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2 T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 /proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
5 Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
7 2.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
10 Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 Table of Contents
14 -----------------
16 0 Preface
17 0.1 Introduction/Credits
18 0.2 Legal Stuff
20 1 Collecting System Information
21 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
22 1.2 Kernel data
23 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
24 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
25 1.5 SCSI info
26 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
27 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
28 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
30 2 Modifying System Parameters
31 2.1 /proc/sys/fs - File system data
32 2.2 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
33 2.3 /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
34 2.4 /proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
35 2.5 /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
36 2.6 /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
37 2.7 /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
38 2.8 /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
39 2.9 Appletalk
40 2.10 IPX
41 2.11 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
42 2.12 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj - Adjust the oom-killer score
43 2.13 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
44 2.14 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
45 2.15 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
46 2.16 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
47 2.17 /proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interface
49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50 Preface
51 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53 0.1 Introduction/Credits
54 ------------------------
56 This documentation is part of a soon (or so we hope) to be released book on
57 the SuSE Linux distribution. As there is no complete documentation for the
58 /proc file system and we've used many freely available sources to write these
59 chapters, it seems only fair to give the work back to the Linux community.
60 This work is based on the 2.2.* kernel version and the upcoming 2.4.*. I'm
61 afraid it's still far from complete, but we hope it will be useful. As far as
62 we know, it is the first 'all-in-one' document about the /proc file system. It
63 is focused on the Intel x86 hardware, so if you are looking for PPC, ARM,
64 SPARC, AXP, etc., features, you probably won't find what you are looking for.
65 It also only covers IPv4 networking, not IPv6 nor other protocols - sorry. But
66 additions and patches are welcome and will be added to this document if you
67 mail them to Bodo.
69 We'd like to thank Alan Cox, Rik van Riel, and Alexey Kuznetsov and a lot of
70 other people for help compiling this documentation. We'd also like to extend a
71 special thank you to Andi Kleen for documentation, which we relied on heavily
72 to create this document, as well as the additional information he provided.
73 Thanks to everybody else who contributed source or docs to the Linux kernel
74 and helped create a great piece of software... :)
76 If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please don't hesitate to
77 contact Bodo Bauer at bb@ricochet.net. We'll be happy to add them to this
78 document.
80 The latest version of this document is available online at
81 http://skaro.nightcrawler.com/~bb/Docs/Proc as HTML version.
83 If the above direction does not works for you, ypu could try the kernel
84 mailing list at linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org and/or try to reach me at
85 comandante@zaralinux.com.
87 0.2 Legal Stuff
88 ---------------
90 We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
91 complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
92 documentation, we won't feel responsible...
94 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
95 CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
96 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99 In This Chapter
100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 * Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
102 ability to provide information on the running Linux system
103 * Examining /proc's structure
104 * Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
105 on the system
106 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109 The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
110 kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
111 certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
113 First, we'll take a look at the read-only parts of /proc. In Chapter 2, we
114 show you how you can use /proc/sys to change settings.
116 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
117 -----------------------------------
119 The directory /proc contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each
120 process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID).
122 The link self points to the process reading the file system. Each process
123 subdirectory has the entries listed in Table 1-1.
126 Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
127 ..............................................................................
128 File Content
129 clear_refs Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output
130 cmdline Command line arguments
131 cpu Current and last cpu in which it was executed (2.4)(smp)
132 cwd Link to the current working directory
133 environ Values of environment variables
134 exe Link to the executable of this process
135 fd Directory, which contains all file descriptors
136 maps Memory maps to executables and library files (2.4)
137 mem Memory held by this process
138 root Link to the root directory of this process
139 stat Process status
140 statm Process memory status information
141 status Process status in human readable form
142 wchan If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is set, a pre-decoded wchan
143 smaps Extension based on maps, the rss size for each mapped file
144 ..............................................................................
146 For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
147 read the file /proc/PID/status:
149 >cat /proc/self/status
150 Name: cat
151 State: R (running)
152 Pid: 5452
153 PPid: 743
154 TracerPid: 0 (2.4)
155 Uid: 501 501 501 501
156 Gid: 100 100 100 100
157 Groups: 100 14 16
158 VmSize: 1112 kB
159 VmLck: 0 kB
160 VmRSS: 348 kB
161 VmData: 24 kB
162 VmStk: 12 kB
163 VmExe: 8 kB
164 VmLib: 1044 kB
165 SigPnd: 0000000000000000
166 SigBlk: 0000000000000000
167 SigIgn: 0000000000000000
168 SigCgt: 0000000000000000
169 CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
170 CapPrm: 0000000000000000
171 CapEff: 0000000000000000
174 This shows you nearly the same information you would get if you viewed it with
175 the ps command. In fact, ps uses the proc file system to obtain its
176 information. The statm file contains more detailed information about the
177 process memory usage. Its seven fields are explained in Table 1-2. The stat
178 file contains details information about the process itself. Its fields are
179 explained in Table 1-3.
182 Table 1-2: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
183 ..............................................................................
184 Field Content
185 size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
186 resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
187 shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file)
188 trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
189 includes data segment)
190 lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
191 drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
192 includes library text)
193 dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
194 ..............................................................................
197 Table 1-3: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.22-rc3)
198 ..............................................................................
199 Field Content
200 pid process id
201 tcomm filename of the executable
202 state state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping in an
203 uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped)
204 ppid process id of the parent process
205 pgrp pgrp of the process
206 sid session id
207 tty_nr tty the process uses
208 tty_pgrp pgrp of the tty
209 flags task flags
210 min_flt number of minor faults
211 cmin_flt number of minor faults with child's
212 maj_flt number of major faults
213 cmaj_flt number of major faults with child's
214 utime user mode jiffies
215 stime kernel mode jiffies
216 cutime user mode jiffies with child's
217 cstime kernel mode jiffies with child's
218 priority priority level
219 nice nice level
220 num_threads number of threads
221 it_real_value (obsolete, always 0)
222 start_time time the process started after system boot
223 vsize virtual memory size
224 rss resident set memory size
225 rsslim current limit in bytes on the rss
226 start_code address above which program text can run
227 end_code address below which program text can run
228 start_stack address of the start of the stack
229 esp current value of ESP
230 eip current value of EIP
231 pending bitmap of pending signals (obsolete)
232 blocked bitmap of blocked signals (obsolete)
233 sigign bitmap of ignored signals (obsolete)
234 sigcatch bitmap of catched signals (obsolete)
235 wchan address where process went to sleep
236 0 (place holder)
237 0 (place holder)
238 exit_signal signal to send to parent thread on exit
239 task_cpu which CPU the task is scheduled on
240 rt_priority realtime priority
241 policy scheduling policy (man sched_setscheduler)
242 blkio_ticks time spent waiting for block IO
243 ..............................................................................
246 1.2 Kernel data
247 ---------------
249 Similar to the process entries, the kernel data files give information about
250 the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
251 /proc and are listed in Table 1-4. Not all of these will be present in your
252 system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
253 files are there, and which are missing.
255 Table 1-4: Kernel info in /proc
256 ..............................................................................
257 File Content
258 apm Advanced power management info
259 buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
260 bus Directory containing bus specific information
261 cmdline Kernel command line
262 cpuinfo Info about the CPU
263 devices Available devices (block and character)
264 dma Used DMS channels
265 filesystems Supported filesystems
266 driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
267 execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
268 fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
269 fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
270 ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
271 interrupts Interrupt usage
272 iomem Memory map (2.4)
273 ioports I/O port usage
274 irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
275 isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
276 kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
277 kmsg Kernel messages
278 ksyms Kernel symbol table
279 loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
280 locks Kernel locks
281 meminfo Memory info
282 misc Miscellaneous
283 modules List of loaded modules
284 mounts Mounted filesystems
285 net Networking info (see text)
286 partitions Table of partitions known to the system
287 pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
288 decoupled by lspci (2.4)
289 rtc Real time clock
290 scsi SCSI info (see text)
291 slabinfo Slab pool info
292 stat Overall statistics
293 swaps Swap space utilization
294 sys See chapter 2
295 sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
296 tty Info of tty drivers
297 uptime System uptime
298 version Kernel version
299 video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
300 vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
301 ..............................................................................
303 You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
304 they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
306 > cat /proc/interrupts
307 CPU0
308 0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
309 1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
310 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
311 3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
312 4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
313 5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
314 8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
315 11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
316 12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
317 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
318 14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
319 15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
320 NMI: 0
322 In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
323 output of a SMP machine):
325 > cat /proc/interrupts
327 CPU0 CPU1
328 0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
329 1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
330 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
331 5: 11286 10161 IO-APIC-edge soundblaster
332 8: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge rtc
333 9: 27422 27407 IO-APIC-edge 3c503
334 12: 113645 113873 IO-APIC-edge PS/2 Mouse
335 13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu
336 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
337 15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
338 17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
339 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
340 NMI: 2457961 2457959
341 LOC: 2457882 2457881
342 ERR: 2155
344 NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
345 (Non Maskable Interrupt) which is used by the NMI Watchdog to detect lockups.
347 LOC is the local interrupt counter of the internal APIC of every CPU.
349 ERR is incremented in the case of errors in the IO-APIC bus (the bus that
350 connects the CPUs in a SMP system. This means that an error has been detected,
351 the IO-APIC automatically retry the transmission, so it should not be a big
352 problem, but you should read the SMP-FAQ.
354 In 2.6.2* /proc/interrupts was expanded again. This time the goal was for
355 /proc/interrupts to display every IRQ vector in use by the system, not
356 just those considered 'most important'. The new vectors are:
358 THR -- interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
359 (typically counting ECC corrected errors of memory or cache) exceeds
360 a configurable threshold. Only available on some systems.
362 TRM -- a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
363 has been exceeded for the CPU. This interrupt may also be generated
364 when the temperature drops back to normal.
366 SPU -- a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
367 by some IO device before it could be fully processed by the APIC. Hence
368 the APIC sees the interrupt but does not know what device it came from.
369 For this case the APIC will generate the interrupt with a IRQ vector
370 of 0xff. This might also be generated by chipset bugs.
372 RES, CAL, TLB -- rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
373 sent from one CPU to another per the needs of the OS. Typically,
374 their statistics are used by kernel developers and interested users to
375 determine the occurance of interrupt of the given type.
377 The above IRQ vectors are displayed only when relevent. For example,
378 the threshold vector does not exist on x86_64 platforms. Others are
379 suppressed when the system is a uniprocessor. As of this writing, only
380 i386 and x86_64 platforms support the new IRQ vector displays.
382 Of some interest is the introduction of the /proc/irq directory to 2.4.
383 It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
384 IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
385 irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
386 prof_cpu_mask.
388 For example
389 > ls /proc/irq/
390 0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
391 1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
392 > ls /proc/irq/0/
393 smp_affinity
395 smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
396 IRQ, you can set it by doing:
398 > echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
400 This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
401 5 which means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
403 The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
405 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
406 ffffffff
408 The default_smp_affinity mask applies to all non-active IRQs, which are the
409 IRQs which have not yet been allocated/activated, and hence which lack a
410 /proc/irq/[0-9]* directory.
412 prof_cpu_mask specifies which CPUs are to be profiled by the system wide
413 profiler. Default value is ffffffff (all cpus).
415 The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
416 between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has
417 more info than you and does a better job than you, so the defaults are the
418 best choice for almost everyone.
420 There are three more important subdirectories in /proc: net, scsi, and sys.
421 The general rule is that the contents, or even the existence of these
422 directories, depend on your kernel configuration. If SCSI is not enabled, the
423 directory scsi may not exist. The same is true with the net, which is there
424 only when networking support is present in the running kernel.
426 The slabinfo file gives information about memory usage at the slab level.
427 Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
428 Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
429 directory cache, and so on).
431 ..............................................................................
433 > cat /proc/buddyinfo
435 Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
436 Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
437 Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
439 Memory fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
440 useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
441 clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
442 allocation failed.
444 Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
445 available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
446 ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
447 available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
449 ..............................................................................
451 meminfo:
453 Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
454 varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
455 16GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
457 > cat /proc/meminfo
460 MemTotal: 16344972 kB
461 MemFree: 13634064 kB
462 Buffers: 3656 kB
463 Cached: 1195708 kB
464 SwapCached: 0 kB
465 Active: 891636 kB
466 Inactive: 1077224 kB
467 HighTotal: 15597528 kB
468 HighFree: 13629632 kB
469 LowTotal: 747444 kB
470 LowFree: 4432 kB
471 SwapTotal: 0 kB
472 SwapFree: 0 kB
473 Dirty: 968 kB
474 Writeback: 0 kB
475 AnonPages: 861800 kB
476 Mapped: 280372 kB
477 Slab: 284364 kB
478 SReclaimable: 159856 kB
479 SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
480 PageTables: 24448 kB
481 NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
482 Bounce: 0 kB
483 WritebackTmp: 0 kB
484 CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
485 Committed_AS: 100056 kB
486 VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
487 VmallocUsed: 428 kB
488 VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
490 MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
491 bits and the kernel binary code)
492 MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
493 Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
494 shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
495 Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
496 pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
497 SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
498 still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
499 doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
500 in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
501 Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
502 reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
503 Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
504 eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
505 HighTotal:
506 HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
507 Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
508 for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
509 this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
510 LowTotal:
511 LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
512 highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
513 kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
514 other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
515 allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
516 SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
517 SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
518 on the disk
519 Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
520 Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
521 AnonPages: Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
522 Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
523 Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
524 SReclaimable: Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
525 SUnreclaim: Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
526 PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
527 tables.
528 NFS_Unstable: NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
529 storage
530 Bounce: Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
531 WritebackTmp: Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
532 CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
533 this is the total amount of memory currently available to
534 be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
535 if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
536 'vm.overcommit_memory').
537 The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
538 CommitLimit = ('vm.overcommit_ratio' * Physical RAM) + Swap
539 For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
540 of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
541 yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
542 For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
543 in vm/overcommit-accounting.
544 Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
545 The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
546 has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
547 "used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
548 of memory, but only touches 300M of it will only show up
549 as using 300M of memory even if it has the address space
550 allocated for the entire 1G. This 1G is memory which has
551 been "committed" to by the VM and can be used at any time
552 by the allocating application. With strict overcommit
553 enabled on the system (mode 2 in 'vm.overcommit_memory'),
554 allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit (detailed
555 above) will not be permitted. This is useful if one needs
556 to guarantee that processes will not fail due to lack of
557 memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
558 VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
559 VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
560 VmallocChunk: largest contigious block of vmalloc area which is free
562 ..............................................................................
564 vmallocinfo:
566 Provides information about vmalloced/vmaped areas. One line per area,
567 containing the virtual address range of the area, size in bytes,
568 caller information of the creator, and optional information depending
569 on the kind of area :
571 pages=nr number of pages
572 phys=addr if a physical address was specified
573 ioremap I/O mapping (ioremap() and friends)
574 vmalloc vmalloc() area
575 vmap vmap()ed pages
576 user VM_USERMAP area
577 vpages buffer for pages pointers was vmalloced (huge area)
578 N<node>=nr (Only on NUMA kernels)
579 Number of pages allocated on memory node <node>
581 > cat /proc/vmallocinfo
582 0xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
583 /0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
584 0xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
585 /0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
586 0xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
587 phys=7fee8000 ioremap
588 0xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
589 phys=7fee7000 ioremap
590 0xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
591 0xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
592 /0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
593 0xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
594 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
595 0xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
596 /0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
597 0xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
598 pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
599 0xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
600 pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
601 0xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
602 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
603 0xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
604 pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
606 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
607 ----------------------------
609 The subdirectory /proc/ide contains information about all IDE devices of which
610 the kernel is aware. There is one subdirectory for each IDE controller, the
611 file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
612 in the controller specific subtree.
614 The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
615 IDE devices:
617 > cat /proc/ide/drivers
618 ide-cdrom version 4.53
619 ide-disk version 1.08
621 More detailed information can be found in the controller specific
622 subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
623 directories contains the files shown in table 1-5.
626 Table 1-5: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
627 ..............................................................................
628 File Content
629 channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
630 config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
631 mate Mate name
632 model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
633 ..............................................................................
635 Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
636 controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-6 are contained in these
637 directories.
640 Table 1-6: IDE device information
641 ..............................................................................
642 File Content
643 cache The cache
644 capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
645 driver driver and version
646 geometry physical and logical geometry
647 identify device identify block
648 media media type
649 model device identifier
650 settings device setup
651 smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
652 smart_values IDE disk management values
653 ..............................................................................
655 The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
656 the drive parameters:
658 # cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
659 name value min max mode
660 ---- ----- --- --- ----
661 bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
662 bios_head 255 0 255 rw
663 bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
664 breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
665 bswap 0 0 1 r
666 file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
667 io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
668 keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
669 max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
670 multcount 0 0 8 rw
671 nice1 1 0 1 rw
672 nowerr 0 0 1 rw
673 pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
674 slow 0 0 1 rw
675 unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
676 using_dma 0 0 1 rw
679 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
680 --------------------------------
682 The subdirectory /proc/net follows the usual pattern. Table 1-6 shows the
683 additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
684 support this. Table 1-7 lists the files and their meaning.
687 Table 1-6: IPv6 info in /proc/net
688 ..............................................................................
689 File Content
690 udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
691 tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
692 raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
693 igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
694 if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
695 ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
696 rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
697 sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
698 snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
699 ..............................................................................
702 Table 1-7: Network info in /proc/net
703 ..............................................................................
704 File Content
705 arp Kernel ARP table
706 dev network devices with statistics
707 dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
708 (interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
709 addresses).
710 dev_stat network device status
711 ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
712 ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
713 ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
714 ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
715 netstat Network statistics
716 raw raw device statistics
717 route Kernel routing table
718 rpc Directory containing rpc info
719 rt_cache Routing cache
720 snmp SNMP data
721 sockstat Socket statistics
722 tcp TCP sockets
723 tr_rif Token ring RIF routing table
724 udp UDP sockets
725 unix UNIX domain sockets
726 wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
727 igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
728 psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
729 netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
730 ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
731 ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
732 ..............................................................................
734 You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
735 your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
737 > cat /proc/net/dev
738 Inter-|Receive |[...
739 face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
740 lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
741 ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
742 eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
744 ...] Transmit
745 ...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
746 ...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
747 ...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
748 ...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
750 In addition, each Channel Bond interface has it's own directory. For
751 example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
752 It will contain information that is specific to that bond, such as the
753 current slaves of the bond, the link status of the slaves, and how
754 many times the slaves link has failed.
756 1.5 SCSI info
757 -------------
759 If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
760 named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
761 of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
763 >cat /proc/scsi/scsi
764 Attached devices:
765 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
766 Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
767 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
768 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
769 Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
770 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
773 The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
774 the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
775 the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
776 dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
777 AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
779 > cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
781 Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
782 Compile Options:
783 TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
784 AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
785 AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
786 Adapter Configuration:
787 SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
788 Ultra Wide Controller
789 PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
790 Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
791 Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
792 IRQ: 10
793 SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
794 Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
795 Interrupts: 160328
796 BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
797 Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
798 Extended Translation: Enabled
799 Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
800 Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
801 Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
802 Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
803 Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
804 Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
805 {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
806 Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
807 {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
808 Statistics:
809 (scsi0:0:0:0)
810 Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
811 Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
812 Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
813 (scsi0:0:6:0)
814 Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
815 Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
816 Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
819 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
820 ---------------------------------------
822 The directory /proc/parport contains information about the parallel ports of
823 your system. It has one subdirectory for each port, named after the port
824 number (0,1,2,...).
826 These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-8.
829 Table 1-8: Files in /proc/parport
830 ..............................................................................
831 File Content
832 autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
833 devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
834 name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
835 against any).
836 hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
837 irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
838 file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
839 number or none).
840 ..............................................................................
842 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
843 -------------------------
845 Information about the available and actually used tty's can be found in the
846 directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
847 this directory, as shown in Table 1-9.
850 Table 1-9: Files in /proc/tty
851 ..............................................................................
852 File Content
853 drivers list of drivers and their usage
854 ldiscs registered line disciplines
855 driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
856 ..............................................................................
858 To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
859 /proc/tty/drivers:
861 > cat /proc/tty/drivers
862 pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
863 pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
864 pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
865 pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
866 serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
867 serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
868 /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
869 /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
870 /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
871 /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
872 unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
875 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
876 -------------------------------------------------
878 Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
879 /proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
880 since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
882 > cat /proc/stat
883 cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456 0
884 cpu0 1132 34 1441 11311718 3675 127 438 0
885 cpu1 1123 0 849 11313845 2614 0 18 0
886 intr 114930548 113199788 3 0 5 263 0 4 [... lots more numbers ...]
887 ctxt 1990473
888 btime 1062191376
889 processes 2915
890 procs_running 1
891 procs_blocked 0
893 The very first "cpu" line aggregates the numbers in all of the other "cpuN"
894 lines. These numbers identify the amount of time the CPU has spent performing
895 different kinds of work. Time units are in USER_HZ (typically hundredths of a
896 second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
898 - user: normal processes executing in user mode
899 - nice: niced processes executing in user mode
900 - system: processes executing in kernel mode
901 - idle: twiddling thumbs
902 - iowait: waiting for I/O to complete
903 - irq: servicing interrupts
904 - softirq: servicing softirqs
905 - steal: involuntary wait
907 The "intr" line gives counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each
908 of the possible system interrupts. The first column is the total of all
909 interrupts serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
910 interrupt.
912 The "ctxt" line gives the total number of context switches across all CPUs.
914 The "btime" line gives the time at which the system booted, in seconds since
915 the Unix epoch.
917 The "processes" line gives the number of processes and threads created, which
918 includes (but is not limited to) those created by calls to the fork() and
919 clone() system calls.
921 The "procs_running" line gives the number of processes currently running on
922 CPUs.
924 The "procs_blocked" line gives the number of processes currently blocked,
925 waiting for I/O to complete.
928 1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
929 ------------------------------
931 Information about mounted ext4 file systems can be found in
932 /proc/fs/ext4. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
933 /proc/fs/ext4 based on its device name (i.e., /proc/fs/ext4/hdc or
934 /proc/fs/ext4/dm-0). The files in each per-device directory are shown
935 in Table 1-10, below.
937 Table 1-10: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
938 ..............................................................................
939 File Content
940 mb_groups details of multiblock allocator buddy cache of free blocks
941 mb_history multiblock allocation history
942 stats controls whether the multiblock allocator should start
943 collecting statistics, which are shown during the unmount
944 group_prealloc the multiblock allocator will round up allocation
945 requests to a multiple of this tuning parameter if the
946 stripe size is not set in the ext4 superblock
947 max_to_scan The maximum number of extents the multiblock allocator
948 will search to find the best extent
949 min_to_scan The minimum number of extents the multiblock allocator
950 will search to find the best extent
951 order2_req Tuning parameter which controls the minimum size for
952 requests (as a power of 2) where the buddy cache is
953 used
954 stream_req Files which have fewer blocks than this tunable
955 parameter will have their blocks allocated out of a
956 block group specific preallocation pool, so that small
957 files are packed closely together. Each large file
958 will have its blocks allocated out of its own unique
959 preallocation pool.
960 inode_readahead Tuning parameter which controls the maximum number of
961 inode table blocks that ext4's inode table readahead
962 algorithm will pre-read into the buffer cache
963 ..............................................................................
966 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
967 Summary
968 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
969 The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
970 allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
971 by reading files in the hierarchy.
973 The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
974 it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
975 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
977 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
978 CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
979 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
981 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
982 In This Chapter
983 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
984 * Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
985 * Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
986 * Review of the /proc/sys file tree
987 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
990 A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
991 a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
992 kernel. Be very careful when attempting this. You can optimize your system,
993 but you can also cause it to crash. Never alter kernel parameters on a
994 production system. Set up a development machine and test to make sure that
995 everything works the way you want it to. You may have no alternative but to
996 reboot the machine once an error has been made.
998 To change a value, simply echo the new value into the file. An example is
999 given below in the section on the file system data. You need to be root to do
1000 this. You can create your own boot script to perform this every time your
1001 system boots.
1003 The files in /proc/sys can be used to fine tune and monitor miscellaneous and
1004 general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files
1005 can inadvertently disrupt your system, it is advisable to read both
1006 documentation and source before actually making adjustments. In any case, be
1007 very careful when writing to any of these files. The entries in /proc may
1008 change slightly between the 2.1.* and the 2.2 kernel, so if there is any doubt
1009 review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
1010 This chapter is heavily based on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
1011 kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
1013 2.1 /proc/sys/fs - File system data
1014 -----------------------------------
1016 This subdirectory contains specific file system, file handle, inode, dentry
1017 and quota information.
1019 Currently, these files are in /proc/sys/fs:
1021 dentry-state
1022 ------------
1024 Status of the directory cache. Since directory entries are dynamically
1025 allocated and deallocated, this file indicates the current status. It holds
1026 six values, in which the last two are not used and are always zero. The others
1027 are listed in table 2-1.
1030 Table 2-1: Status files of the directory cache
1031 ..............................................................................
1032 File Content
1033 nr_dentry Almost always zero
1034 nr_unused Number of unused cache entries
1035 age_limit
1036 in seconds after the entry may be reclaimed, when memory is short
1037 want_pages internally
1038 ..............................................................................
1040 dquot-nr and dquot-max
1041 ----------------------
1043 The file dquot-max shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
1045 The file dquot-nr shows the number of allocated disk quota entries and the
1046 number of free disk quota entries.
1048 If the number of available cached disk quotas is very low and you have a large
1049 number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the limit.
1051 file-nr and file-max
1052 --------------------
1054 The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, but doesn't free them again at
1055 this time.
1057 The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file handles that the
1058 Linux kernel will allocate. When you get a lot of error messages about running
1059 out of file handles, you might want to raise this limit. The default value is
1060 10% of RAM in kilobytes. To change it, just write the new number into the
1061 file:
1063 # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
1064 4096
1065 # echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
1066 # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
1067 8192
1070 This method of revision is useful for all customizable parameters of the
1071 kernel - simply echo the new value to the corresponding file.
1073 Historically, the three values in file-nr denoted the number of allocated file
1074 handles, the number of allocated but unused file handles, and the maximum
1075 number of file handles. Linux 2.6 always reports 0 as the number of free file
1076 handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the number of allocated
1077 file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles.
1079 Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than file-max are reported with
1080 printk, look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached".
1082 inode-state and inode-nr
1083 ------------------------
1085 The file inode-nr contains the first two items from inode-state, so we'll skip
1086 to that file...
1088 inode-state contains two actual numbers and five dummy values. The numbers
1089 are nr_inodes and nr_free_inodes (in order of appearance).
1091 nr_inodes
1092 ~~~~~~~~~
1094 Denotes the number of inodes the system has allocated. This number will
1095 grow and shrink dynamically.
1097 nr_open
1098 -------
1100 Denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can
1101 allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be
1102 enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on RLIMIT_NOFILE
1103 resource limit.
1105 nr_free_inodes
1106 --------------
1108 Represents the number of free inodes. Ie. The number of inuse inodes is
1109 (nr_inodes - nr_free_inodes).
1111 aio-nr and aio-max-nr
1112 ---------------------
1114 aio-nr is the running total of the number of events specified on the
1115 io_setup system call for all currently active aio contexts. If aio-nr
1116 reaches aio-max-nr then io_setup will fail with EAGAIN. Note that
1117 raising aio-max-nr does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing
1118 of any kernel data structures.
1120 2.2 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc - Miscellaneous binary formats
1121 -----------------------------------------------------------
1123 Besides these files, there is the subdirectory /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. This
1124 handles the kernel support for miscellaneous binary formats.
1126 Binfmt_misc provides the ability to register additional binary formats to the
1127 Kernel without compiling an additional module/kernel. Therefore, binfmt_misc
1128 needs to know magic numbers at the beginning or the filename extension of the
1129 binary.
1131 It works by maintaining a linked list of structs that contain a description of
1132 a binary format, including a magic with size (or the filename extension),
1133 offset and mask, and the interpreter name. On request it invokes the given
1134 interpreter with the original program as argument, as binfmt_java and
1135 binfmt_em86 and binfmt_mz do. Since binfmt_misc does not define any default
1136 binary-formats, you have to register an additional binary-format.
1138 There are two general files in binfmt_misc and one file per registered format.
1139 The two general files are register and status.
1141 Registering a new binary format
1142 -------------------------------
1144 To register a new binary format you have to issue the command
1146 echo :name:type:offset:magic:mask:interpreter: > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register
1150 with appropriate name (the name for the /proc-dir entry), offset (defaults to
1151 0, if omitted), magic, mask (which can be omitted, defaults to all 0xff) and
1152 last but not least, the interpreter that is to be invoked (for example and
1153 testing /bin/echo). Type can be M for usual magic matching or E for filename
1154 extension matching (give extension in place of magic).
1156 Check or reset the status of the binary format handler
1157 ------------------------------------------------------
1159 If you do a cat on the file /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status, you will get the
1160 current status (enabled/disabled) of binfmt_misc. Change the status by echoing
1161 0 (disables) or 1 (enables) or -1 (caution: this clears all previously
1162 registered binary formats) to status. For example echo 0 > status to disable
1163 binfmt_misc (temporarily).
1165 Status of a single handler
1166 --------------------------
1168 Each registered handler has an entry in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc. These files
1169 perform the same function as status, but their scope is limited to the actual
1170 binary format. By cating this file, you also receive all related information
1171 about the interpreter/magic of the binfmt.
1173 Example usage of binfmt_misc (emulate binfmt_java)
1174 --------------------------------------------------
1176 cd /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
1177 echo ':Java:M::\xca\xfe\xba\xbe::/usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper:' > register
1178 echo ':HTML:E::html::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register
1179 echo ':Applet:M::<!--applet::/usr/local/java/bin/appletviewer:' > register
1180 echo ':DEXE:M::\x0eDEX::/usr/bin/dosexec:' > register
1183 These four lines add support for Java executables and Java applets (like
1184 binfmt_java, additionally recognizing the .html extension with no need to put
1185 <!--applet> to every applet file). You have to install the JDK and the
1186 shell-script /usr/local/java/bin/javawrapper too. It works around the
1187 brokenness of the Java filename handling. To add a Java binary, just create a
1188 link to the class-file somewhere in the path.
1190 2.3 /proc/sys/kernel - general kernel parameters
1191 ------------------------------------------------
1193 This directory reflects general kernel behaviors. As I've said before, the
1194 contents depend on your configuration. Here you'll find the most important
1195 files, along with descriptions of what they mean and how to use them.
1197 acct
1198 ----
1200 The file contains three values; highwater, lowwater, and frequency.
1202 It exists only when BSD-style process accounting is enabled. These values
1203 control its behavior. If the free space on the file system where the log lives
1204 goes below lowwater percentage, accounting suspends. If it goes above
1205 highwater percentage, accounting resumes. Frequency determines how often you
1206 check the amount of free space (value is in seconds). Default settings are: 4,
1207 2, and 30. That is, suspend accounting if there is less than 2 percent free;
1208 resume it if we have a value of 3 or more percent; consider information about
1209 the amount of free space valid for 30 seconds
1211 ctrl-alt-del
1212 ------------
1214 When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and sent to the init
1215 program to handle a graceful restart. However, when the value is greater that
1216 zero, Linux's reaction to this key combination will be an immediate reboot,
1217 without syncing its dirty buffers.
1219 [NOTE]
1220 When a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in raw mode, the
1221 ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it ever reaches the
1222 kernel tty layer, and it is up to the program to decide what to do with
1223 it.
1225 domainname and hostname
1226 -----------------------
1228 These files can be controlled to set the NIS domainname and hostname of your
1229 box. For the classic darkstar.frop.org a simple:
1231 # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
1232 # echo "frop.org" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
1235 would suffice to set your hostname and NIS domainname.
1237 osrelease, ostype and version
1238 -----------------------------
1240 The names make it pretty obvious what these fields contain:
1242 > cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
1243 2.2.12
1245 > cat /proc/sys/kernel/ostype
1246 Linux
1248 > cat /proc/sys/kernel/version
1249 #4 Fri Oct 1 12:41:14 PDT 1999
1252 The files osrelease and ostype should be clear enough. Version needs a little
1253 more clarification. The #4 means that this is the 4th kernel built from this
1254 source base and the date after it indicates the time the kernel was built. The
1255 only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel.
1257 panic
1258 -----
1260 The value in this file represents the number of seconds the kernel waits
1261 before rebooting on a panic. When you use the software watchdog, the
1262 recommended setting is 60. If set to 0, the auto reboot after a kernel panic
1263 is disabled, which is the default setting.
1265 printk
1266 ------
1268 The four values in printk denote
1269 * console_loglevel,
1270 * default_message_loglevel,
1271 * minimum_console_loglevel and
1272 * default_console_loglevel
1273 respectively.
1275 These values influence printk() behavior when printing or logging error
1276 messages, which come from inside the kernel. See syslog(2) for more
1277 information on the different log levels.
1279 console_loglevel
1280 ----------------
1282 Messages with a higher priority than this will be printed to the console.
1284 default_message_level
1285 ---------------------
1287 Messages without an explicit priority will be printed with this priority.
1289 minimum_console_loglevel
1290 ------------------------
1292 Minimum (highest) value to which the console_loglevel can be set.
1294 default_console_loglevel
1295 ------------------------
1297 Default value for console_loglevel.
1299 sg-big-buff
1300 -----------
1302 This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer. At this point, you
1303 can't tune it yet, but you can change it at compile time by editing
1304 include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.
1306 If you use a scanner with SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) you might want to set
1307 this to a higher value. Refer to the SANE documentation on this issue.
1309 modprobe
1310 --------
1312 The location where the modprobe binary is located. The kernel uses this
1313 program to load modules on demand.
1315 unknown_nmi_panic
1316 -----------------
1318 The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the value is
1319 non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At that time, kernel
1320 debugging information is displayed on console.
1322 NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for example.
1323 If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.
1325 panic_on_unrecovered_nmi
1326 ------------------------
1328 The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of either memory or unknown is to continue
1329 operation. For many environments such as scientific computing it is preferable
1330 that the box is taken out and the error dealt with than an uncorrected
1331 parity/ECC error get propogated.
1333 A small number of systems do generate NMI's for bizarre random reasons such as
1334 power management so the default is off. That sysctl works like the existing
1335 panic controls already in that directory.
1337 nmi_watchdog
1338 ------------
1340 Enables/Disables the NMI watchdog on x86 systems. When the value is non-zero
1341 the NMI watchdog is enabled and will continuously test all online cpus to
1342 determine whether or not they are still functioning properly.
1344 Because the NMI watchdog shares registers with oprofile, by disabling the NMI
1345 watchdog, oprofile may have more registers to utilize.
1347 msgmni
1348 ------
1350 Maximum number of message queue ids on the system.
1351 This value scales to the amount of lowmem. It is automatically recomputed
1352 upon memory add/remove or ipc namespace creation/removal.
1353 When a value is written into this file, msgmni's value becomes fixed, i.e. it
1354 is not recomputed anymore when one of the above events occurs.
1355 Use auto_msgmni to change this behavior.
1357 auto_msgmni
1358 -----------
1360 Enables/Disables automatic recomputing of msgmni upon memory add/remove or
1361 upon ipc namespace creation/removal (see the msgmni description above).
1362 Echoing "1" into this file enables msgmni automatic recomputing.
1363 Echoing "0" turns it off.
1364 auto_msgmni default value is 1.
1367 2.4 /proc/sys/vm - The virtual memory subsystem
1368 -----------------------------------------------
1370 The files in this directory can be used to tune the operation of the virtual
1371 memory (VM) subsystem of the Linux kernel.
1373 vfs_cache_pressure
1374 ------------------
1376 Controls the tendency of the kernel to reclaim the memory which is used for
1377 caching of directory and inode objects.
1379 At the default value of vfs_cache_pressure=100 the kernel will attempt to
1380 reclaim dentries and inodes at a "fair" rate with respect to pagecache and
1381 swapcache reclaim. Decreasing vfs_cache_pressure causes the kernel to prefer
1382 to retain dentry and inode caches. Increasing vfs_cache_pressure beyond 100
1383 causes the kernel to prefer to reclaim dentries and inodes.
1385 dirty_background_ratio
1386 ----------------------
1388 Contains, as a percentage of the dirtyable system memory (free pages + mapped
1389 pages + file cache, not including locked pages and HugePages), the number of
1390 pages at which the pdflush background writeback daemon will start writing out
1391 dirty data.
1393 dirty_ratio
1394 -----------------
1396 Contains, as a percentage of the dirtyable system memory (free pages + mapped
1397 pages + file cache, not including locked pages and HugePages), the number of
1398 pages at which a process which is generating disk writes will itself start
1399 writing out dirty data.
1401 dirty_writeback_centisecs
1402 -------------------------
1404 The pdflush writeback daemons will periodically wake up and write `old' data
1405 out to disk. This tunable expresses the interval between those wakeups, in
1406 100'ths of a second.
1408 Setting this to zero disables periodic writeback altogether.
1410 dirty_expire_centisecs
1411 ----------------------
1413 This tunable is used to define when dirty data is old enough to be eligible
1414 for writeout by the pdflush daemons. It is expressed in 100'ths of a second.
1415 Data which has been dirty in-memory for longer than this interval will be
1416 written out next time a pdflush daemon wakes up.
1418 highmem_is_dirtyable
1419 --------------------
1421 Only present if CONFIG_HIGHMEM is set.
1423 This defaults to 0 (false), meaning that the ratios set above are calculated
1424 as a percentage of lowmem only. This protects against excessive scanning
1425 in page reclaim, swapping and general VM distress.
1427 Setting this to 1 can be useful on 32 bit machines where you want to make
1428 random changes within an MMAPed file that is larger than your available
1429 lowmem without causing large quantities of random IO. Is is safe if the
1430 behavior of all programs running on the machine is known and memory will
1431 not be otherwise stressed.
1433 legacy_va_layout
1434 ----------------
1436 If non-zero, this sysctl disables the new 32-bit mmap mmap layout - the kernel
1437 will use the legacy (2.4) layout for all processes.
1439 lowmem_reserve_ratio
1440 ---------------------
1442 For some specialised workloads on highmem machines it is dangerous for
1443 the kernel to allow process memory to be allocated from the "lowmem"
1444 zone. This is because that memory could then be pinned via the mlock()
1445 system call, or by unavailability of swapspace.
1447 And on large highmem machines this lack of reclaimable lowmem memory
1448 can be fatal.
1450 So the Linux page allocator has a mechanism which prevents allocations
1451 which _could_ use highmem from using too much lowmem. This means that
1452 a certain amount of lowmem is defended from the possibility of being
1453 captured into pinned user memory.
1455 (The same argument applies to the old 16 megabyte ISA DMA region. This
1456 mechanism will also defend that region from allocations which could use
1457 highmem or lowmem).
1459 The `lowmem_reserve_ratio' tunable determines how aggressive the kernel is
1460 in defending these lower zones.
1462 If you have a machine which uses highmem or ISA DMA and your
1463 applications are using mlock(), or if you are running with no swap then
1464 you probably should change the lowmem_reserve_ratio setting.
1466 The lowmem_reserve_ratio is an array. You can see them by reading this file.
1467 -
1468 % cat /proc/sys/vm/lowmem_reserve_ratio
1469 256 256 32
1470 -
1471 Note: # of this elements is one fewer than number of zones. Because the highest
1472 zone's value is not necessary for following calculation.
1474 But, these values are not used directly. The kernel calculates # of protection
1475 pages for each zones from them. These are shown as array of protection pages
1476 in /proc/zoneinfo like followings. (This is an example of x86-64 box).
1477 Each zone has an array of protection pages like this.
1479 -
1480 Node 0, zone DMA
1481 pages free 1355
1482 min 3
1483 low 3
1484 high 4
1485 :
1486 :
1487 numa_other 0
1488 protection: (0, 2004, 2004, 2004)
1489 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
1490 pagesets
1491 cpu: 0 pcp: 0
1492 :
1493 -
1494 These protections are added to score to judge whether this zone should be used
1495 for page allocation or should be reclaimed.
1497 In this example, if normal pages (index=2) are required to this DMA zone and
1498 pages_high is used for watermark, the kernel judges this zone should not be
1499 used because pages_free(1355) is smaller than watermark + protection[2]
1500 (4 + 2004 = 2008). If this protection value is 0, this zone would be used for
1501 normal page requirement. If requirement is DMA zone(index=0), protection[0]
1502 (=0) is used.
1504 zone[i]'s protection[j] is calculated by following expression.
1506 (i < j):
1507 zone[i]->protection[j]
1508 = (total sums of present_pages from zone[i+1] to zone[j] on the node)
1509 / lowmem_reserve_ratio[i];
1510 (i = j):
1511 (should not be protected. = 0;
1512 (i > j):
1513 (not necessary, but looks 0)
1515 The default values of lowmem_reserve_ratio[i] are
1516 256 (if zone[i] means DMA or DMA32 zone)
1517 32 (others).
1518 As above expression, they are reciprocal number of ratio.
1519 256 means 1/256. # of protection pages becomes about "0.39%" of total present
1520 pages of higher zones on the node.
1522 If you would like to protect more pages, smaller values are effective.
1523 The minimum value is 1 (1/1 -> 100%).
1525 page-cluster
1526 ------------
1528 page-cluster controls the number of pages which are written to swap in
1529 a single attempt. The swap I/O size.
1531 It is a logarithmic value - setting it to zero means "1 page", setting
1532 it to 1 means "2 pages", setting it to 2 means "4 pages", etc.
1534 The default value is three (eight pages at a time). There may be some
1535 small benefits in tuning this to a different value if your workload is
1536 swap-intensive.
1538 overcommit_memory
1539 -----------------
1541 Controls overcommit of system memory, possibly allowing processes
1542 to allocate (but not use) more memory than is actually available.
1545 0 - Heuristic overcommit handling. Obvious overcommits of
1546 address space are refused. Used for a typical system. It
1547 ensures a seriously wild allocation fails while allowing
1548 overcommit to reduce swap usage. root is allowed to
1549 allocate slightly more memory in this mode. This is the
1550 default.
1552 1 - Always overcommit. Appropriate for some scientific
1553 applications.
1555 2 - Don't overcommit. The total address space commit
1556 for the system is not permitted to exceed swap plus a
1557 configurable percentage (default is 50) of physical RAM.
1558 Depending on the percentage you use, in most situations
1559 this means a process will not be killed while attempting
1560 to use already-allocated memory but will receive errors
1561 on memory allocation as appropriate.
1563 overcommit_ratio
1564 ----------------
1566 Percentage of physical memory size to include in overcommit calculations
1567 (see above.)
1569 Memory allocation limit = swapspace + physmem * (overcommit_ratio / 100)
1571 swapspace = total size of all swap areas
1572 physmem = size of physical memory in system
1574 nr_hugepages and hugetlb_shm_group
1575 ----------------------------------
1577 nr_hugepages configures number of hugetlb page reserved for the system.
1579 hugetlb_shm_group contains group id that is allowed to create SysV shared
1580 memory segment using hugetlb page.
1582 hugepages_treat_as_movable
1583 --------------------------
1585 This parameter is only useful when kernelcore= is specified at boot time to
1586 create ZONE_MOVABLE for pages that may be reclaimed or migrated. Huge pages
1587 are not movable so are not normally allocated from ZONE_MOVABLE. A non-zero
1588 value written to hugepages_treat_as_movable allows huge pages to be allocated
1589 from ZONE_MOVABLE.
1591 Once enabled, the ZONE_MOVABLE is treated as an area of memory the huge
1592 pages pool can easily grow or shrink within. Assuming that applications are
1593 not running that mlock() a lot of memory, it is likely the huge pages pool
1594 can grow to the size of ZONE_MOVABLE by repeatedly entering the desired value
1595 into nr_hugepages and triggering page reclaim.
1597 laptop_mode
1598 -----------
1600 laptop_mode is a knob that controls "laptop mode". All the things that are
1601 controlled by this knob are discussed in Documentation/laptops/laptop-mode.txt.
1603 block_dump
1604 ----------
1606 block_dump enables block I/O debugging when set to a nonzero value. More
1607 information on block I/O debugging is in Documentation/laptops/laptop-mode.txt.
1609 swap_token_timeout
1610 ------------------
1612 This file contains valid hold time of swap out protection token. The Linux
1613 VM has token based thrashing control mechanism and uses the token to prevent
1614 unnecessary page faults in thrashing situation. The unit of the value is
1615 second. The value would be useful to tune thrashing behavior.
1617 drop_caches
1618 -----------
1620 Writing to this will cause the kernel to drop clean caches, dentries and
1621 inodes from memory, causing that memory to become free.
1623 To free pagecache:
1624 echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
1625 To free dentries and inodes:
1626 echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
1627 To free pagecache, dentries and inodes:
1628 echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
1630 As this is a non-destructive operation and dirty objects are not freeable, the
1631 user should run `sync' first.
1634 2.5 /proc/sys/dev - Device specific parameters
1635 ----------------------------------------------
1637 Currently there is only support for CDROM drives, and for those, there is only
1638 one read-only file containing information about the CD-ROM drives attached to
1639 the system:
1641 >cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
1642 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 2.55 1999/04/25
1644 drive name: sr0 hdb
1645 drive speed: 32 40
1646 drive # of slots: 1 0
1647 Can close tray: 1 1
1648 Can open tray: 1 1
1649 Can lock tray: 1 1
1650 Can change speed: 1 1
1651 Can select disk: 0 1
1652 Can read multisession: 1 1
1653 Can read MCN: 1 1
1654 Reports media changed: 1 1
1655 Can play audio: 1 1
1658 You see two drives, sr0 and hdb, along with a list of their features.
1660 2.6 /proc/sys/sunrpc - Remote procedure calls
1661 ---------------------------------------------
1663 This directory contains four files, which enable or disable debugging for the
1664 RPC functions NFS, NFS-daemon, RPC and NLM. The default values are 0. They can
1665 be set to one to turn debugging on. (The default value is 0 for each)
1667 2.7 /proc/sys/net - Networking stuff
1668 ------------------------------------
1670 The interface to the networking parts of the kernel is located in
1671 /proc/sys/net. Table 2-3 shows all possible subdirectories. You may see only
1672 some of them, depending on your kernel's configuration.
1675 Table 2-3: Subdirectories in /proc/sys/net
1676 ..............................................................................
1677 Directory Content Directory Content
1678 core General parameter appletalk Appletalk protocol
1679 unix Unix domain sockets netrom NET/ROM
1680 802 E802 protocol ax25 AX25
1681 ethernet Ethernet protocol rose X.25 PLP layer
1682 ipv4 IP version 4 x25 X.25 protocol
1683 ipx IPX token-ring IBM token ring
1684 bridge Bridging decnet DEC net
1685 ipv6 IP version 6
1686 ..............................................................................
1688 We will concentrate on IP networking here. Since AX15, X.25, and DEC Net are
1689 only minor players in the Linux world, we'll skip them in this chapter. You'll
1690 find some short info on Appletalk and IPX further on in this chapter. Review
1691 the online documentation and the kernel source to get a detailed view of the
1692 parameters for those protocols. In this section we'll discuss the
1693 subdirectories printed in bold letters in the table above. As default values
1694 are suitable for most needs, there is no need to change these values.
1696 /proc/sys/net/core - Network core options
1697 -----------------------------------------
1699 rmem_default
1700 ------------
1702 The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
1704 rmem_max
1705 --------
1707 The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes.
1709 wmem_default
1710 ------------
1712 The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
1714 wmem_max
1715 --------
1717 The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
1719 message_burst and message_cost
1720 ------------------------------
1722 These parameters are used to limit the warning messages written to the kernel
1723 log from the networking code. They enforce a rate limit to make a
1724 denial-of-service attack impossible. A higher message_cost factor, results in
1725 fewer messages that will be written. Message_burst controls when messages will
1726 be dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to one every five
1727 seconds.
1729 warnings
1730 --------
1732 This controls console messages from the networking stack that can occur because
1733 of problems on the network like duplicate address or bad checksums. Normally,
1734 this should be enabled, but if the problem persists the messages can be
1735 disabled.
1738 netdev_max_backlog
1739 ------------------
1741 Maximum number of packets, queued on the INPUT side, when the interface
1742 receives packets faster than kernel can process them.
1744 optmem_max
1745 ----------
1747 Maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket. Ancillary data is a sequence
1748 of struct cmsghdr structures with appended data.
1750 /proc/sys/net/unix - Parameters for Unix domain sockets
1751 -------------------------------------------------------
1753 There are only two files in this subdirectory. They control the delays for
1754 deleting and destroying socket descriptors.
1756 2.8 /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
1757 --------------------------------------
1759 IP version 4 is still the most used protocol in Unix networking. It will be
1760 replaced by IP version 6 in the next couple of years, but for the moment it's
1761 the de facto standard for the internet and is used in most networking
1762 environments around the world. Because of the importance of this protocol,
1763 we'll have a deeper look into the subtree controlling the behavior of the IPv4
1764 subsystem of the Linux kernel.
1766 Let's start with the entries in /proc/sys/net/ipv4.
1768 ICMP settings
1769 -------------
1771 icmp_echo_ignore_all and icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
1772 ----------------------------------------------------
1774 Turn on (1) or off (0), if the kernel should ignore all ICMP ECHO requests, or
1775 just those to broadcast and multicast addresses.
1777 Please note that if you accept ICMP echo requests with a broadcast/multi\-cast
1778 destination address your network may be used as an exploder for denial of
1779 service packet flooding attacks to other hosts.
1781 icmp_destunreach_rate, icmp_echoreply_rate, icmp_paramprob_rate and icmp_timeexeed_rate
1782 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1784 Sets limits for sending ICMP packets to specific targets. A value of zero
1785 disables all limiting. Any positive value sets the maximum package rate in
1786 hundredth of a second (on Intel systems).
1788 IP settings
1789 -----------
1791 ip_autoconfig
1792 -------------
1794 This file contains the number one if the host received its IP configuration by
1795 RARP, BOOTP, DHCP or a similar mechanism. Otherwise it is zero.
1797 ip_default_ttl
1798 --------------
1800 TTL (Time To Live) for IPv4 interfaces. This is simply the maximum number of
1801 hops a packet may travel.
1803 ip_dynaddr
1804 ----------
1806 Enable dynamic socket address rewriting on interface address change. This is
1807 useful for dialup interface with changing IP addresses.
1809 ip_forward
1810 ----------
1812 Enable or disable forwarding of IP packages between interfaces. Changing this
1813 value resets all other parameters to their default values. They differ if the
1814 kernel is configured as host or router.
1816 ip_local_port_range
1817 -------------------
1819 Range of ports used by TCP and UDP to choose the local port. Contains two
1820 numbers, the first number is the lowest port, the second number the highest
1821 local port. Default is 1024-4999. Should be changed to 32768-61000 for
1822 high-usage systems.
1824 ip_no_pmtu_disc
1825 ---------------
1827 Global switch to turn path MTU discovery off. It can also be set on a per
1828 socket basis by the applications or on a per route basis.
1830 ip_masq_debug
1831 -------------
1833 Enable/disable debugging of IP masquerading.
1835 IP fragmentation settings
1836 -------------------------
1838 ipfrag_high_trash and ipfrag_low_trash
1839 --------------------------------------
1841 Maximum memory used to reassemble IP fragments. When ipfrag_high_thresh bytes
1842 of memory is allocated for this purpose, the fragment handler will toss
1843 packets until ipfrag_low_thresh is reached.
1845 ipfrag_time
1846 -----------
1848 Time in seconds to keep an IP fragment in memory.
1850 TCP settings
1851 ------------
1853 tcp_ecn
1854 -------
1856 This file controls the use of the ECN bit in the IPv4 headers. This is a new
1857 feature about Explicit Congestion Notification, but some routers and firewalls
1858 block traffic that has this bit set, so it could be necessary to echo 0 to
1859 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_ecn if you want to talk to these sites. For more info
1860 you could read RFC2481.
1862 tcp_retrans_collapse
1863 --------------------
1865 Bug-to-bug compatibility with some broken printers. On retransmit, try to send
1866 larger packets to work around bugs in certain TCP stacks. Can be turned off by
1867 setting it to zero.
1869 tcp_keepalive_probes
1870 --------------------
1872 Number of keep alive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the
1873 connection is broken.
1875 tcp_keepalive_time
1876 ------------------
1878 How often TCP sends out keep alive messages, when keep alive is enabled. The
1879 default is 2 hours.
1881 tcp_syn_retries
1882 ---------------
1884 Number of times initial SYNs for a TCP connection attempt will be
1885 retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. This is only the timeout for
1886 outgoing connections, for incoming connections the number of retransmits is
1887 defined by tcp_retries1.
1889 tcp_sack
1890 --------
1892 Enable select acknowledgments after RFC2018.
1894 tcp_timestamps
1895 --------------
1897 Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.
1899 tcp_stdurg
1900 ----------
1902 Enable the strict RFC793 interpretation of the TCP urgent pointer field. The
1903 default is to use the BSD compatible interpretation of the urgent pointer
1904 pointing to the first byte after the urgent data. The RFC793 interpretation is
1905 to have it point to the last byte of urgent data. Enabling this option may
1906 lead to interoperability problems. Disabled by default.
1908 tcp_syncookies
1909 --------------
1911 Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES. Send out
1912 syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket overflows. This is to ward
1913 off the common 'syn flood attack'. Disabled by default.
1915 Note that the concept of a socket backlog is abandoned. This means the peer
1916 may not receive reliable error messages from an over loaded server with
1917 syncookies enabled.
1919 tcp_window_scaling
1920 ------------------
1922 Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.
1924 tcp_fin_timeout
1925 ---------------
1927 The length of time in seconds it takes to receive a final FIN before the
1928 socket is always closed. This is strictly a violation of the TCP
1929 specification, but required to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
1931 tcp_max_ka_probes
1932 -----------------
1934 Indicates how many keep alive probes are sent per slow timer run. Should not
1935 be set too high to prevent bursts.
1937 tcp_max_syn_backlog
1938 -------------------
1940 Length of the per socket backlog queue. Since Linux 2.2 the backlog specified
1941 in listen(2) only specifies the length of the backlog queue of already
1942 established sockets. When more connection requests arrive Linux starts to drop
1943 packets. When syncookies are enabled the packets are still answered and the
1944 maximum queue is effectively ignored.
1946 tcp_retries1
1947 ------------
1949 Defines how often an answer to a TCP connection request is retransmitted
1950 before giving up.
1952 tcp_retries2
1953 ------------
1955 Defines how often a TCP packet is retransmitted before giving up.
1957 Interface specific settings
1958 ---------------------------
1960 In the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf you'll find one subdirectory for each
1961 interface the system knows about and one directory calls all. Changes in the
1962 all subdirectory affect all interfaces, whereas changes in the other
1963 subdirectories affect only one interface. All directories have the same
1964 entries:
1966 accept_redirects
1967 ----------------
1969 This switch decides if the kernel accepts ICMP redirect messages or not. The
1970 default is 'yes' if the kernel is configured for a regular host and 'no' for a
1971 router configuration.
1973 accept_source_route
1974 -------------------
1976 Should source routed packages be accepted or declined. The default is
1977 dependent on the kernel configuration. It's 'yes' for routers and 'no' for
1978 hosts.
1980 bootp_relay
1981 ~~~~~~~~~~~
1983 Accept packets with source address 0.b.c.d with destinations not to this host
1984 as local ones. It is supposed that a BOOTP relay daemon will catch and forward
1985 such packets.
1987 The default is 0, since this feature is not implemented yet (kernel version
1988 2.2.12).
1990 forwarding
1991 ----------
1993 Enable or disable IP forwarding on this interface.
1995 log_martians
1996 ------------
1998 Log packets with source addresses with no known route to kernel log.
2000 mc_forwarding
2001 -------------
2003 Do multicast routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE and a
2004 multicast routing daemon is required.
2006 proxy_arp
2007 ---------
2009 Does (1) or does not (0) perform proxy ARP.
2011 rp_filter
2012 ---------
2014 Integer value determines if a source validation should be made. 1 means yes, 0
2015 means no. Disabled by default, but local/broadcast address spoofing is always
2016 on.
2018 If you set this to 1 on a router that is the only connection for a network to
2019 the net, it will prevent spoofing attacks against your internal networks
2020 (external addresses can still be spoofed), without the need for additional
2021 firewall rules.
2023 secure_redirects
2024 ----------------
2026 Accept ICMP redirect messages only for gateways, listed in default gateway
2027 list. Enabled by default.
2029 shared_media
2030 ------------
2032 If it is not set the kernel does not assume that different subnets on this
2033 device can communicate directly. Default setting is 'yes'.
2035 send_redirects
2036 --------------
2038 Determines whether to send ICMP redirects to other hosts.
2040 Routing settings
2041 ----------------
2043 The directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route contains several file to control
2044 routing issues.
2046 error_burst and error_cost
2047 --------------------------
2049 These parameters are used to limit how many ICMP destination unreachable to
2050 send from the host in question. ICMP destination unreachable messages are
2051 sent when we cannot reach the next hop while trying to transmit a packet.
2052 It will also print some error messages to kernel logs if someone is ignoring
2053 our ICMP redirects. The higher the error_cost factor is, the fewer
2054 destination unreachable and error messages will be let through. Error_burst
2055 controls when destination unreachable messages and error messages will be
2056 dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to five every second.
2058 flush
2059 -----
2061 Writing to this file results in a flush of the routing cache.
2063 gc_elasticity, gc_interval, gc_min_interval_ms, gc_timeout, gc_thresh
2064 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
2066 Values to control the frequency and behavior of the garbage collection
2067 algorithm for the routing cache. gc_min_interval is deprecated and replaced
2068 by gc_min_interval_ms.
2071 max_size
2072 --------
2074 Maximum size of the routing cache. Old entries will be purged once the cache
2075 reached has this size.
2077 redirect_load, redirect_number
2078 ------------------------------
2080 Factors which determine if more ICPM redirects should be sent to a specific
2081 host. No redirects will be sent once the load limit or the maximum number of
2082 redirects has been reached.
2084 redirect_silence
2085 ----------------
2087 Timeout for redirects. After this period redirects will be sent again, even if
2088 this has been stopped, because the load or number limit has been reached.
2090 Network Neighbor handling
2091 -------------------------
2093 Settings about how to handle connections with direct neighbors (nodes attached
2094 to the same link) can be found in the directory /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh.
2096 As we saw it in the conf directory, there is a default subdirectory which
2097 holds the default values, and one directory for each interface. The contents
2098 of the directories are identical, with the single exception that the default
2099 settings contain additional options to set garbage collection parameters.
2101 In the interface directories you'll find the following entries:
2103 base_reachable_time, base_reachable_time_ms
2104 -------------------------------------------
2106 A base value used for computing the random reachable time value as specified
2107 in RFC2461.
2109 Expression of base_reachable_time, which is deprecated, is in seconds.
2110 Expression of base_reachable_time_ms is in milliseconds.
2112 retrans_time, retrans_time_ms
2113 -----------------------------
2115 The time between retransmitted Neighbor Solicitation messages.
2116 Used for address resolution and to determine if a neighbor is
2117 unreachable.
2119 Expression of retrans_time, which is deprecated, is in 1/100 seconds (for
2120 IPv4) or in jiffies (for IPv6).
2121 Expression of retrans_time_ms is in milliseconds.
2123 unres_qlen
2124 ----------
2126 Maximum queue length for a pending arp request - the number of packets which
2127 are accepted from other layers while the ARP address is still resolved.
2129 anycast_delay
2130 -------------
2132 Maximum for random delay of answers to neighbor solicitation messages in
2133 jiffies (1/100 sec). Not yet implemented (Linux does not have anycast support
2134 yet).
2136 ucast_solicit
2137 -------------
2139 Maximum number of retries for unicast solicitation.
2141 mcast_solicit
2142 -------------
2144 Maximum number of retries for multicast solicitation.
2146 delay_first_probe_time
2147 ----------------------
2149 Delay for the first time probe if the neighbor is reachable. (see
2150 gc_stale_time)
2152 locktime
2153 --------
2155 An ARP/neighbor entry is only replaced with a new one if the old is at least
2156 locktime old. This prevents ARP cache thrashing.
2158 proxy_delay
2159 -----------
2161 Maximum time (real time is random [0..proxytime]) before answering to an ARP
2162 request for which we have an proxy ARP entry. In some cases, this is used to
2163 prevent network flooding.
2165 proxy_qlen
2166 ----------
2168 Maximum queue length of the delayed proxy arp timer. (see proxy_delay).
2170 app_solicit
2171 ----------
2173 Determines the number of requests to send to the user level ARP daemon. Use 0
2174 to turn off.
2176 gc_stale_time
2177 -------------
2179 Determines how often to check for stale ARP entries. After an ARP entry is
2180 stale it will be resolved again (which is useful when an IP address migrates
2181 to another machine). When ucast_solicit is greater than 0 it first tries to
2182 send an ARP packet directly to the known host When that fails and
2183 mcast_solicit is greater than 0, an ARP request is broadcasted.
2185 2.9 Appletalk
2186 -------------
2188 The /proc/sys/net/appletalk directory holds the Appletalk configuration data
2189 when Appletalk is loaded. The configurable parameters are:
2191 aarp-expiry-time
2192 ----------------
2194 The amount of time we keep an ARP entry before expiring it. Used to age out
2195 old hosts.
2197 aarp-resolve-time
2198 -----------------
2200 The amount of time we will spend trying to resolve an Appletalk address.
2202 aarp-retransmit-limit
2203 ---------------------
2205 The number of times we will retransmit a query before giving up.
2207 aarp-tick-time
2208 --------------
2210 Controls the rate at which expires are checked.
2212 The directory /proc/net/appletalk holds the list of active Appletalk sockets
2213 on a machine.
2215 The fields indicate the DDP type, the local address (in network:node format)
2216 the remote address, the size of the transmit pending queue, the size of the
2217 received queue (bytes waiting for applications to read) the state and the uid
2218 owning the socket.
2220 /proc/net/atalk_iface lists all the interfaces configured for appletalk.It
2221 shows the name of the interface, its Appletalk address, the network range on
2222 that address (or network number for phase 1 networks), and the status of the
2223 interface.
2225 /proc/net/atalk_route lists each known network route. It lists the target
2226 (network) that the route leads to, the router (may be directly connected), the
2227 route flags, and the device the route is using.
2229 2.10 IPX
2230 --------
2232 The IPX protocol has no tunable values in proc/sys/net.
2234 The IPX protocol does, however, provide proc/net/ipx. This lists each IPX
2235 socket giving the local and remote addresses in Novell format (that is
2236 network:node:port). In accordance with the strange Novell tradition,
2237 everything but the port is in hex. Not_Connected is displayed for sockets that
2238 are not tied to a specific remote address. The Tx and Rx queue sizes indicate
2239 the number of bytes pending for transmission and reception. The state
2240 indicates the state the socket is in and the uid is the owning uid of the
2241 socket.
2243 The /proc/net/ipx_interface file lists all IPX interfaces. For each interface
2244 it gives the network number, the node number, and indicates if the network is
2245 the primary network. It also indicates which device it is bound to (or
2246 Internal for internal networks) and the Frame Type if appropriate. Linux
2247 supports 802.3, 802.2, 802.2 SNAP and DIX (Blue Book) ethernet framing for
2248 IPX.
2250 The /proc/net/ipx_route table holds a list of IPX routes. For each route it
2251 gives the destination network, the router node (or Directly) and the network
2252 address of the router (or Connected) for internal networks.
2254 2.11 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem
2255 ----------------------------------------------------------
2257 The "mqueue" filesystem provides the necessary kernel features to enable the
2258 creation of a user space library that implements the POSIX message queues
2259 API (as noted by the MSG tag in the POSIX 1003.1-2001 version of the System
2260 Interfaces specification.)
2262 The "mqueue" filesystem contains values for determining/setting the amount of
2263 resources used by the file system.
2265 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
2266 maximum number of message queues allowed on the system.
2268 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
2269 maximum number of messages in a queue value. In fact it is the limiting value
2270 for another (user) limit which is set in mq_open invocation. This attribute of
2271 a queue must be less or equal then msg_max.
2273 /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max is a read/write file for setting/getting the
2274 maximum message size value (it is every message queue's attribute set during
2275 its creation).
2277 2.12 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj - Adjust the oom-killer score
2278 ------------------------------------------------------
2280 This file can be used to adjust the score used to select which processes
2281 should be killed in an out-of-memory situation. Giving it a high score will
2282 increase the likelihood of this process being killed by the oom-killer. Valid
2283 values are in the range -16 to +15, plus the special value -17, which disables
2284 oom-killing altogether for this process.
2286 2.13 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
2287 -------------------------------------------------------------
2289 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2290 This file can be used to check the current score used by the oom-killer is for
2291 any given <pid>. Use it together with /proc/<pid>/oom_adj to tune which
2292 process should be killed in an out-of-memory situation.
2294 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2295 Summary
2296 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2297 Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
2298 need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
2299 /proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
2300 command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
2301 of the kernel.
2302 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2304 2.14 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
2305 -------------------------------------------------------
2307 This file contains IO statistics for each running process
2309 Example
2310 -------
2312 test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
2313 [1] 3828
2315 test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
2316 rchar: 323934931
2317 wchar: 323929600
2318 syscr: 632687
2319 syscw: 632675
2320 read_bytes: 0
2321 write_bytes: 323932160
2322 cancelled_write_bytes: 0
2325 Description
2326 -----------
2328 rchar
2329 -----
2331 I/O counter: chars read
2332 The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This
2333 is simply the sum of bytes which this process passed to read() and pread().
2334 It includes things like tty IO and it is unaffected by whether or not actual
2335 physical disk IO was required (the read might have been satisfied from
2336 pagecache)
2339 wchar
2340 -----
2342 I/O counter: chars written
2343 The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
2344 to disk. Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
2347 syscr
2348 -----
2350 I/O counter: read syscalls
2351 Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like read()
2352 and pread().
2355 syscw
2356 -----
2358 I/O counter: write syscalls
2359 Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like
2360 write() and pwrite().
2363 read_bytes
2364 ----------
2366 I/O counter: bytes read
2367 Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
2368 be fetched from the storage layer. Done at the submit_bio() level, so it is
2369 accurate for block-backed filesystems. <please add status regarding NFS and
2370 CIFS at a later time>
2373 write_bytes
2374 -----------
2376 I/O counter: bytes written
2377 Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
2378 the storage layer. This is done at page-dirtying time.
2381 cancelled_write_bytes
2382 ---------------------
2384 The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and
2385 then deletes the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have
2386 been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.
2387 In other words: The number of bytes which this process caused to not happen,
2388 by truncating pagecache. A task can cause "negative" IO too. If this task
2389 truncates some dirty pagecache, some IO which another task has been accounted
2390 for (in it's write_bytes) will not be happening. We _could_ just subtract that
2391 from the truncating task's write_bytes, but there is information loss in doing
2392 that.
2395 Note
2396 ----
2398 At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines: if
2399 process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of
2400 those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
2403 More information about this can be found within the taskstats documentation in
2404 Documentation/accounting.
2406 2.15 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
2407 ---------------------------------------------------------------
2408 When a process is dumped, all anonymous memory is written to a core file as
2409 long as the size of the core file isn't limited. But sometimes we don't want
2410 to dump some memory segments, for example, huge shared memory. Conversely,
2411 sometimes we want to save file-backed memory segments into a core file, not
2412 only the individual files.
2414 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter allows you to customize which memory segments
2415 will be dumped when the <pid> process is dumped. coredump_filter is a bitmask
2416 of memory types. If a bit of the bitmask is set, memory segments of the
2417 corresponding memory type are dumped, otherwise they are not dumped.
2419 The following 7 memory types are supported:
2420 - (bit 0) anonymous private memory
2421 - (bit 1) anonymous shared memory
2422 - (bit 2) file-backed private memory
2423 - (bit 3) file-backed shared memory
2424 - (bit 4) ELF header pages in file-backed private memory areas (it is
2425 effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
2426 - (bit 5) hugetlb private memory
2427 - (bit 6) hugetlb shared memory
2429 Note that MMIO pages such as frame buffer are never dumped and vDSO pages
2430 are always dumped regardless of the bitmask status.
2432 Note bit 0-4 doesn't effect any hugetlb memory. hugetlb memory are only
2433 effected by bit 5-6.
2435 Default value of coredump_filter is 0x23; this means all anonymous memory
2436 segments and hugetlb private memory are dumped.
2438 If you don't want to dump all shared memory segments attached to pid 1234,
2439 write 0x21 to the process's proc file.
2441 $ echo 0x21 > /proc/1234/coredump_filter
2443 When a new process is created, the process inherits the bitmask status from its
2444 parent. It is useful to set up coredump_filter before the program runs.
2445 For example:
2447 $ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
2448 $ ./some_program
2450 2.16 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
2451 --------------------------------------------------------
2453 This file contains lines of the form:
2455 36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
2456 (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
2458 (1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
2459 (2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
2460 (3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
2461 (4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
2462 (5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
2463 (6) mount options: per mount options
2464 (7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
2465 (8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
2466 (9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
2467 (10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
2468 (11) super options: per super block options
2470 Parsers should ignore all unrecognised optional fields. Currently the
2471 possible optional fields are:
2473 shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
2474 master:X mount is slave to peer group X
2475 propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
2476 unbindable mount is unbindable
2478 (*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
2479 X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
2480 group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
2481 and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
2483 For more information on mount propagation see:
2485 Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
2487 2.17 /proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interface
2488 --------------------------------------------------------
2490 This directory contains configuration options for the epoll(7) interface.
2492 max_user_instances
2493 ------------------
2495 This is the maximum number of epoll file descriptors that a single user can
2496 have open at a given time. The default value is 128, and should be enough
2497 for normal users.
2499 max_user_watches
2500 ----------------
2502 Every epoll file descriptor can store a number of files to be monitored
2503 for event readiness. Each one of these monitored files constitutes a "watch".
2504 This configuration option sets the maximum number of "watches" that are
2505 allowed for each user.
2506 Each "watch" costs roughly 90 bytes on a 32bit kernel, and roughly 160 bytes
2507 on a 64bit one.
2508 The current default value for max_user_watches is the 1/32 of the available
2509 low memory, divided for the "watch" cost in bytes.
2512 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------