 /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and data field for */
378 /* format string pointer + 2 varargs (= 3 * sizeof(long)) */
380 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 1, 4, sizeof(long) * 3);
381 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_sprintf_view);
383 debug_sprintf_event(debug_info, 2 , "first event in %s:%i\n",__FILE__,__LINE__);
384 debug_sprintf_exception(debug_info, 1, "pointer to debug info: %p\n",&debug_info);
389 static void cleanup(void)
391 debug_unregister (debug_info);
395 module_exit(cleanup);
401 Views to the debug logs can be investigated through reading the corresponding
406 > ls /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd
407 flush hex_ascii level pages raw
408 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/hex_ascii | sort +1
409 00 00974733272:680099 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
410 00 00974733272:682210 2 - 02 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
411 00 00974733272:682213 2 - 02 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
412 00 00974733272:682281 1 * 02 0006ab08 41 4c 4c 43 | EXCP
413 01 00974733272:682284 2 - 02 0006ab16 45 43 4b 44 | ECKD
414 01 00974733272:682287 2 - 02 0006ab28 00 00 00 04 | ....
415 01 00974733272:682289 2 - 02 0006ab3e 00 00 00 20 | ...
416 01 00974733272:682297 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
417 01 00974733272:684384 2 - 00 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
418 01 00974733272:684388 2 - 00 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
420 See section about predefined views for explanation of the above output!
422 Changing the debug level
423 ------------------------
428 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
430 > echo "5" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
431 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
436 Debug areas can be flushed with piping the number of the desired
437 area (0...n) to the debugfs file "flush". When using "-" all debug areas
442 1. Flush debug area 0:
443 > echo "0" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/flush
445 2. Flush all debug areas:
446 > echo "-" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/flush
448 Changing the size of debug areas
449 ------------------------------------
450 It is possible the change the size of debug areas through piping
451 the number of pages to the debugfs file "pages". The resize request will
452 also flush the debug areas.
456 Define 4 pages for the debug areas of debug feature "dasd":
457 > echo "4" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/pages
459 Stooping the debug feature
460 --------------------------
463 1. Check if stopping is allowed
464 > cat /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_stoppable
465 2. Stop debug feature
466 > echo 0 > /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active
470 It is planned that the dump analysis tool lcrash gets an additional command
471 's390dbf' to display all the debug logs. With this tool it will be possible
472 to investigate the debug logs on a live system and with a memory dump after
475 Investigating raw memory
476 ------------------------
477 One last possibility to investigate the debug logs at a live
478 system and after a system crash is to look at the raw memory
479 under VM or at the Service Element.
480 It is possible to find the anker of the debug-logs through
481 the 'debug_area_first' symbol in the System map. Then one has
482 to follow the correct pointers of the data-structures defined
483 in debug.h and find the debug-areas in memory.
484 Normally modules which use the debug feature will also have
485 a global variable with the pointer to the debug-logs. Following
486 this pointer it will also be possible to find the debug logs in
489 For this method it is recommended to use '16 * x + 4' byte (x = 0..n)
490 for the length of the data field in debug_register() in
491 order to see the debug entries well formatted.
497 There are three predefined views: hex_ascii, raw and sprintf.
498 The hex_ascii view shows the data field in hex and ascii representation
499 (e.g. '45 43 4b 44 | ECKD').
500 The raw view returns a bytestream as the debug areas are stored in memory.
502 The sprintf view formats the debug entries in the same way as the sprintf
503 function would do. The sprintf event/exception functions write to the
504 debug entry a pointer to the format string (size = sizeof(long))
505 and for each vararg a long value. So e.g. for a debug entry with a format
506 string plus two varargs one would need to allocate a (3 * sizeof(long))
507 byte data area in the debug_register() function.
509 IMPORTANT: Using "%s" in sprintf event functions is dangerous. You can only
510 use "%s" in the sprintf event functions, if the memory for the passed string is
511 available as long as the debug feature exists. The reason behind this is that
512 due to performance considerations only a pointer to the string is stored in
513 the debug feature. If you log a string that is freed afterwards, you will get
514 an OOPS when inspecting the debug feature, because then the debug feature will
515 access the already freed memory.
517 NOTE: If using the sprintf view do NOT use other event/exception functions
518 than the sprintf-event and -exception functions.
520 The format of the hex_ascii and sprintf view is as follows:
522 - Timestamp (formatted as seconds and microseconds since 00:00:00 Coordinated
523 Universal Time (UTC), January 1, 1970)
524 - level of debug entry
525 - Exception flag (* = Exception)
526 - Cpu-Number of calling task
527 - Return Address to caller
530 The format of the raw view is:
531 - Header as described in debug.h
534 A typical line of the hex_ascii view will look like the following (first line
535 is only for explanation and will not be displayed when 'cating' the view):
537 area time level exception cpu caller data (hex + ascii)
538 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
539 00 00964419409:440690 1 - 00 88023fe
545 Views are specified with the 'debug_view' structure. There are defined
546 callback functions which are used for reading and writing the debugfs files:
549 char name[DEBUG_MAX_PROCF_LEN];
550 debug_prolog_proc_t* prolog_proc;
551 debug_header_proc_t* header_proc;
552 debug_format_proc_t* format_proc;
553 debug_input_proc_t* input_proc;
559 typedef int (debug_header_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
560 struct debug_view* view,
562 debug_entry_t* entry,
565 typedef int (debug_format_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
566 struct debug_view* view, char* out_buf,
568 typedef int (debug_prolog_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
569 struct debug_view* view,
571 typedef int (debug_input_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
572 struct debug_view* view,
573 struct file* file, const char* user_buf,
574 size_t in_buf_size, loff_t* offset);
577 The "private_data" member can be used as pointer to view specific data.
578 It is not used by the debug feature itself.
580 The output when reading a debugfs file is structured like this:
584 "header_proc output 1" "format_proc output 1"
585 "header_proc output 2" "format_proc output 2"
586 "header_proc output 3" "format_proc output 3"
589 When a view is read from the debugfs, the Debug Feature calls the
590 'prolog_proc' once for writing the prolog.
591 Then 'header_proc' and 'format_proc' are called for each
592 existing debug entry.
594 The input_proc can be used to implement functionality when it is written to
595 the view (e.g. like with 'echo "0" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level).
597 For header_proc there can be used the default function
598 debug_dflt_header_fn() which is defined in debug.h.
599 and which produces the same header output as the predefined views.
601 00 00964419409:440761 2 - 00 88023ec
603 In order to see how to use the callback functions check the implementation
604 of the default views!
608 #include <asm/debug.h>
610 #define UNKNOWNSTR "data: %08x"
612 const char* messages[] =
613 {"This error...........\n",
614 "That error...........\n",
615 "Problem..............\n",
616 "Something went wrong.\n",
617 "Everything ok........\n",
621 static int debug_test_format_fn(
622 debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view,
623 char *out_buf, const char *in_buf
628 if(id->buf_size >= 4) {
629 int msg_nr = *((int*)in_buf);
630 if(msg_nr < sizeof(messages)/sizeof(char*) - 1)
631 rc += sprintf(out_buf, "%s", messages[msg_nr]);
633 rc += sprintf(out_buf, UNKNOWNSTR, msg_nr);
639 struct debug_view debug_test_view = {
640 "myview", /* name of view */
641 NULL, /* no prolog */
642 &debug_dflt_header_fn, /* default header for each entry */
643 &debug_test_format_fn, /* our own format function */
644 NULL, /* no input function */
645 NULL /* no private data */
651 debug_info_t *debug_info;
653 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 ));
654 debug_register_view(debug_info, &debug_test_view);
655 for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++) debug_int_event(debug_info, 1, i);
657 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/test/myview
658 00 00964419734:611402 1 - 00 88042ca This error...........
659 00 00964419734:611405 1 - 00 88042ca That error...........
660 00 00964419734:611408 1 - 00 88042ca Problem..............
661 00 00964419734:611411 1 - 00 88042ca Something went wrong.
662 00 00964419734:611414 1 - 00 88042ca Everything ok........
663 00 00964419734:611417 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000005
664 00 00964419734:611419 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000006
665 00 00964419734:611422 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000007
666 00 00964419734:611425 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000008
667 00 00964419734:611428 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000009