4 NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
5 snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
6 system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
7 destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
8 like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
11 NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
12 synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
13 significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
14 change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
15 changed back to checkpoints.
17 There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
18 full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
19 concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
22 The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
23 available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
24 "mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
25 cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
26 described in the man pages included in the package.
28 Project web page: https://nilfs.sourceforge.io/
29 Download page: https://nilfs.sourceforge.io/en/download.html
30 List info: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-nilfs
35 Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
47 NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
50 barrier(*) This enables/disables the use of write barriers. This
51 nobarrier requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and
52 if nilfs gets an error on a barrier write, it will
53 disable again with a warning.
54 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
55 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
56 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
57 cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
58 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
59 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
60 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
61 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
62 order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
63 blocks to be written to disk without making a
64 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
65 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
66 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
67 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
68 write performance for overwriting.
69 order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
70 of all file operations including overwriting of data
71 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
72 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
74 norecovery Disable recovery of the filesystem on mount.
75 This disables every write access on the device for
76 read-only mounts or snapshots. This option will fail
77 for r/w mounts on an unclean volume.
78 discard This enables/disables the use of discard/TRIM commands.
79 nodiscard(*) The discard/TRIM commands are sent to the underlying
80 block device when blocks are freed. This is useful
81 for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
86 There is some NILFS2 specific functionality which can be accessed by applications
87 through the system call interfaces. The list of all NILFS2 specific ioctls are
88 shown in the table below.
90 Table of NILFS2 specific ioctls
91 ..............................................................................
93 NILFS_IOCTL_CHANGE_CPMODE Change mode of given checkpoint between
94 checkpoint and snapshot state. This ioctl is
95 used in chcp and mkcp utilities.
97 NILFS_IOCTL_DELETE_CHECKPOINT Remove checkpoint from NILFS2 file system.
98 This ioctl is used in rmcp utility.
100 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPINFO Return info about requested checkpoints. This
101 ioctl is used in lscp utility and by
102 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
104 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPSTAT Return checkpoints statistics. This ioctl is
105 used by lscp, rmcp utilities and by
106 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
108 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUINFO Return segment usage info about requested
109 segments. This ioctl is used in lssu,
110 nilfs_resize utilities and by nilfs_cleanerd
113 NILFS_IOCTL_SET_SUINFO Modify segment usage info of requested
114 segments. This ioctl is used by
115 nilfs_cleanerd daemon to skip unnecessary
116 cleaning operation of segments and reduce
117 performance penalty or wear of flash device
118 due to redundant move of in-use blocks.
120 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUSTAT Return segment usage statistics. This ioctl
121 is used in lssu, nilfs_resize utilities and
122 by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
124 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_VINFO Return information on virtual block addresses.
125 This ioctl is used by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
127 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_BDESCS Return information about descriptors of disk
128 block numbers. This ioctl is used by
129 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
131 NILFS_IOCTL_CLEAN_SEGMENTS Do garbage collection operation in the
132 environment of requested parameters from
133 userspace. This ioctl is used by
134 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
136 NILFS_IOCTL_SYNC Make a checkpoint. This ioctl is used in
139 NILFS_IOCTL_RESIZE Resize NILFS2 volume. This ioctl is used
140 by nilfs_resize utility.
142 NILFS_IOCTL_SET_ALLOC_RANGE Define lower limit of segments in bytes and
143 upper limit of segments in bytes. This ioctl
144 is used by nilfs_resize utility.
149 To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply:
151 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
152 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
154 This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
157 Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
158 Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
160 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
161 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
162 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
163 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
167 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
169 where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
171 To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply:
175 Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
176 helper program (umount.nilfs2).
181 A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
182 for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
183 of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
184 blocks, and an optional super root block (SR):
186 ______________________________________________________
187 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
188 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
189 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
190 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
192 .______________________.
193 | log | log |... | log |
194 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
198 .______________________________.
199 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
200 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
202 The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
203 data blocks and B-tree node blocks:
205 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
206 _______________________________________________________________
207 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
208 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
211 Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
212 files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
214 The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
215 blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
216 file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo):
218 _________________________________________________________________________
219 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
220 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
223 The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
224 and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
225 to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
226 the following meta data files:
228 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
229 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
230 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
231 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
232 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
233 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
235 The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs:
237 _________________________________________________________________________
238 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
239 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
242 To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
243 into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
244 logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
245 summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
246 to ensure atomicity of updates.
248 The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
249 three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
250 of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
251 included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
252 corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
253 among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows:
258 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
263 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
264 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
265 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
268 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
270 For detail on the format of each file, please see nilfs2_ondisk.h
271 located at include/uapi/linux directory.
273 There are no patents or other intellectual property that we protect
274 with regard to the design of NILFS2. It is allowed to replicate the
275 design in hopes that other operating systems could share (mount, read,
276 write, etc.) data stored in this format.