1 .. Copyright 2004 Linus Torvalds
2 .. Copyright 2004 Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
3 .. Copyright 2006 Bob Copeland <me@bobcopeland.com>
8 Sparse is a semantic checker for C programs; it can be used to find a
9 number of potential problems with kernel code. See
10 https://lwn.net/Articles/689907/ for an overview of sparse; this document
11 contains some kernel-specific sparse information.
14 Using sparse for typechecking
15 -----------------------------
17 "__bitwise" is a type attribute, so you have to do something like this::
19 typedef int __bitwise pm_request_t;
22 PM_SUSPEND = (__force pm_request_t) 1,
23 PM_RESUME = (__force pm_request_t) 2
26 which makes PM_SUSPEND and PM_RESUME "bitwise" integers (the "__force" is
27 there because sparse will complain about casting to/from a bitwise type,
28 but in this case we really _do_ want to force the conversion). And because
29 the enum values are all the same type, now "enum pm_request" will be that
32 And with gcc, all the "__bitwise"/"__force stuff" goes away, and it all
33 ends up looking just like integers to gcc.
35 Quite frankly, you don't need the enum there. The above all really just
36 boils down to one special "int __bitwise" type.
38 So the simpler way is to just do::
40 typedef int __bitwise pm_request_t;
42 #define PM_SUSPEND ((__force pm_request_t) 1)
43 #define PM_RESUME ((__force pm_request_t) 2)
45 and you now have all the infrastructure needed for strict typechecking.
47 One small note: the constant integer "0" is special. You can use a
48 constant zero as a bitwise integer type without sparse ever complaining.
49 This is because "bitwise" (as the name implies) was designed for making
50 sure that bitwise types don't get mixed up (little-endian vs big-endian
51 vs cpu-endian vs whatever), and there the constant "0" really _is_
54 __bitwise__ - to be used for relatively compact stuff (gfp_t, etc.) that
55 is mostly warning-free and is supposed to stay that way. Warnings will
56 be generated without __CHECK_ENDIAN__.
58 __bitwise - noisy stuff; in particular, __le*/__be* are that. We really
59 don't want to drown in noise unless we'd explicitly asked for it.
61 Using sparse for lock checking
62 ------------------------------
64 The following macros are undefined for gcc and defined during a sparse
65 run to use the "context" tracking feature of sparse, applied to
66 locking. These annotations tell sparse when a lock is held, with
67 regard to the annotated function's entry and exit.
69 __must_hold - The specified lock is held on function entry and exit.
71 __acquires - The specified lock is held on function exit, but not entry.
73 __releases - The specified lock is held on function entry, but not exit.
75 If the function enters and exits without the lock held, acquiring and
76 releasing the lock inside the function in a balanced way, no
77 annotation is needed. The tree annotations above are for cases where
78 sparse would otherwise report a context imbalance.
83 You can get latest released versions from the Sparse homepage at
84 https://sparse.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
86 Alternatively, you can get snapshots of the latest development version
87 of sparse using git to clone::
89 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/devel/sparse/sparse.git
91 DaveJ has hourly generated tarballs of the git tree available at::
93 http://www.codemonkey.org.uk/projects/git-snapshots/sparse/
96 Once you have it, just do::
101 as a regular user, and it will install sparse in your ~/bin directory.
106 Do a kernel make with "make C=1" to run sparse on all the C files that get
107 recompiled, or use "make C=2" to run sparse on the files whether they need to
108 be recompiled or not. The latter is a fast way to check the whole tree if you
109 have already built it.
111 The optional make variable CF can be used to pass arguments to sparse. The
112 build system passes -Wbitwise to sparse automatically. To perform endianness
113 checks, you may define __CHECK_ENDIAN__::
115 make C=2 CF="-D__CHECK_ENDIAN__"
117 These checks are disabled by default as they generate a host of warnings.