1 The Linux Journalling API
2 =========================
10 The journalling layer is easy to use. You need to first of all create a
11 journal_t data structure. There are two calls to do this dependent on
12 how you decide to allocate the physical media on which the journal
13 resides. The :c:func:`jbd2_journal_init_inode` call is for journals stored in
14 filesystem inodes, or the :c:func:`jbd2_journal_init_dev` call can be used
15 for journal stored on a raw device (in a continuous range of blocks). A
16 journal_t is a typedef for a struct pointer, so when you are finally
17 finished make sure you call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_destroy` on it to free up
18 any used kernel memory.
20 Once you have got your journal_t object you need to 'mount' or load the
21 journal file. The journalling layer expects the space for the journal
22 was already allocated and initialized properly by the userspace tools.
23 When loading the journal you must call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_load` to process
24 journal contents. If the client file system detects the journal contents
25 does not need to be processed (or even need not have valid contents), it
26 may call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_wipe` to clear the journal contents before
27 calling :c:func:`jbd2_journal_load`.
29 Note that jbd2_journal_wipe(..,0) calls
30 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_skip_recovery` for you if it detects any outstanding
31 transactions in the journal and similarly :c:func:`jbd2_journal_load` will
32 call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_recover` if necessary. I would advise reading
33 :c:func:`ext4_load_journal` in fs/ext4/super.c for examples on this stage.
35 Now you can go ahead and start modifying the underlying filesystem.
38 You still need to actually journal your filesystem changes, this is done
39 by wrapping them into transactions. Additionally you also need to wrap
40 the modification of each of the buffers with calls to the journal layer,
41 so it knows what the modifications you are actually making are. To do
42 this use :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` which returns a transaction handle.
44 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` and its counterpart :c:func:`jbd2_journal_stop`,
45 which indicates the end of a transaction are nestable calls, so you can
46 reenter a transaction if necessary, but remember you must call
47 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_stop` the same number of times as
48 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` before the transaction is completed (or more
49 accurately leaves the update phase). Ext4/VFS makes use of this feature to
50 simplify handling of inode dirtying, quota support, etc.
52 Inside each transaction you need to wrap the modifications to the
53 individual buffers (blocks). Before you start to modify a buffer you
54 need to call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_get_create_access()` /
55 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_get_write_access()` /
56 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_get_undo_access()` as appropriate, this allows the
57 journalling layer to copy the unmodified
58 data if it needs to. After all the buffer may be part of a previously
59 uncommitted transaction. At this point you are at last ready to modify a
60 buffer, and once you are have done so you need to call
61 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata`. Or if you've asked for access to a
62 buffer you now know is now longer required to be pushed back on the
63 device you can call :c:func:`jbd2_journal_forget` in much the same way as you
64 might have used :c:func:`bforget` in the past.
66 A :c:func:`jbd2_journal_flush` may be called at any time to commit and
67 checkpoint all your transactions.
69 Then at umount time , in your :c:func:`put_super` you can then call
70 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_destroy` to clean up your in-core journal object.
72 Unfortunately there a couple of ways the journal layer can cause a
73 deadlock. The first thing to note is that each task can only have a
74 single outstanding transaction at any one time, remember nothing commits
75 until the outermost :c:func:`jbd2_journal_stop`. This means you must complete
76 the transaction at the end of each file/inode/address etc. operation you
77 perform, so that the journalling system isn't re-entered on another
78 journal. Since transactions can't be nested/batched across differing
79 journals, and another filesystem other than yours (say ext4) may be
80 modified in a later syscall.
82 The second case to bear in mind is that :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` can block
83 if there isn't enough space in the journal for your transaction (based
84 on the passed nblocks param) - when it blocks it merely(!) needs to wait
85 for transactions to complete and be committed from other tasks, so
86 essentially we are waiting for :c:func:`jbd2_journal_stop`. So to avoid
87 deadlocks you must treat :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` /
88 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_stop` as if they were semaphores and include them in
89 your semaphore ordering rules to prevent
90 deadlocks. Note that :c:func:`jbd2_journal_extend` has similar blocking
91 behaviour to :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start` so you can deadlock here just as
92 easily as on :c:func:`jbd2_journal_start`.
94 Try to reserve the right number of blocks the first time. ;-). This will
95 be the maximum number of blocks you are going to touch in this
96 transaction. I advise having a look at at least ext4_jbd.h to see the
97 basis on which ext4 uses to make these decisions.
99 Another wriggle to watch out for is your on-disk block allocation
100 strategy. Why? Because, if you do a delete, you need to ensure you
101 haven't reused any of the freed blocks until the transaction freeing
102 these blocks commits. If you reused these blocks and crash happens,
103 there is no way to restore the contents of the reallocated blocks at the
104 end of the last fully committed transaction. One simple way of doing
105 this is to mark blocks as free in internal in-memory block allocation
106 structures only after the transaction freeing them commits. Ext4 uses
107 journal commit callback for this purpose.
109 With journal commit callbacks you can ask the journalling layer to call
110 a callback function when the transaction is finally committed to disk,
111 so that you can do some of your own management. You ask the journalling
112 layer for calling the callback by simply setting
113 ``journal->j_commit_callback`` function pointer and that function is
114 called after each transaction commit. You can also use
115 ``transaction->t_private_list`` for attaching entries to a transaction
116 that need processing when the transaction commits.
118 JBD2 also provides a way to block all transaction updates via
119 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_lock_updates()` /
120 :c:func:`jbd2_journal_unlock_updates()`. Ext4 uses this when it wants a
121 window with a clean and stable fs for a moment. E.g.
126 jbd2_journal_lock_updates() //stop new stuff happening..
127 jbd2_journal_flush() // checkpoint everything.
128 ..do stuff on stable fs
129 jbd2_journal_unlock_updates() // carry on with filesystem use.
131 The opportunities for abuse and DOS attacks with this should be obvious,
132 if you allow unprivileged userspace to trigger codepaths containing
138 Using the journal is a matter of wrapping the different context changes,
139 being each mount, each modification (transaction) and each changed
140 buffer to tell the journalling layer about them.
145 The journalling layer uses typedefs to 'hide' the concrete definitions
146 of the structures used. As a client of the JBD2 layer you can just rely
147 on the using the pointer as a magic cookie of some sort. Obviously the
148 hiding is not enforced as this is 'C'.
153 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/jbd2.h
159 The functions here are split into two groups those that affect a journal
160 as a whole, and those which are used to manage transactions
165 .. kernel-doc:: fs/jbd2/journal.c
168 .. kernel-doc:: fs/jbd2/recovery.c
174 .. kernel-doc:: fs/jbd2/transaction.c
179 `Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem, LinuxExpo 98, Stephen
180 Tweedie <http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/sct/ext3/journal-design.ps.gz>`__
182 `Ext3 Journalling FileSystem, OLS 2000, Dr. Stephen
183 Tweedie <http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-ext3/OLS2000-ext3.html>`__