1 =========================================
2 How to get printk format specifiers right
3 =========================================
5 :Author: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
6 :Author: Andrew Murray <amurray@mpc-data.co.uk>
13 If variable is of Type, use printk format specifier:
14 ------------------------------------------------------------
18 unsigned long %lu or %lx
19 long long %lld or %llx
20 unsigned long long %llu or %llx
28 If <type> is dependent on a config option for its size (e.g., ``sector_t``,
29 ``blkcnt_t``) or is architecture-dependent for its size (e.g., ``tcflag_t``),
30 use a format specifier of its largest possible type and explicitly cast to it.
34 printk("test: sector number/total blocks: %llu/%llu\n",
35 (unsigned long long)sector, (unsigned long long)blockcount);
37 Reminder: ``sizeof()`` result is of type ``size_t``.
39 The kernel's printf does not support ``%n``. For obvious reasons, floating
40 point formats (``%e, %f, %g, %a``) are also not recognized. Use of any
41 unsupported specifier or length qualifier results in a WARN and early
42 return from vsnprintf.
44 Raw pointer value SHOULD be printed with %p. The kernel supports
45 the following extended format specifiers for pointer types:
50 Pointers printed without a specifier extension (i.e unadorned %p) are
51 hashed to give a unique identifier without leaking kernel addresses to user
52 space. On 64 bit machines the first 32 bits are zeroed. If you _really_
53 want the address see %px below.
57 %p abcdef12 or 00000000abcdef12
59 Symbols/Function Pointers
60 =========================
64 %pF versatile_init+0x0/0x110
66 %pS versatile_init+0x0/0x110
67 %pSR versatile_init+0x9/0x110
68 (with __builtin_extract_return_addr() translation)
70 %pB prev_fn_of_versatile_init+0x88/0x88
72 The ``F`` and ``f`` specifiers are for printing function pointers,
73 for example, f->func, &gettimeofday. They have the same result as
74 ``S`` and ``s`` specifiers. But they do an extra conversion on
75 ia64, ppc64 and parisc64 architectures where the function pointers
76 are actually function descriptors.
78 The ``S`` and ``s`` specifiers can be used for printing symbols
79 from direct addresses, for example, __builtin_return_address(0),
80 (void *)regs->ip. They result in the symbol name with (``S``) or
81 without (``s``) offsets. If KALLSYMS are disabled then the symbol
82 address is printed instead.
84 The ``B`` specifier results in the symbol name with offsets and should be
85 used when printing stack backtraces. The specifier takes into
86 consideration the effect of compiler optimisations which may occur
87 when tail-call``s are used and marked with the noreturn GCC attribute.
91 printk("Going to call: %pF\n", gettimeofday);
92 printk("Going to call: %pF\n", p->func);
93 printk("%s: called from %pS\n", __func__, (void *)_RET_IP_);
94 printk("%s: called from %pS\n", __func__,
95 (void *)__builtin_return_address(0));
96 printk("Faulted at %pS\n", (void *)regs->ip);
97 printk(" %s%pB\n", (reliable ? "" : "? "), (void *)*stack);
104 %pK 01234567 or 0123456789abcdef
106 For printing kernel pointers which should be hidden from unprivileged
107 users. The behaviour of ``%pK`` depends on the ``kptr_restrict sysctl`` - see
108 Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt for more details.
115 %px 01234567 or 0123456789abcdef
117 For printing pointers when you _really_ want to print the address. Please
118 consider whether or not you are leaking sensitive information about the
119 Kernel layout in memory before printing pointers with %px. %px is
120 functionally equivalent to %lx. %px is preferred to %lx because it is more
121 uniquely grep'able. If, in the future, we need to modify the way the Kernel
122 handles printing pointers it will be nice to be able to find the call
130 %pr [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff flags 0x2200] or
131 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff flags 0x2200]
132 %pR [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref] or
133 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff pref]
135 For printing struct resources. The ``R`` and ``r`` specifiers result in a
136 printed resource with (``R``) or without (``r``) a decoded flags member.
139 Physical addresses types ``phys_addr_t``
140 ========================================
144 %pa[p] 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
146 For printing a ``phys_addr_t`` type (and its derivatives, such as
147 ``resource_size_t``) which can vary based on build options, regardless of
148 the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
150 DMA addresses types ``dma_addr_t``
151 ==================================
155 %pad 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
157 For printing a ``dma_addr_t`` type which can vary based on build options,
158 regardless of the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
160 Raw buffer as an escaped string
161 ===============================
167 For printing raw buffer as an escaped string. For the following buffer::
169 1b 62 20 5c 43 07 22 90 0d 5d
171 few examples show how the conversion would be done (the result string
172 without surrounding quotes)::
174 %*pE "\eb \C\a"\220\r]"
175 %*pEhp "\x1bb \C\x07"\x90\x0d]"
176 %*pEa "\e\142\040\\\103\a\042\220\r\135"
178 The conversion rules are applied according to an optional combination
179 of flags (see :c:func:`string_escape_mem` kernel documentation for the
183 - ``c`` - ESCAPE_SPECIAL
185 - ``n`` - ESCAPE_NULL
186 - ``o`` - ESCAPE_OCTAL
188 - ``s`` - ESCAPE_SPACE
190 By default ESCAPE_ANY_NP is used.
192 ESCAPE_ANY_NP is the sane choice for many cases, in particularly for
195 If field width is omitted the 1 byte only will be escaped.
197 Raw buffer as a hex string
198 ==========================
203 %*phC 00:01:02: ... :3f
204 %*phD 00-01-02- ... -3f
207 For printing a small buffers (up to 64 bytes long) as a hex string with
208 certain separator. For the larger buffers consider to use
209 :c:func:`print_hex_dump`.
216 %pM 00:01:02:03:04:05
217 %pMR 05:04:03:02:01:00
218 %pMF 00-01-02-03-04-05
222 For printing 6-byte MAC/FDDI addresses in hex notation. The ``M`` and ``m``
223 specifiers result in a printed address with (``M``) or without (``m``) byte
224 separators. The default byte separator is the colon (``:``).
226 Where FDDI addresses are concerned the ``F`` specifier can be used after
227 the ``M`` specifier to use dash (``-``) separators instead of the default
230 For Bluetooth addresses the ``R`` specifier shall be used after the ``M``
231 specifier to use reversed byte order suitable for visual interpretation
232 of Bluetooth addresses which are in the little endian order.
245 For printing IPv4 dot-separated decimal addresses. The ``I4`` and ``i4``
246 specifiers result in a printed address with (``i4``) or without (``I4``)
249 The additional ``h``, ``n``, ``b``, and ``l`` specifiers are used to specify
250 host, network, big or little endian order addresses respectively. Where
251 no specifier is provided the default network/big endian order is used.
260 %pI6 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
261 %pi6 00010002000300040005000600070008
262 %pI6c 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
264 For printing IPv6 network-order 16-bit hex addresses. The ``I6`` and ``i6``
265 specifiers result in a printed address with (``I6``) or without (``i6``)
266 colon-separators. Leading zeros are always used.
268 The additional ``c`` specifier can be used with the ``I`` specifier to
269 print a compressed IPv6 address as described by
270 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952
274 IPv4/IPv6 addresses (generic, with port, flowinfo, scope)
275 =========================================================
279 %pIS 1.2.3.4 or 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
280 %piS 001.002.003.004 or 00010002000300040005000600070008
281 %pISc 1.2.3.4 or 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
282 %pISpc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345
285 For printing an IP address without the need to distinguish whether it``s
286 of type AF_INET or AF_INET6, a pointer to a valid ``struct sockaddr``,
287 specified through ``IS`` or ``iS``, can be passed to this format specifier.
289 The additional ``p``, ``f``, and ``s`` specifiers are used to specify port
290 (IPv4, IPv6), flowinfo (IPv6) and scope (IPv6). Ports have a ``:`` prefix,
291 flowinfo a ``/`` and scope a ``%``, each followed by the actual value.
293 In case of an IPv6 address the compressed IPv6 address as described by
294 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952 is being used if the additional
295 specifier ``c`` is given. The IPv6 address is surrounded by ``[``, ``]`` in
296 case of additional specifiers ``p``, ``f`` or ``s`` as suggested by
297 https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-07
299 In case of IPv4 addresses, the additional ``h``, ``n``, ``b``, and ``l``
300 specifiers can be used as well and are ignored in case of an IPv6
307 %pISfc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/123456789
308 %pISsc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]%1234567890
309 %pISpfc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345/123456789
316 %pUb 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f
317 %pUB 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0A0B0C0D0E0F
318 %pUl 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0a0b0c0e0e0f
319 %pUL 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0A0B0C0E0E0F
321 For printing 16-byte UUID/GUIDs addresses. The additional 'l', 'L',
322 'b' and 'B' specifiers are used to specify a little endian order in
323 lower ('l') or upper case ('L') hex characters - and big endian order
324 in lower ('b') or upper case ('B') hex characters.
326 Where no additional specifiers are used the default big endian
327 order with lower case hex characters will be printed.
339 For printing dentry name; if we race with :c:func:`d_move`, the name might be
340 a mix of old and new ones, but it won't oops. ``%pd`` dentry is a safer
341 equivalent of ``%s`` ``dentry->d_name.name`` we used to use, ``%pd<n>`` prints
342 ``n`` last components. ``%pD`` does the same thing for struct file.
351 %pg sda, sda1 or loop0p1
353 For printing name of block_device pointers.
362 For printing struct va_format structures. These contain a format string
363 and va_list as follows::
370 Implements a "recursive vsnprintf".
372 Do not use this feature without some mechanism to verify the
373 correctness of the format string and va_list arguments.
384 Base specifier for kobject based structs. Must be followed with
385 character for specific type of kobject as listed below:
391 For printing device tree nodes. The optional arguments are:
392 f device node full_name
394 p device node phandle
395 P device node path spec (name + @unit)
397 c major compatible string
398 C full compatible string
399 Without any arguments prints full_name (same as %pOFf)
400 The separator when using multiple arguments is ':'
404 %pOF /foo/bar@0 - Node full name
405 %pOFf /foo/bar@0 - Same as above
406 %pOFfp /foo/bar@0:10 - Node full name + phandle
407 %pOFfcF /foo/bar@0:foo,device:--P- - Node full name +
408 major compatible string +
427 For printing struct clk structures. ``%pC`` and ``%pCn`` print the name
428 (Common Clock Framework) or address (legacy clock framework) of the
429 structure; ``%pCr`` prints the current clock rate.
433 bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask
434 =======================================================
441 For printing bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask,
442 ``%*pb`` output the bitmap with field width as the number of bits and ``%*pbl``
443 output the bitmap as range list with field width as the number of bits.
447 Flags bitfields such as page flags, gfp_flags
448 =============================================
452 %pGp referenced|uptodate|lru|active|private
453 %pGg GFP_USER|GFP_DMA32|GFP_NOWARN
454 %pGv read|exec|mayread|maywrite|mayexec|denywrite
456 For printing flags bitfields as a collection of symbolic constants that
457 would construct the value. The type of flags is given by the third
458 character. Currently supported are [p]age flags, [v]ma_flags (both
459 expect ``unsigned long *``) and [g]fp_flags (expects ``gfp_t *``). The flag
460 names and print order depends on the particular type.
462 Note that this format should not be used directly in :c:func:`TP_printk()` part
463 of a tracepoint. Instead, use the ``show_*_flags()`` functions from
464 <trace/events/mmflags.h>.
468 Network device features
469 =======================
473 %pNF 0x000000000000c000
475 For printing netdev_features_t.
479 If you add other ``%p`` extensions, please extend lib/test_printf.c with
480 one or more test cases, if at all feasible.
483 Thank you for your cooperation and attention.