NFS: Fix a performance regression in readdir

[linux/fpc-iii.git] / Documentation / edac.txt

EDAC - Error Detection And Correction
=====================================

"bluesmoke" was the name for this device driver when it
was "out-of-tree" and maintained at sourceforge.net -
bluesmoke.sourceforge.net. That site is mostly archaic now and can be
used only for historical purposes.

When the subsystem was pushed into 2.6.16 for the first time, it was
renamed to 'EDAC'.

PURPOSE
-------

The 'edac' kernel module's goal is to detect and report hardware errors
that occur within the computer system running under linux.

MEMORY
------

Memory Correctable Errors (CE) and Uncorrectable Errors (UE) are the
primary errors being harvested. These types of errors are harvested by
the 'edac_mc' device.

Detecting CE events, then harvesting those events and reporting them,
*can* but must not necessarily be a predictor of future UE events. With
CE events only, the system can and will continue to operate as no data
has been damaged yet.

However, preventive maintenance and proactive part replacement of memory
DIMMs exhibiting CEs can reduce the likelihood of the dreaded UE events
and system panics.

OTHER HARDWARE ELEMENTS
-----------------------

A new feature for EDAC, the edac_device class of device, was added in
the 2.6.23 version of the kernel.

This new device type allows for non-memory type of ECC hardware detectors
to have their states harvested and presented to userspace via the sysfs
interface.

Some architectures have ECC detectors for L1, L2 and L3 caches,
along with DMA engines, fabric switches, main data path switches,
interconnections, and various other hardware data paths. If the hardware
reports it, then a edac_device device probably can be constructed to
harvest and present that to userspace.


PCI BUS SCANNING
----------------

In addition, PCI devices are scanned for PCI Bus Parity and SERR Errors
in order to determine if errors are occurring during data transfers.

The presence of PCI Parity errors must be examined with a grain of salt.
There are several add-in adapters that do *not* follow the PCI specification
with regards to Parity generation and reporting. The specification says
the vendor should tie the parity status bits to 0 if they do not intend
to generate parity.  Some vendors do not do this, and thus the parity bit
can "float" giving false positives.

There is a PCI device attribute located in sysfs that is checked by
the EDAC PCI scanning code. If that attribute is set, PCI parity/error
scanning is skipped for that device. The attribute is:

        broken_parity_status

and is located in /sys/devices/pci<XXX>/0000:XX:YY.Z directories for
PCI devices.


VERSIONING
----------

EDAC is composed of a "core" module (edac_core.ko) and several Memory
Controller (MC) driver modules. On a given system, the CORE is loaded
and one MC driver will be loaded. Both the CORE and the MC driver (or
edac_device driver) have individual versions that reflect current
release level of their respective modules.

Thus, to "report" on what version a system is running, one must report
both the CORE's and the MC driver's versions.


LOADING
-------

If 'edac' was statically linked with the kernel then no loading
is necessary. If 'edac' was built as modules then simply modprobe
the 'edac' pieces that you need. You should be able to modprobe
hardware-specific modules and have the dependencies load the necessary
core modules.

Example:

$> modprobe amd76x_edac

loads both the amd76x_edac.ko memory controller module and the edac_mc.ko
core module.


SYSFS INTERFACE
---------------

EDAC presents a 'sysfs' interface for control and reporting purposes. It
lives in the /sys/devices/system/edac directory.

Within this directory there currently reside 2 components:

        mc      memory controller(s) system
        pci     PCI control and status system



Memory Controller (mc) Model
----------------------------

Each 'mc' device controls a set of DIMM memory modules. These modules
are laid out in a Chip-Select Row (csrowX) and Channel table (chX).
There can be multiple csrows and multiple channels.

Memory controllers allow for several csrows, with 8 csrows being a
typical value. Yet, the actual number of csrows depends on the layout of
a given motherboard, memory controller and DIMM characteristics.

Dual channels allows for 128 bit data transfers to/from the CPU from/to
memory. Some newer chipsets allow for more than 2 channels, like Fully
Buffered DIMMs (FB-DIMMs). The following example will assume 2 channels:


                Channel 0       Channel 1
        ===================================
        csrow0  | DIMM_A0       | DIMM_B0 |
        csrow1  | DIMM_A0       | DIMM_B0 |
        ===================================

        ===================================
        csrow2  | DIMM_A1       | DIMM_B1 |
        csrow3  | DIMM_A1       | DIMM_B1 |
        ===================================

In the above example table there are 4 physical slots on the motherboard
for memory DIMMs:

        DIMM_A0
        DIMM_B0
        DIMM_A1
        DIMM_B1

Labels for these slots are usually silk-screened on the motherboard.
Slots labeled 'A' are channel 0 in this example. Slots labeled 'B' are
channel 1. Notice that there are two csrows possible on a physical DIMM.
These csrows are allocated their csrow assignment based on the slot into
which the memory DIMM is placed. Thus, when 1 DIMM is placed in each
Channel, the csrows cross both DIMMs.

Memory DIMMs come single or dual "ranked". A rank is a populated csrow.
Thus, 2 single ranked DIMMs, placed in slots DIMM_A0 and DIMM_B0 above
will have 1 csrow, csrow0. csrow1 will be empty. On the other hand,
when 2 dual ranked DIMMs are similarly placed, then both csrow0 and
csrow1 will be populated. The pattern repeats itself for csrow2 and
csrow3.

The representation of the above is reflected in the directory
tree in EDAC's sysfs interface. Starting in directory
/sys/devices/system/edac/mc each memory controller will be represented
by its own 'mcX' directory, where 'X' is the index of the MC.


        ..../edac/mc/
                   |
                   |->mc0
                   |->mc1
                   |->mc2
                   ....

Under each 'mcX' directory each 'csrowX' is again represented by a
'csrowX', where 'X' is the csrow index:


        .../mc/mc0/
                |
                |->csrow0
                |->csrow2
                |->csrow3
                ....

Notice that there is no csrow1, which indicates that csrow0 is composed
of a single ranked DIMMs. This should also apply in both Channels, in
order to have dual-channel mode be operational. Since both csrow2 and
csrow3 are populated, this indicates a dual ranked set of DIMMs for
channels 0 and 1.


Within each of the 'mcX' and 'csrowX' directories are several EDAC
control and attribute files.


'mcX' directories
-----------------

In 'mcX' directories are EDAC control and attribute files for
this 'X' instance of the memory controllers.

For a description of the sysfs API, please see:
        Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-edac



'csrowX' directories
--------------------

When CONFIG_EDAC_LEGACY_SYSFS is enabled, sysfs will contain the csrowX
directories. As this API doesn't work properly for Rambus, FB-DIMMs and
modern Intel Memory Controllers, this is being deprecated in favor of
dimmX directories.

In the 'csrowX' directories are EDAC control and attribute files for
this 'X' instance of csrow:


Total Uncorrectable Errors count attribute file:

        'ue_count'

        This attribute file displays the total count of uncorrectable
        errors that have occurred on this csrow. If panic_on_ue is set
        this counter will not have a chance to increment, since EDAC
        will panic the system.


Total Correctable Errors count attribute file:

        'ce_count'

        This attribute file displays the total count of correctable
        errors that have occurred on this csrow. This count is very
        important to examine. CEs provide early indications that a
        DIMM is beginning to fail. This count field should be
        monitored for non-zero values and report such information
        to the system administrator.


Total memory managed by this csrow attribute file:

        'size_mb'

        This attribute file displays, in count of megabytes, the memory
        that this csrow contains.


Memory Type attribute file:

        'mem_type'

        This attribute file will display what type of memory is currently
        on this csrow. Normally, either buffered or unbuffered memory.
        Examples:
                Registered-DDR
                Unbuffered-DDR


EDAC Mode of operation attribute file:

        'edac_mode'

        This attribute file will display what type of Error detection
        and correction is being utilized.


Device type attribute file:

        'dev_type'

        This attribute file will display what type of DRAM device is
        being utilized on this DIMM.
        Examples:
                x1
                x2
                x4
                x8


Channel 0 CE Count attribute file:

        'ch0_ce_count'

        This attribute file will display the count of CEs on this
        DIMM located in channel 0.


Channel 0 UE Count attribute file:

        'ch0_ue_count'

        This attribute file will display the count of UEs on this
        DIMM located in channel 0.


Channel 0 DIMM Label control file:

        'ch0_dimm_label'

        This control file allows this DIMM to have a label assigned
        to it. With this label in the module, when errors occur
        the output can provide the DIMM label in the system log.
        This becomes vital for panic events to isolate the
        cause of the UE event.

        DIMM Labels must be assigned after booting, with information
        that correctly identifies the physical slot with its
        silk screen label. This information is currently very
        motherboard specific and determination of this information
        must occur in userland at this time.


Channel 1 CE Count attribute file:

        'ch1_ce_count'

        This attribute file will display the count of CEs on this
        DIMM located in channel 1.


Channel 1 UE Count attribute file:

        'ch1_ue_count'

        This attribute file will display the count of UEs on this
        DIMM located in channel 0.


Channel 1 DIMM Label control file:

        'ch1_dimm_label'

        This control file allows this DIMM to have a label assigned
        to it. With this label in the module, when errors occur
        the output can provide the DIMM label in the system log.
        This becomes vital for panic events to isolate the
        cause of the UE event.

        DIMM Labels must be assigned after booting, with information
        that correctly identifies the physical slot with its
        silk screen label. This information is currently very
        motherboard specific and determination of this information
        must occur in userland at this time.



SYSTEM LOGGING
--------------

If logging for UEs and CEs is enabled, then system logs will contain
information indicating that errors have been detected:

EDAC MC0: CE page 0x283, offset 0xce0, grain 8, syndrome 0x6ec3, row 0,
channel 1 "DIMM_B1": amd76x_edac

EDAC MC0: CE page 0x1e5, offset 0xfb0, grain 8, syndrome 0xb741, row 0,
channel 1 "DIMM_B1": amd76x_edac


The structure of the message is:
        the memory controller                   (MC0)
        Error type                              (CE)
        memory page                             (0x283)
        offset in the page                      (0xce0)
        the byte granularity                    (grain 8)
                or resolution of the error
        the error syndrome                      (0xb741)
        memory row                              (row 0)
        memory channel                          (channel 1)
        DIMM label, if set prior                (DIMM B1
        and then an optional, driver-specific message that may
                have additional information.

Both UEs and CEs with no info will lack all but memory controller, error
type, a notice of "no info" and then an optional, driver-specific error
message.


PCI Bus Parity Detection
------------------------

On Header Type 00 devices, the primary status is looked at for any
parity error regardless of whether parity is enabled on the device or
not. (The spec indicates parity is generated in some cases). On Header
Type 01 bridges, the secondary status register is also looked at to see
if parity occurred on the bus on the other side of the bridge.


SYSFS CONFIGURATION
-------------------

Under /sys/devices/system/edac/pci are control and attribute files as follows:


Enable/Disable PCI Parity checking control file:

        'check_pci_parity'


        This control file enables or disables the PCI Bus Parity scanning
        operation. Writing a 1 to this file enables the scanning. Writing
        a 0 to this file disables the scanning.

        Enable:
        echo "1" >/sys/devices/system/edac/pci/check_pci_parity

        Disable:
        echo "0" >/sys/devices/system/edac/pci/check_pci_parity


Parity Count:

        'pci_parity_count'

        This attribute file will display the number of parity errors that
        have been detected.



MODULE PARAMETERS
-----------------

Panic on UE control file:

        'edac_mc_panic_on_ue'

        An uncorrectable error will cause a machine panic.  This is usually
        desirable.  It is a bad idea to continue when an uncorrectable error
        occurs - it is indeterminate what was uncorrected and the operating
        system context might be so mangled that continuing will lead to further
        corruption. If the kernel has MCE configured, then EDAC will never
        notice the UE.

        LOAD TIME: module/kernel parameter: edac_mc_panic_on_ue=[0|1]

        RUN TIME:  echo "1" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_mc_panic_on_ue


Log UE control file:

        'edac_mc_log_ue'

        Generate kernel messages describing uncorrectable errors.  These errors
        are reported through the system message log system.  UE statistics
        will be accumulated even when UE logging is disabled.

        LOAD TIME: module/kernel parameter: edac_mc_log_ue=[0|1]

        RUN TIME: echo "1" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_mc_log_ue


Log CE control file:

        'edac_mc_log_ce'

        Generate kernel messages describing correctable errors.  These
        errors are reported through the system message log system.
        CE statistics will be accumulated even when CE logging is disabled.

        LOAD TIME: module/kernel parameter: edac_mc_log_ce=[0|1]

        RUN TIME: echo "1" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_mc_log_ce


Polling period control file:

        'edac_mc_poll_msec'

        The time period, in milliseconds, for polling for error information.
        Too small a value wastes resources.  Too large a value might delay
        necessary handling of errors and might loose valuable information for
        locating the error.  1000 milliseconds (once each second) is the current
        default. Systems which require all the bandwidth they can get, may
        increase this.

        LOAD TIME: module/kernel parameter: edac_mc_poll_msec=[0|1]

        RUN TIME: echo "1000" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_mc_poll_msec


Panic on PCI PARITY Error:

        'panic_on_pci_parity'


        This control file enables or disables panicking when a parity
        error has been detected.


        module/kernel parameter: edac_panic_on_pci_pe=[0|1]

        Enable:
        echo "1" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_panic_on_pci_pe

        Disable:
        echo "0" > /sys/module/edac_core/parameters/edac_panic_on_pci_pe



EDAC device type
----------------

In the header file, edac_core.h, there is a series of edac_device structures
and APIs for the EDAC_DEVICE.

User space access to an edac_device is through the sysfs interface.

At the location /sys/devices/system/edac (sysfs) new edac_device devices will
appear.

There is a three level tree beneath the above 'edac' directory. For example,
the 'test_device_edac' device (found at the bluesmoke.sourceforget.net website)
installs itself as:

        /sys/devices/systm/edac/test-instance

in this directory are various controls, a symlink and one or more 'instance'
directories.

The standard default controls are:

        log_ce          boolean to log CE events
        log_ue          boolean to log UE events
        panic_on_ue     boolean to 'panic' the system if an UE is encountered
                        (default off, can be set true via startup script)
        poll_msec       time period between POLL cycles for events

The test_device_edac device adds at least one of its own custom control:

        test_bits       which in the current test driver does nothing but
                        show how it is installed. A ported driver can
                        add one or more such controls and/or attributes
                        for specific uses.
                        One out-of-tree driver uses controls here to allow
                        for ERROR INJECTION operations to hardware
                        injection registers

The symlink points to the 'struct dev' that is registered for this edac_device.

INSTANCES
---------

One or more instance directories are present. For the 'test_device_edac' case:

        test-instance0


In this directory there are two default counter attributes, which are totals of
counter in deeper subdirectories.

        ce_count        total of CE events of subdirectories
        ue_count        total of UE events of subdirectories

BLOCKS
------

At the lowest directory level is the 'block' directory. There can be 0, 1
or more blocks specified in each instance.

        test-block0


In this directory the default attributes are:

        ce_count        which is counter of CE events for this 'block'
                        of hardware being monitored
        ue_count        which is counter of UE events for this 'block'
                        of hardware being monitored


The 'test_device_edac' device adds 4 attributes and 1 control:

        test-block-bits-0       for every POLL cycle this counter
                                is incremented
        test-block-bits-1       every 10 cycles, this counter is bumped once,
                                and test-block-bits-0 is set to 0
        test-block-bits-2       every 100 cycles, this counter is bumped once,
                                and test-block-bits-1 is set to 0
        test-block-bits-3       every 1000 cycles, this counter is bumped once,
                                and test-block-bits-2 is set to 0


        reset-counters          writing ANY thing to this control will
                                reset all the above counters.


Use of the 'test_device_edac' driver should enable any others to create their own
unique drivers for their hardware systems.

The 'test_device_edac' sample driver is located at the
bluesmoke.sourceforge.net project site for EDAC.


NEHALEM USAGE OF EDAC APIs
--------------------------

This chapter documents some EXPERIMENTAL mappings for EDAC API to handle
Nehalem EDAC driver. They will likely be changed on future versions
of the driver.

Due to the way Nehalem exports Memory Controller data, some adjustments
were done at i7core_edac driver. This chapter will cover those differences

1) On Nehalem, there is one Memory Controller per Quick Patch Interconnect
   (QPI). At the driver, the term "socket" means one QPI. This is
   associated with a physical CPU socket.

   Each MC have 3 physical read channels, 3 physical write channels and
   3 logic channels. The driver currently sees it as just 3 channels.
   Each channel can have up to 3 DIMMs.

   The minimum known unity is DIMMs. There are no information about csrows.
   As EDAC API maps the minimum unity is csrows, the driver sequentially
   maps channel/dimm into different csrows.

   For example, supposing the following layout:
        Ch0 phy rd0, wr0 (0x063f4031): 2 ranks, UDIMMs
          dimm 0 1024 Mb offset: 0, bank: 8, rank: 1, row: 0x4000, col: 0x400
          dimm 1 1024 Mb offset: 4, bank: 8, rank: 1, row: 0x4000, col: 0x400
        Ch1 phy rd1, wr1 (0x063f4031): 2 ranks, UDIMMs
          dimm 0 1024 Mb offset: 0, bank: 8, rank: 1, row: 0x4000, col: 0x400
        Ch2 phy rd3, wr3 (0x063f4031): 2 ranks, UDIMMs
          dimm 0 1024 Mb offset: 0, bank: 8, rank: 1, row: 0x4000, col: 0x400
   The driver will map it as:
        csrow0: channel 0, dimm0
        csrow1: channel 0, dimm1
        csrow2: channel 1, dimm0
        csrow3: channel 2, dimm0

exports one
   DIMM per csrow.

   Each QPI is exported as a different memory controller.

2) Nehalem MC has the ability to generate errors. The driver implements this
   functionality via some error injection nodes:

   For injecting a memory error, there are some sysfs nodes, under
   /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc?/:

   inject_addrmatch/*:
      Controls the error injection mask register. It is possible to specify
      several characteristics of the address to match an error code:
         dimm = the affected dimm. Numbers are relative to a channel;
         rank = the memory rank;
         channel = the channel that will generate an error;
         bank = the affected bank;
         page = the page address;
         column (or col) = the address column.
      each of the above values can be set to "any" to match any valid value.

      At driver init, all values are set to any.

      For example, to generate an error at rank 1 of dimm 2, for any channel,
      any bank, any page, any column:
                echo 2 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_addrmatch/dimm
                echo 1 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_addrmatch/rank

        To return to the default behaviour of matching any, you can do:
                echo any >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_addrmatch/dimm
                echo any >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_addrmatch/rank

   inject_eccmask:
       specifies what bits will have troubles,

   inject_section:
       specifies what ECC cache section will get the error:
                3 for both
                2 for the highest
                1 for the lowest

   inject_type:
       specifies the type of error, being a combination of the following bits:
                bit 0 - repeat
                bit 1 - ecc
                bit 2 - parity

       inject_enable starts the error generation when something different
       than 0 is written.

   All inject vars can be read. root permission is needed for write.

   Datasheet states that the error will only be generated after a write on an
   address that matches inject_addrmatch. It seems, however, that reading will
   also produce an error.

   For example, the following code will generate an error for any write access
   at socket 0, on any DIMM/address on channel 2:

   echo 2 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_addrmatch/channel
   echo 2 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_type
   echo 64 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_eccmask
   echo 3 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_section
   echo 1 >/sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/inject_enable
   dd if=/dev/mem of=/dev/null seek=16k bs=4k count=1 >& /dev/null

   For socket 1, it is needed to replace "mc0" by "mc1" at the above
   commands.

   The generated error message will look like:

   EDAC MC0: UE row 0, channel-a= 0 channel-b= 0 labels "-": NON_FATAL (addr = 0x0075b980, socket=0, Dimm=0, Channel=2, syndrome=0x00000040, count=1, Err=8c0000400001009f:4000080482 (read error: read ECC error))

3) Nehalem specific Corrected Error memory counters

   Nehalem have some registers to count memory errors. The driver uses those
   registers to report Corrected Errors on devices with Registered Dimms.

   However, those counters don't work with Unregistered Dimms. As the chipset
   offers some counters that also work with UDIMMS (but with a worse level of
   granularity than the default ones), the driver exposes those registers for
   UDIMM memories.

   They can be read by looking at the contents of all_channel_counts/

   $ for i in /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/all_channel_counts/*; do echo $i; cat $i; done
        /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/all_channel_counts/udimm0
        0
        /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/all_channel_counts/udimm1
        0
        /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/all_channel_counts/udimm2
        0

   What happens here is that errors on different csrows, but at the same
   dimm number will increment the same counter.
   So, in this memory mapping:
        csrow0: channel 0, dimm0
        csrow1: channel 0, dimm1
        csrow2: channel 1, dimm0
        csrow3: channel 2, dimm0
   The hardware will increment udimm0 for an error at the first dimm at either
        csrow0, csrow2  or csrow3;
   The hardware will increment udimm1 for an error at the second dimm at either
        csrow0, csrow2  or csrow3;
   The hardware will increment udimm2 for an error at the third dimm at either
        csrow0, csrow2  or csrow3;

4) Standard error counters

   The standard error counters are generated when an mcelog error is received
   by the driver. Since, with udimm, this is counted by software, it is
   possible that some errors could be lost. With rdimm's, they display the
   contents of the registers

AMD64_EDAC REFERENCE DOCUMENTS USED
-----------------------------------
amd64_edac module is based on the following documents
(available from http://support.amd.com/en-us/search/tech-docs):

1. Title:  BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD
           Opteron Processors
   AMD publication #: 26094
   Revision: 3.26
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/26094.PDF

2. Title:  BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide for AMD NPT Family 0Fh
           Processors
   AMD publication #: 32559
   Revision: 3.00
   Issue Date: May 2006
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/32559.pdf

3. Title:  BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) For AMD Family 10h
           Processors
   AMD publication #: 31116
   Revision: 3.00
   Issue Date: September 07, 2007
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/31116.pdf

4. Title: BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) for AMD Family 15h
          Models 30h-3Fh Processors
   AMD publication #: 49125
   Revision: 3.06
   Issue Date: 2/12/2015 (latest release)
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/49125_15h_Models_30h-3Fh_BKDG.pdf

5. Title: BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) for AMD Family 15h
          Models 60h-6Fh Processors
   AMD publication #: 50742
   Revision: 3.01
   Issue Date: 7/23/2015 (latest release)
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/50742_15h_Models_60h-6Fh_BKDG.pdf

6. Title: BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) for AMD Family 16h
          Models 00h-0Fh Processors
   AMD publication #: 48751
   Revision: 3.03
   Issue Date: 2/23/2015 (latest release)
   Link: http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/48751_16h_bkdg.pdf

CREDITS:
========

Written by Doug Thompson <dougthompson@xmission.com>
7 Dec 2005
17 Jul 2007     Updated

(c) Mauro Carvalho Chehab
05 Aug 2009     Nehalem interface

EDAC authors/maintainers:

        Doug Thompson, Dave Jiang, Dave Peterson et al,
        Mauro Carvalho Chehab
        Borislav Petkov
        original author: Thayne Harbaugh