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1 Kernel Parameters
2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4 The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as
5 implemented by the __setup(), core_param() and module_param() macros
6 and sorted into English Dictionary order (defined as ignoring all
7 punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a case insensitive
8 manner), and with descriptions where known.
10 The kernel parses parameters from the kernel command line up to "--";
11 if it doesn't recognize a parameter and it doesn't contain a '.', the
12 parameter gets passed to init: parameters with '=' go into init's
13 environment, others are passed as command line arguments to init.
14 Everything after "--" is passed as an argument to init.
16 Module parameters can be specified in two ways: via the kernel command
17 line with a module name prefix, or via modprobe, e.g.:
19 (kernel command line) usbcore.blinkenlights=1
20 (modprobe command line) modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
22 Parameters for modules which are built into the kernel need to be
23 specified on the kernel command line. modprobe looks through the
24 kernel command line (/proc/cmdline) and collects module parameters
25 when it loads a module, so the kernel command line can be used for
26 loadable modules too.
28 Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
29 log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
30 can also be entered as
31 log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
33 Double-quotes can be used to protect spaces in values, e.g.:
34 param="spaces in here"
36 This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
37 "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
38 module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
39 reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
40 parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
41 "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
43 The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
44 enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
45 the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
46 parameter is applicable:
48 ACPI ACPI support is enabled.
49 AGP AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
50 ALSA ALSA sound support is enabled.
51 APIC APIC support is enabled.
52 APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
53 ARM ARM architecture is enabled.
54 AVR32 AVR32 architecture is enabled.
55 AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
56 BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
57 CLK Common clock infrastructure is enabled.
58 CMA Contiguous Memory Area support is enabled.
59 DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
60 DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
61 EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
62 EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
63 EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
64 EVM Extended Verification Module
65 FB The frame buffer device is enabled.
66 FTRACE Function tracing enabled.
67 GCOV GCOV profiling is enabled.
68 HW Appropriate hardware is enabled.
69 IA-64 IA-64 architecture is enabled.
70 IMA Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
71 IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
72 IP_PNP IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
73 IPV6 IPv6 support is enabled.
74 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
75 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
76 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
77 KGDB Kernel debugger support is enabled.
78 KVM Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
79 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled
80 LP Printer support is enabled.
81 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
82 M68k M68k architecture is enabled.
83 These options have more detailed description inside of
84 Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
85 MDA MDA console support is enabled.
86 MIPS MIPS architecture is enabled.
87 MOUSE Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
88 MSI Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
89 MTD MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
90 NET Appropriate network support is enabled.
91 NUMA NUMA support is enabled.
92 NFS Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
93 OSS OSS sound support is enabled.
94 PV_OPS A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
95 PARIDE The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
96 PARISC The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
97 PCI PCI bus support is enabled.
98 PCIE PCI Express support is enabled.
99 PCMCIA The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
100 PNP Plug & Play support is enabled.
101 PPC PowerPC architecture is enabled.
102 PPT Parallel port support is enabled.
103 PS2 Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
104 RAM RAM disk support is enabled.
105 S390 S390 architecture is enabled.
106 SCSI Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
107 A lot of drivers have their options described inside
108 the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
109 SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
110 SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
111 APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
112 SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
113 SH SuperH architecture is enabled.
114 SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
115 SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
116 SWSUSP Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
117 SUSPEND System suspend states are enabled.
118 TPM TPM drivers are enabled.
119 TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
120 UMS USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
121 USB USB support is enabled.
122 USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
123 V4L Video For Linux support is enabled.
124 VMMIO Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
125 VGA The VGA console has been enabled.
126 VT Virtual terminal support is enabled.
127 WDT Watchdog support is enabled.
128 XT IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
129 X86-32 X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
130 X86-64 X86-64 architecture is enabled.
131 More X86-64 boot options can be found in
132 Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
133 X86 Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
134 XEN Xen support is enabled
136 In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
138 BUGS= Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
139 KNL Is a kernel start-up parameter.
140 BOOT Is a boot loader parameter.
142 Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
143 loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
144 Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
145 need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
147 There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
148 See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
150 Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
151 a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
152 be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
153 it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
154 running once the system is up.
156 The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
157 complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
158 a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
159 and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
160 ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
162 Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
163 parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
164 multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
165 bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
168 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86]
169 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
170 Format: { force | off | strict | noirq | rsdt }
171 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
172 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
173 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
174 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
175 strictly ACPI specification compliant.
176 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
177 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
179 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
181 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
182 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
183 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
184 second kernel for kdump.
186 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI, IOAPIC]
187 Format: <int>
188 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
189 1,0: use 1st APIC table
190 default: 0
192 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
193 acpi_backlight=vendor
194 acpi_backlight=video
195 If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
196 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
197 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
199 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
200 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
201 Format: <int>
202 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
203 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
204 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
205 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
206 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
207 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
208 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
209 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See
210 Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
211 debug layers and levels.
213 Enable processor driver info messages:
214 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
215 Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
216 acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
217 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
218 object while interpreting AML:
219 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
220 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
221 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
223 Some values produce so much output that the system is
224 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
225 if you need to capture more output.
227 acpi_force_table_verification [HW,ACPI]
228 Enable table checksum verification during early stage.
229 By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping
230 size limitation.
232 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
233 ACPI will balance active IRQs
234 default in APIC mode
236 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
237 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
238 default in PIC mode
240 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
241 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
243 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
244 use by PCI
245 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
247 acpi_no_auto_serialize [HW,ACPI]
248 Disable auto-serialization of AML methods
249 AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create
250 named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the
251 auto-serialization feature.
252 This feature is enabled by default.
253 This option allows to turn off the feature.
255 acpi_no_static_ssdt [HW,ACPI]
256 Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time
257 By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be
258 installed automatically and they will appear under
259 /sys/firmware/acpi/tables.
260 This option turns off this feature.
261 Note that specifying this option does not affect
262 dynamic table installation which will install SSDT
263 tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic.
265 acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI]
266 Disable AML predefined validation mechanism
267 This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make
268 the return objects more ACPI specification compliant.
269 This option is useful for developers to identify the
270 root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue
271 has something to do with the repair mechanism.
273 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
274 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
276 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
277 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1
278 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2
279 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings
280 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor
281 strings
282 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
284 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
285 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
286 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only
287 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
288 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
289 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
290 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
291 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not
292 care about the state of the feature group strings which
293 should be controlled by the OSPM.
294 Examples:
295 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
296 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
297 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
299 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
300 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
301 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can
302 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
303 multiple times through kernel command line is also
304 meaningless.
305 Examples:
306 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
307 FALSE.
309 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
310 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
311 string(s). Note that such command can affect the
312 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
313 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
314 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may
315 still not able to affect the final state of a string if
316 there are quirks related to this string. This command
317 is useful when one want to control the state of the
318 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
319 the OSPM features.
320 Examples:
321 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
322 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
323 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
324 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
325 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
326 equivalent to
327 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
328 and
329 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
330 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
332 acpi_pm_good [X86]
333 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
334 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
335 and always returns good values.
337 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
338 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
340 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
341 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
342 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
344 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
345 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
346 old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
347 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
348 s3_bios and s3_mode.
349 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
350 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
351 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
352 used during resume from hibernation.
353 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
354 control method, with respect to putting devices into
355 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
356 of _PTS is used by default).
357 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
358 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
359 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
360 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
361 but some broken systems don't work without it).
363 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
364 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
365 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
367 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
368 { strict | lax | no }
369 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
370 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
371 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
372 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
373 can interfere with legacy drivers.
374 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
375 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
376 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
377 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
378 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
379 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
380 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
381 no further checks are performed.
383 acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump
384 kernels.
386 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
387 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
389 agp= [AGP]
390 { off | try_unsupported }
391 off: disable AGP support
392 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
393 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
395 ALSA [HW,ALSA]
396 See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
398 alignment= [KNL,ARM]
399 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
400 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings,
401 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
403 align_va_addr= [X86-64]
404 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
405 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
406 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
407 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
408 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
409 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
411 32: only for 32-bit processes
412 64: only for 64-bit processes
413 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
414 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
416 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE]
417 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
418 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
419 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
420 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
421 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
423 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64]
424 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
425 Possible values are:
426 fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
427 they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
428 flushed before they will be reused, which
429 is a lot of faster
430 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
431 the system
432 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
433 devices. The IOMMU driver is not
434 allowed anymore to lift isolation
435 requirements as needed. This option
436 does not override iommu=pt
438 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64]
439 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
440 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
441 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
442 IOMMU initialization.
444 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
445 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
446 Format: <a>,<b>
447 See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
449 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
450 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
451 connected to one of 16 gameports
452 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
454 apc= [HW,SPARC]
455 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
456 Format: noidle
457 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
458 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
459 APC and your system crashes randomly.
461 apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
462 Change the output verbosity whilst booting
463 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
464 Change the amount of debugging information output
465 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
467 autoconf= [IPV6]
468 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
470 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
471 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
472 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
473 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
474 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
475 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
476 apic=verbose is specified.
477 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
479 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
480 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
482 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
483 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
485 ataflop= [HW,M68k]
487 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
489 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
490 EzKey and similar keyboards
492 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
494 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
495 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
497 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
498 keyboards
500 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
501 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
503 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
504 Use software keyboard repeat
506 audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
507 Format: { "0" | "1" } (0 = disabled, 1 = enabled)
508 0 - kernel audit is disabled and can not be enabled
509 until the next reboot
510 unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
511 will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
512 1 - kernel audit is initialized and partially enabled,
513 storing at most audit_backlog_limit messages in
514 RAM until it is fully enabled by the userspace
515 auditd.
516 Default: unset
518 audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
519 Format: <int> (must be >=0)
520 Default: 64
522 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
523 Format: <io>,<mode>
525 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
526 Format: <io>,<mode>
527 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
529 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
530 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
531 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
532 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
534 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
535 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
536 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
537 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
539 blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
540 embedded devices based on command line input.
541 See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt
543 boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
544 Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
545 no delay (0).
546 Format: integer
548 bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
550 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
551 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
552 kernel args too.
553 bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
554 bttv.tuner=
556 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
557 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
558 at a time.
560 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
562 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
563 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
564 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
565 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
566 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
567 This option provides an override for these situations.
569 ca_keys= [KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on
570 the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate
571 trust validation.
572 format: { id:<keyid> | builtin }
574 cca= [MIPS] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency
575 algorithm. Accepted values range from 0 to 7
576 inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h
577 for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and
578 others).
580 ccw_timeout_log [S390]
581 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
583 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
584 Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
585 The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
586 - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
587 a single hierarchy
588 - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
589 subsystem
590 {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
591 cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
592 only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
594 checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
595 Format: { "0" | "1" }
596 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
597 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
598 any implied execute protection).
599 1 -- check protection requested by application.
600 Default value is set via a kernel config option.
601 Value can be changed at runtime via
602 /selinux/checkreqprot.
604 cio_ignore= [S390]
605 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
606 clk_ignore_unused
607 [CLK]
608 Keep all clocks already enabled by bootloader on,
609 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
610 for debug and development, but should not be
611 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
612 For more information, see Documentation/clk.txt.
614 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
615 [Deprecated]
616 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
617 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
618 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
619 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
621 clocksource= Override the default clocksource
622 Format: <string>
623 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
624 with the name specified.
625 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
626 the platform:
627 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
628 [ACPI] acpi_pm
629 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
630 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
631 [AVR32] avr32
632 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
633 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
634 [MIPS] MIPS
635 [PARISC] cr16
636 [S390] tod
637 [SH] SuperH
638 [SPARC64] tick
639 [X86-64] hpet,tsc
641 clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
642 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
643 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit
644 numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
645 stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
646 ones should be.
647 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
648 or using the feature without checking anything
649 will still see it. This just prevents it from
650 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
651 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
652 some critical bits.
654 cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]]
655 [ARM,X86,KNL]
656 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for
657 contiguous memory allocations and optionally the
658 placement constraint by the physical address range of
659 memory allocations. For more information, see
660 include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
662 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no }
663 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
664 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments
665 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
666 a hypervisor.
667 Default: yes
669 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL]
670 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
671 allocations, by default set to 256K.
673 code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print
674 in an oops report.
675 Range: 0 - 8192
676 Default: 64
678 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
679 Format:
680 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
682 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
683 Format: <io>[,<irq>]
685 com90xx= [HW,NET]
686 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
687 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
689 condev= [HW,S390] console device
690 conmode=
692 console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
694 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
696 ttyS<n>[,options]
697 ttyUSB0[,options]
698 Use the specified serial port. The options are of
699 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
700 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
701 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
702 omit it). Default is "9600n8".
704 See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
705 information. See
706 Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
707 alternative.
709 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
710 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
711 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
712 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
713 switching to the matching ttyS device later. The
714 options are the same as for ttyS, above.
715 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
716 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
718 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
719 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
720 console=brl,ttyS0
721 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
723 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
724 seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
725 disables the blank timer.
727 coredump_filter=
728 [KNL] Change the default value for
729 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
730 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
732 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE]
733 disable the cpuidle sub-system
735 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
736 Format:
737 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
739 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
740 [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
741 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
742 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
743 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
744 is selected automatically. Check
745 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
747 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
748 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
749 in the running system. The syntax of range is
750 start-[end] where start and end are both
751 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
752 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
754 crashkernel=size[KMG],high
755 [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
756 to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
757 be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
758 Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
759 available.
760 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
761 crashkernel=size[KMG],low
762 [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
763 is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
764 above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
765 that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
766 requires at least 64M+32K low memory. Kernel would
767 try to allocate 72M below 4G automatically.
768 This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
769 for second kernel instead.
770 0: to disable low allocation.
771 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
772 or memory reserved is below 4G.
774 cs89x0_dma= [HW,NET]
775 Format: <dma>
777 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
778 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
780 dasd= [HW,NET]
781 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
783 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
784 (one device per port)
785 Format: <port#>,<type>
786 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
788 ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
789 time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
790 details. Deprecated, see dyndbg.
792 debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
794 debug_locks_verbose=
795 [KNL] verbose self-tests
796 Format=<0|1>
797 Print debugging info while doing the locking API
798 self-tests.
799 We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
800 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
801 only useful to kernel developers.
803 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
805 no_debug_objects
806 [KNL] Disable object debugging
808 debug_guardpage_minorder=
809 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
810 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
811 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
812 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
813 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
814 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
815 possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter
816 to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
817 memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
818 driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
819 random memory location. Note that there exists a class
820 of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
821 F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
822 memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
823 bypassed) which are not detectable by
824 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
825 tracking down these problems.
827 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
829 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
830 Format: <area>[,<node>]
831 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
833 default_hugepagesz=
834 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
835 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
836 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
837 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
838 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
839 if not specified.
841 dhash_entries= [KNL]
842 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
844 disable= [IPV6]
845 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
847 disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
848 Format: <int>
849 The number of initial APIC ID for the
850 corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
851 mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
852 disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
853 causing system reset or hang due to sending
854 INIT from AP to BSP.
856 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES]
857 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
858 to workaround buggy firmware.
860 disable_ipv6= [IPV6]
861 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
863 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
864 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
865 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
866 entry later. This parameter disables that.
868 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
869 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
870 memory out of your available memory pool based on
871 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
872 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
874 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
875 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
876 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
878 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
879 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
881 dma_debug_entries=<number>
882 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
883 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
884 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
885 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
886 architectural default is too low.
888 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
889 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
890 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
891 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
892 The filter can be disabled or changed to another
893 driver later using sysfs.
895 drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>
896 Broken monitors, graphic adapters and KVMs may
897 send no or incorrect EDID data sets. This parameter
898 allows to specify an EDID data set in the
899 /lib/firmware directory that is used instead.
900 Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
901 edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
902 edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
903 and no file with the same name exists. Details and
904 instructions how to build your own EDID data are
905 available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
906 data set will only be used for a particular connector,
907 if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
908 name.
910 dscc4.setup= [NET]
912 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
913 module.dyndbg[="val"]
914 Enable debug messages at boot time. See
915 Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
917 early_ioremap_debug [KNL]
918 Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This
919 is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings
920 which are not unmapped.
922 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
924 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
925 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
926 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
927 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
928 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
929 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
930 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32).
931 The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
933 pl011,<addr>
934 Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial
935 port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port
936 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
937 yet supported.
939 smh Use ARM semihosting calls for early console.
941 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM,M68k]
942 earlyprintk=vga
943 earlyprintk=efi
944 earlyprintk=xen
945 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
946 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
947 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
948 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
950 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
951 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
952 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
954 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
955 takes over.
957 Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can
958 be used at a time.
960 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
961 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
962 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
963 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
964 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
965 You can find the port for a given device in
966 /proc/tty/driver/serial:
967 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
969 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
970 very good.
972 The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by
973 the real console.
975 The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
977 edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
978 Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
979 on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
980 by other higher priority error reporting module.
981 off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
982 force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
983 default: on.
985 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
986 ekgdboc=kbd
988 This is designed to be used in conjunction with
989 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
991 edd= [EDD]
992 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
994 efi= [EFI]
995 Format: { "old_map" }
996 old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI
997 runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by
998 default.
1000 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
1001 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
1002 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
1003 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
1004 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
1006 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
1007 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
1009 elanfreq= [X86-32]
1010 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
1011 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
1013 elevator= [IOSCHED]
1014 Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
1015 See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
1016 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
1018 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
1019 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
1020 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
1021 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
1022 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
1024 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
1025 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
1026 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
1027 entry later. This parameter enables that.
1029 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
1030 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
1031 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
1032 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
1033 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
1035 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
1036 Format: {"0" | "1"}
1037 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
1038 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
1039 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
1040 Default value is 0.
1041 Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
1043 erst_disable [ACPI]
1044 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
1045 support.
1047 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
1048 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
1049 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
1051 evm= [EVM]
1052 Format: { "fix" }
1053 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
1054 current integrity status.
1056 failslab=
1057 fail_page_alloc=
1058 fail_make_request=[KNL]
1059 General fault injection mechanism.
1060 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
1061 See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
1063 floppy= [HW]
1064 See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
1066 force_pal_cache_flush
1067 [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
1068 buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
1069 parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
1070 ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
1072 forcepae [X86-32]
1073 Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE).
1074 Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a
1075 functionally usable PAE implementation.
1076 Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel
1077 and may cause unknown problems.
1079 ftrace=[tracer]
1080 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
1081 as early as possible in order to facilitate early
1082 boot debugging.
1084 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
1085 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
1086 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
1087 buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
1088 dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
1089 oops.
1091 ftrace_filter=[function-list]
1092 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
1093 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
1094 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
1095 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
1096 tracing directory.
1098 ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
1099 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
1100 function-list. This list can be changed at run time
1101 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
1102 tracing directory.
1104 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
1105 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
1106 by the function graph tracer at boot up.
1107 function-list is a comma separated list of functions
1108 that can be changed at run time by the
1109 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1111 ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list]
1112 [FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in
1113 function-list. This list is a comma separated list of
1114 functions that can be changed at run time by the
1115 set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1117 gamecon.map[2|3]=
1118 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
1119 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
1120 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
1121 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
1123 gamma= [HW,DRM]
1125 gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
1126 Format: off | on
1127 default: on
1129 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
1130 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
1131 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
1132 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
1133 debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
1135 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
1136 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
1137 primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
1138 GPT to be used instead.
1140 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
1141 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1142 Format: 0 | 1
1143 Default: 0
1144 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
1145 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1146 Format: 0 | 1
1147 Default: 0
1148 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use.
1149 Format: 0 | 1
1150 Default: 0
1151 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
1152 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1153 Default: 1024
1154 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
1155 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1156 Default: 1024
1158 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
1159 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
1160 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
1161 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
1163 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
1165 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
1166 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
1168 hest_disable [ACPI]
1169 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
1170 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
1171 logic will be disabled.
1173 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
1174 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
1175 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
1176 size on bigger boxes.
1178 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
1179 Valid parameters: "on", "off"
1180 Default: "on"
1182 hisax= [HW,ISDN]
1183 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
1185 hlt [BUGS=ARM,SH]
1187 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
1188 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
1189 verbose }
1190 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
1191 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
1192 VIA, nVidia)
1193 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
1195 hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
1196 registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
1198 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
1199 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
1200 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
1201 multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
1202 huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
1203 x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
1204 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag)
1205 Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time
1206 using hugepages= and not freed afterwards.
1208 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
1209 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
1210 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
1211 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
1212 from listed z/VM user IDs only.
1214 hwthread_map= [METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
1215 hardware thread id mappings.
1216 Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
1218 keep_bootcon [KNL]
1219 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
1220 useful for debugging when something happens in the window
1221 between unregistering the boot console and initializing
1222 the real console.
1224 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
1225 or register an additional I2C bus that is not
1226 registered from board initialization code.
1227 Format:
1228 <bus_id>,<clkrate>
1230 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
1231 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
1232 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
1233 keyboard and cannot control its state
1234 (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
1235 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
1236 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
1237 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
1238 for the AUX port
1239 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
1240 controller
1241 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
1242 controllers
1243 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
1244 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
1245 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
1247 i810= [HW,DRM]
1249 i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
1250 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
1251 hardware.
1252 i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
1253 does not match list of supported models.
1254 i8k.power_status
1255 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
1256 (disabled by default)
1257 i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
1258 capability is set.
1260 i915.invert_brightness=
1261 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
1262 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
1263 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
1264 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
1265 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
1266 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
1267 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
1268 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
1269 value switches the backlight off.
1270 -1 -- never invert brightness
1271 0 -- machine default
1272 1 -- force brightness inversion
1274 icn= [HW,ISDN]
1275 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
1277 ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1278 Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
1279 .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
1280 .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
1281 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
1283 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1284 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
1286 idle= [X86]
1287 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
1288 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
1289 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
1290 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
1291 Not recommended.
1292 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
1293 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
1294 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
1296 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
1297 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
1298 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
1299 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
1300 could change it dynamically, usually by
1301 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
1303 ihash_entries= [KNL]
1304 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
1306 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements
1307 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" }
1308 default: "enforce"
1310 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
1311 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
1312 owned by uid=0.
1314 ima_hash= [IMA]
1315 Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
1316 | sha512 | ... }
1317 default: "sha1"
1319 The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
1320 in crypto/hash_info.h.
1322 ima_tcb [IMA]
1323 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
1324 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all
1325 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1326 opened for read by uid=0.
1328 ima_template= [IMA]
1329 Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
1330 Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" }
1331 Default: "ima-ng"
1333 ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage
1334 Format: <min_file_size>
1335 Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash.
1336 If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled.
1338 ahash performance varies for different data sizes on
1339 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1340 to achieve the best performance for a particular HW.
1342 ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size
1343 Format: <bufsize>
1344 Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k.
1346 ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on
1347 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1348 to achieve best performance for particular HW.
1350 init= [KNL]
1351 Format: <full_path>
1352 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
1353 process.
1355 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
1356 for working out where the kernel is dying during
1357 startup.
1359 initcall_blacklist= [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of
1360 initcall functions. Useful for debugging built-in
1361 modules and initcalls.
1363 initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
1365 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
1366 Format: <irq>
1368 int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
1370 integrity_audit=[IMA]
1371 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1372 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
1373 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
1375 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
1376 on
1377 Enable intel iommu driver.
1378 off
1379 Disable intel iommu driver.
1380 igfx_off [Default Off]
1381 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
1382 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
1383 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
1384 this case, gfx device will use physical address for
1385 DMA.
1386 forcedac [x86_64]
1387 With this option iommu will not optimize to look
1388 for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
1389 address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
1390 than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
1391 for translation below 32-bit and if not available
1392 then look in the higher range.
1393 strict [Default Off]
1394 With this option on every unmap_single operation will
1395 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
1396 to batching them for performance.
1397 sp_off [Default Off]
1398 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
1399 has the capability. With this option, super page will
1400 not be supported.
1402 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
1403 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
1404 1 to 6 specify maximum depth of C-state.
1406 intel_pstate= [X86]
1407 disable
1408 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
1409 scaling driver for the supported processors
1411 intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
1412 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
1413 off disable Interrupt Remapping
1414 nosid disable Source ID checking
1415 no_x2apic_optout
1416 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
1418 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
1419 strict regions from userspace.
1420 relaxed
1422 iommu= [x86]
1423 off
1424 force
1425 noforce
1426 biomerge
1427 panic
1428 nopanic
1429 merge
1430 nomerge
1431 forcesac
1432 soft
1433 pt [x86, IA-64]
1436 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1437 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1438 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1440 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
1441 0x80
1442 Standard port 0x80 based delay
1443 0xed
1444 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
1445 udelay
1446 Simple two microseconds delay
1447 none
1448 No delay
1450 ip= [IP_PNP]
1451 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1453 irqfixup [HW]
1454 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1455 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1456 firmware running.
1458 irqpoll [HW]
1459 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1460 for it. Also check all handlers each timer
1461 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1462 firmware running.
1464 isapnp= [ISAPNP]
1465 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
1467 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
1468 Format:
1469 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
1470 or
1471 <cpu number>-<cpu number>
1472 (must be a positive range in ascending order)
1473 or a mixture
1474 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
1476 This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
1477 to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
1478 algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
1479 "isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
1480 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
1481 "number of CPUs in system - 1".
1483 This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
1484 alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
1485 tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
1486 suboptimal load balancer performance.
1488 iucv= [HW,NET]
1490 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64]
1491 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1492 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1493 example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
1494 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1495 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
1497 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64]
1498 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1499 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1500 example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
1501 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1502 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
1504 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1505 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
1507 kaslr/nokaslr [X86]
1508 Enable/disable kernel and module base offset ASLR
1509 (Address Space Layout Randomization) if built into
1510 the kernel. When CONFIG_HIBERNATION is selected,
1511 kASLR is disabled by default. When kASLR is enabled,
1512 hibernation will be disabled.
1514 keepinitrd [HW,ARM]
1516 kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1517 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
1518 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is
1519 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
1520 remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
1521 pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
1522 kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
1523 take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
1524 of Movable pages. The Movable zone is used for the
1525 allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
1526 by the page migration subsystem. This means that
1527 HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
1528 Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
1529 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1530 zone if it does not.
1532 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
1533 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
1534 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
1535 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is
1536 optional and is the number seconds in between
1537 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
1538 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
1539 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When
1540 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
1541 the kernel debugger.
1543 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
1544 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
1545 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
1546 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
1547 keyboard only format: kbd
1548 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
1549 Optional Kernel mode setting:
1550 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
1551 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
1553 kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
1554 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
1556 kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
1557 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1558 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1560 kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
1561 Valid arguments: on, off
1562 Default: on
1564 kmemcheck= [X86] Boot-time kmemcheck enable/disable/one-shot mode
1565 Valid arguments: 0, 1, 2
1566 kmemcheck=0 (disabled)
1567 kmemcheck=1 (enabled)
1568 kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode)
1569 Default: 2 (one-shot mode)
1571 kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
1572 in oops dumps.
1574 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
1575 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
1577 kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
1578 KVM MMU at runtime.
1579 Default is 0 (off)
1581 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
1582 Default is 1 (enabled)
1584 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
1585 for all guests.
1586 Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
1588 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
1589 (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
1590 Default is 1 (enabled)
1592 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
1593 [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
1594 Default is 0 (disabled)
1596 kvm-intel.flexpriority=
1597 [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
1598 Default is 1 (enabled)
1600 kvm-intel.nested=
1601 [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
1602 Default is 0 (disabled)
1604 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
1605 [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
1606 (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
1607 Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
1609 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
1610 feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
1611 Default is 1 (enabled)
1613 l2cr= [PPC]
1615 l3cr= [PPC]
1617 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
1618 disabled it.
1620 lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
1621 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
1622 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
1624 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
1625 in C2 power state.
1627 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
1628 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
1629 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
1630 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
1631 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only
1632 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
1633 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
1635 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
1636 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default)
1637 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk
1639 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
1640 when set.
1641 Format: <int>
1643 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma
1644 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
1645 PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
1646 matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches
1647 the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If
1648 the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
1649 values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
1650 configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
1652 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
1653 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE
1654 number of 0 either selects the first device or the
1655 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not
1656 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the
1657 host link and device attached to it.
1659 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long
1660 as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
1661 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
1662 The following configurations can be forced.
1664 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
1665 Any ID with matching PORT is used.
1667 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
1669 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
1670 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
1671 allowed.
1673 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
1675 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
1676 and both resets.
1678 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during
1679 hot-unplug link recovery
1681 * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
1683 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
1685 * disable: Disable this device.
1687 If there are multiple matching configurations changing
1688 the same attribute, the last one is used.
1690 memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
1692 load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
1693 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
1695 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
1696 Format: <integer>
1698 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port.
1699 Format: <integer>
1701 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value.
1702 Format: <integer>
1704 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port.
1705 Format: <integer>
1707 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
1708 Format: <irq>
1710 loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
1711 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
1712 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
1713 loglevels are defined as follows:
1715 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
1716 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
1717 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
1718 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
1719 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
1720 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
1721 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
1722 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
1724 log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
1725 in bytes. n must be a power of two and greater
1726 than the minimal size. The minimal size is defined
1727 by LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There is
1728 also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config parameter
1729 that allows to increase the default size depending on
1730 the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig for more details.
1732 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
1733 This may be used to provide more screen space for
1734 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
1735 kernel boot problems.
1737 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
1738 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
1739 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
1740 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
1741 specified in addition to the ports) causes
1742 attached printers to be reset. Using
1743 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
1744 to associate lp devices with, starting with
1745 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
1746 that lp device, or a parport name such as
1747 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
1748 port specification list means that device IDs
1749 from each port should be examined, to see if
1750 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
1751 so, the driver will manage that printer.
1752 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
1754 lpj=n [KNL]
1755 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
1756 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
1757 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
1758 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
1759 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
1760 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
1761 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
1762 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
1763 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
1764 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
1765 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
1766 hardware.
1768 ltpc= [NET]
1769 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
1771 machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
1772 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
1773 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
1775 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
1776 yeeloong laptop.
1777 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
1779 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
1780 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
1782 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
1783 should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
1784 kernel to using 'n' processors. n=0 is a special case,
1785 it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
1786 the IO APIC.
1788 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
1789 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
1790 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
1791 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
1792 devices can be requested on-demand with the
1793 /dev/loop-control interface.
1795 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
1797 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
1799 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
1800 See Documentation/md.txt.
1802 mdacon= [MDA]
1803 Format: <first>,<last>
1804 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
1806 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
1807 Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
1808 to see the whole system memory or for test.
1809 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
1810 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
1811 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
1812 belonging to unused RAM.
1814 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
1815 memory.
1817 memchunk=nn[KMG]
1818 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
1819 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
1821 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
1822 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
1823 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
1824 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
1825 option description.
1827 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
1828 [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
1829 Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
1831 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
1832 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
1833 Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
1835 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
1836 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
1837 Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
1838 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
1839 memmap=64K$0x18690000
1840 or
1841 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
1843 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
1844 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
1845 memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
1846 Setting this option will scan the memory
1847 looking for corruption. Enabling this will
1848 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
1849 from using the memory being corrupted.
1850 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
1851 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
1852 affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
1853 to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
1855 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
1856 By default it checks for corruption in the low
1857 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
1858 use. Use this parameter to scan for
1859 corruption in more or less memory.
1861 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
1862 By default it checks for corruption every 60
1863 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some
1864 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking.
1866 memtest= [KNL,X86] Enable memtest
1867 Format: <integer>
1868 default : 0 <disable>
1869 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
1870 performed. Each pass selects another test
1871 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
1872 fills the memory with this pattern, validates
1873 memory contents and reserves bad memory
1874 regions that are detected.
1876 meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
1877 See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
1879 mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
1880 Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
1881 platforms.
1883 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
1884 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
1885 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
1886 problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
1888 mga= [HW,DRM]
1890 min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
1891 physical address is ignored.
1893 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL]
1894 Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
1895 Default: "0tb"
1896 MINI2440 configuration specification:
1897 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
1898 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
1899 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
1900 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
1901 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
1902 unconfigured.
1903 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
1904 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
1905 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
1906 VGA shield.
1907 c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
1908 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
1909 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
1910 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
1911 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
1912 http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
1914 mminit_loglevel=
1915 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
1916 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
1917 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
1918 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
1919 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
1920 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
1922 module.sig_enforce
1923 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
1924 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
1925 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
1926 is always true, so this option does nothing.
1928 mousedev.tap_time=
1929 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
1930 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
1931 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
1932 touchpads working in absolute mode only).
1933 Format: <msecs>
1934 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
1935 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
1936 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
1937 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
1939 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1940 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
1941 amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
1942 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
1943 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
1944 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
1945 is specified, the administrator must be careful
1946 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
1947 is not too small.
1949 movable_node [KNL,X86] Boot-time switch to enable the effects
1950 of CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE=y. See mm/Kconfig for details.
1952 MTD_Partition= [MTD]
1953 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
1955 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
1956 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
1958 mtdparts= [MTD]
1959 See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
1961 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
1962 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
1963 at a time.
1965 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
1967 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
1969 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
1970 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
1971 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
1972 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
1973 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
1975 mtdset= [ARM]
1976 ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
1978 See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
1980 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
1981 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
1982 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
1984 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1985 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
1986 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
1988 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1989 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
1990 Default is 1.
1991 Large value could prevent small alignment from
1992 using up MTRRs.
1994 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
1995 Format: <integer>
1996 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
1997 Default : 1
1998 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
1999 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
2001 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
2003 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
2004 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
2005 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
2006 something different and driver-specific.
2007 This usage is only documented in each driver source
2008 file if at all.
2010 nf_conntrack.acct=
2011 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
2012 0 to disable accounting
2013 1 to enable accounting
2014 Default value is 0.
2016 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead.
2017 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2019 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
2020 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2022 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
2023 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2025 nfs.callback_tcpport=
2026 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
2027 channel should listen.
2029 nfs.cache_getent=
2030 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
2031 to update the NFS client cache entries.
2033 nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
2034 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
2035 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
2037 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
2038 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
2039 entries.
2041 nfs.enable_ino64=
2042 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
2043 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
2044 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
2045 of returning the full 64-bit number.
2046 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
2048 nfs.max_session_slots=
2049 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
2050 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
2051 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
2052 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
2053 Note that there is little point in setting this
2054 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
2056 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2057 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
2058 ensures that both the RPC level authentication
2059 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
2060 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
2061 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
2062 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
2063 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
2064 Servers that do not support this mode of operation
2065 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
2066 back to using the idmapper.
2067 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
2068 nfs.nfs4_unique_id=
2069 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
2070 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
2071 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a
2072 UUID that is generated at system install time.
2074 nfs.send_implementation_id =
2075 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
2076 information in exchange_id requests.
2077 If zero, no implementation identification information
2078 will be sent.
2079 The default is to send the implementation identification
2080 information.
2082 nfs.recover_lost_locks =
2083 [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
2084 to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
2085 doing this risks data corruption, since there are
2086 no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
2087 after the locks are lost.
2088 If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
2089 attempting to recover these locks, then set this
2090 parameter to '1'.
2091 The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
2092 not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
2094 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2095 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
2096 server will return only numeric uids and gids to
2097 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
2098 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease
2099 migration from NFSv2/v3.
2101 objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
2102 [NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
2103 is used to automatically discover and login into new
2104 osd-targets. Please see:
2105 Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
2107 nmi_debug= [KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
2108 when a NMI is triggered.
2109 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
2111 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
2112 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
2113 Valid num: 0
2114 0 - turn nmi_watchdog off
2115 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
2116 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
2117 default).
2118 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
2119 need the box quickly up again.
2121 netpoll.carrier_timeout=
2122 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
2123 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
2124 waits 4 seconds.
2126 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
2127 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
2128 is present.
2130 no_console_suspend
2131 [HW] Never suspend the console
2132 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
2133 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
2134 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
2135 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
2136 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
2137 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
2138 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
2139 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
2140 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
2141 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
2142 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
2143 turn on/off it dynamically.
2145 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
2146 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
2147 but will impact performance.
2149 noalign [KNL,ARM]
2151 noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
2152 IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
2154 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
2156 nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
2157 on "Classic" PPC cores.
2159 nocache [ARM]
2161 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
2163 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
2165 nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
2167 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
2169 noefi [X86] Disable EFI runtime services support.
2171 noexec [IA-64]
2173 noexec [X86]
2174 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
2175 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2176 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
2178 nosmap [X86]
2179 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
2180 even if it is supported by processor.
2182 nosmep [X86]
2183 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
2184 even if it is supported by processor.
2186 noexec32 [X86-64]
2187 This affects only 32-bit executables.
2188 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2189 read doesn't imply executable mappings
2190 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
2191 read implies executable mappings
2193 nofpu [SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
2195 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
2196 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
2197 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
2199 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
2200 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
2201 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
2203 noxsaveopt [X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended
2204 register states. The kernel will fall back to use
2205 xsave to save the states. By using this parameter,
2206 performance of saving the states is degraded because
2207 xsave doesn't support modified optimization while
2208 xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems.
2210 noxsaves [X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and
2211 restoring x86 extended register state in compacted
2212 form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use
2213 xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states
2214 in standard form of xsave area. By using this
2215 parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more
2216 memory on xsaves enabled systems.
2218 eagerfpu= [X86]
2219 on enable eager fpu restore
2220 off disable eager fpu restore
2221 auto selects the default scheme, which automatically
2222 enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt.
2224 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
2225 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
2226 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
2228 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The
2229 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
2230 is to be setuid root or executed by root.
2232 nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
2233 function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
2234 power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
2235 interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
2236 in certain environments such as networked servers or
2237 real-time systems.
2239 nohibernate [HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume.
2241 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
2242 Valid arguments: on, off
2243 Default: on
2245 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT]
2246 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
2247 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
2248 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
2249 the range to maintain the timekeeping.
2250 The CPUs in this range must also be included in the
2251 rcu_nocbs= set.
2253 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
2255 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
2256 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
2258 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
2259 broken timer IRQ sources.
2261 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
2263 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
2264 initial RAM disk.
2266 nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
2267 remapping.
2268 [Deprecated - use intremap=off]
2270 nointroute [IA-64]
2272 nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
2274 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
2276 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
2277 fault handling.
2279 no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
2280 steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
2281 behaviour
2283 nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
2285 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
2287 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
2288 lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
2290 nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
2292 nomce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
2294 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
2295 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
2297 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
2298 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
2299 irq.
2301 nomodule Disable module load
2303 nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
2304 pagetables) support.
2306 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2307 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2309 noreplace-paravirt [X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
2311 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
2312 with UP alternatives
2314 nordrand [X86] Disable kernel use of the RDRAND and
2315 RDSEED instructions even if they are supported
2316 by the processor. RDRAND and RDSEED are still
2317 available to user space applications.
2319 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
2320 space.
2322 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
2323 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
2324 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
2326 nosbagart [IA-64]
2328 nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
2330 nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
2331 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0".
2333 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
2335 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
2337 notsc [BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
2339 nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
2341 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable the lockup detector (NMI watchdog).
2343 nowb [ARM]
2345 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
2347 cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
2348 CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
2349 Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
2350 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
2351 Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
2352 need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
2353 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
2354 removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
2355 It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
2356 machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
2357 after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
2358 If the dependencies are under your control, you can
2359 turn on cpu0_hotplug.
2361 nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
2362 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
2363 SAL PALO.
2365 nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2366 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
2367 supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not
2368 use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online.
2369 just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n
2371 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
2373 numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
2374 Allowed values are enable and disable
2376 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
2377 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
2378 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
2379 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
2381 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
2382 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
2383 info.
2385 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
2386 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
2387 command is not properly ACKed, override the length
2388 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while
2389 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
2390 interrupts *may* be lost!
2392 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
2393 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
2394 For example, to override I2C bus2:
2395 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
2397 oprofile.timer= [HW]
2398 Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
2400 oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type
2401 This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
2402 userland or if you want common events.
2403 Format: { arch_perfmon }
2404 arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
2405 perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
2406 CPU specific event set.
2407 timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
2408 timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
2409 for generic hr timer mode)
2410 [s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling
2411 (report cpu_type "timer")
2413 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
2414 process, but there is a small probability of
2415 deadlocking the machine.
2416 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
2417 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
2419 OSS [HW,OSS]
2420 See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
2422 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
2423 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
2424 timeout = 0: wait forever
2425 timeout < 0: reboot immediately
2426 Format: <timeout>
2428 crash_kexec_post_notifiers
2429 Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping
2430 kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always
2431 succeeds in any situation.
2432 Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure,
2433 because some panic notifiers can make the crashed
2434 kernel more unstable.
2436 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
2437 connected to, default is 0.
2438 Format: <parport#>
2439 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
2440 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
2441 Format: <mode>
2443 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
2444 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
2445 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
2446 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
2447 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
2448 possible conflicts). You can specify the base
2449 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
2450 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
2451 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
2452 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
2453 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
2454 are specified on the command line, starting
2455 with parport0.
2457 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
2458 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
2459 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
2460 computer where firmware has no options for setting
2461 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
2462 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
2463 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
2465 pause_on_oops=
2466 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
2467 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if
2468 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
2470 pcbit= [HW,ISDN]
2472 pcd. [PARIDE]
2473 See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
2474 See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2476 pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
2477 earlydump [X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
2478 changes anything
2479 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
2480 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
2481 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
2482 has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
2483 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
2484 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
2485 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
2486 suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
2487 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2488 Mechanism 1.
2489 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2490 Mechanism 2.
2491 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
2492 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2493 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
2494 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
2495 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
2496 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
2497 Configuration
2498 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
2499 properly configured MMIO access to PCI
2500 config space on AMD family 10h CPU
2501 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
2502 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2503 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
2504 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
2505 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
2506 should never be necessary.
2507 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
2508 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
2509 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
2510 when the system masks IRQs.
2511 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
2512 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
2513 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
2514 The opposite of ioapicreroute.
2515 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
2516 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
2517 on several machines and they hang the machine
2518 when used, but on other computers it's the only
2519 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
2520 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
2521 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
2522 motherboard.
2523 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
2524 Use with caution as certain devices share
2525 address decoders between ROMs and other
2526 resources.
2527 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to
2528 expansion ROMs that do not already have
2529 BIOS assigned address ranges.
2530 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the
2531 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
2532 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
2533 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
2534 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
2535 this way.
2536 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address
2537 of the PIRQ table (normally generated
2538 by the BIOS) if it is outside the
2539 F0000h-100000h range.
2540 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
2541 useful if the kernel is unable to find your
2542 secondary buses and you want to tell it
2543 explicitly which ones they are.
2544 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus
2545 numbers ourselves, overriding
2546 whatever the firmware may have done.
2547 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
2548 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
2549 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
2550 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
2551 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
2552 IRQ routing is enabled.
2553 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
2554 or for PCI scanning.
2555 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
2556 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
2557 is enabled by default. If you need to use this,
2558 please report a bug.
2559 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
2560 If you need to use this, please report a bug.
2561 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
2562 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
2563 so this option is a temporary workaround
2564 for broken drivers that don't call it.
2565 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can
2566 handle more pci cards
2567 firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
2568 just use the configuration from the
2569 bootloader. This is currently used on
2570 IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
2571 configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
2572 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
2573 This might help on some broken boards which
2574 machine check when some devices' config space
2575 is read. But various workarounds are disabled
2576 and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
2577 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2578 This sorting is done to get a device
2579 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
2580 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2581 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
2582 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
2583 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value
2584 supported by all devices below the root complex.
2585 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
2586 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
2587 Read Request Size) to the largest supported
2588 value (no larger than the MPS that the device
2589 or bus can support) for best performance.
2590 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
2591 every device is guaranteed to support. This
2592 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
2593 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
2594 reduced performance. This also guarantees
2595 that hot-added devices will work.
2596 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2597 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
2598 The default value is 256 bytes.
2599 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2600 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
2601 window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
2602 resource_alignment=
2603 Format:
2604 [<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
2605 Specifies alignment and device to reassign
2606 aligned memory resources.
2607 If <order of align> is not specified,
2608 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
2609 PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
2610 windows need to be expanded.
2611 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
2612 end-to-end CRC checking).
2613 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
2614 the default.
2615 off: Turn ECRC off
2616 on: Turn ECRC on.
2617 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2618 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
2619 Default size is 256 bytes.
2620 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2621 reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
2622 Default size is 2 megabytes.
2623 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
2624 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
2625 accommodate resources required by all child
2626 devices.
2627 off: Turn realloc off
2628 on: Turn realloc on
2629 realloc same as realloc=on
2630 noari do not use PCIe ARI.
2631 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we
2632 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
2633 port.
2635 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
2636 Management.
2637 off Disable ASPM.
2638 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
2639 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
2641 pcie_hp= [PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
2642 nomsi Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
2643 makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
2645 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
2646 auto Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
2647 associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER). Use
2648 them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
2649 native Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
2650 unconditionally.
2651 compat Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
2652 ports driver.
2654 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
2655 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
2656 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
2658 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
2660 pd_ignore_unused
2661 [PM]
2662 Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
2663 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
2664 for debug and development, but should not be
2665 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
2667 pd. [PARIDE]
2668 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2670 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
2671 boot time.
2672 Format: { 0 | 1 }
2673 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
2675 percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
2676 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
2677 Archs may support subset or none of the selections.
2678 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
2679 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging
2680 and performance comparison.
2682 pf. [PARIDE]
2683 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2685 pg. [PARIDE]
2686 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2688 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
2689 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
2691 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
2692 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
2693 See also Documentation/parport.txt.
2695 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
2696 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
2697 e.g. pmtmr=0x508
2699 pnp.debug=1 [PNP]
2700 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
2701 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time
2702 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show
2703 current resource usage; turning this on also shows
2704 possible settings and some assignment information.
2706 pnpacpi= [ACPI]
2707 { off }
2709 pnpbios= [ISAPNP]
2710 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
2712 pnp_reserve_irq=
2713 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
2715 pnp_reserve_dma=
2716 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
2718 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
2719 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
2721 pnp_reserve_mem=
2722 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
2723 autoconfiguration.
2724 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
2726 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
2727 Default is 21.
2728 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
2729 may be specified.
2730 Format: <port>,<port>....
2732 print-fatal-signals=
2733 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
2735 If enabled, warn about various signal handling
2736 related application anomalies: too many signals,
2737 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
2738 coredump - etc.
2740 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
2741 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
2743 default: off.
2745 printk.always_kmsg_dump=
2746 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
2747 panics
2748 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
2749 default: disabled
2751 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
2752 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
2754 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
2755 Limit processor to maximum C-state
2756 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
2758 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
2759 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
2760 instead using the legacy FADT method
2762 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
2763 Format: [schedule,]<number>
2764 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
2765 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
2766 statistical time based profiling.
2767 Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
2768 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
2769 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
2771 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
2772 before loading.
2773 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2775 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
2776 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
2777 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
2778 per second.
2779 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
2780 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
2781 (0 = never).
2782 psmouse.resolution=
2783 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
2784 psmouse.smartscroll=
2785 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
2786 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
2788 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
2790 pt. [PARIDE]
2791 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2793 pty.legacy_count=
2794 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
2795 default number.
2797 quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages
2799 r128= [HW,DRM]
2801 raid= [HW,RAID]
2802 See Documentation/md.txt.
2804 ramdisk_blocksize= [RAM]
2805 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2807 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
2808 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2810 rcu_nocbs= [KNL]
2811 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
2812 the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
2813 Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
2814 be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
2815 that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
2816 for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
2817 is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the
2818 offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
2819 real-time workloads. It can also improve energy
2820 efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
2822 rcu_nocb_poll [KNL]
2823 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
2824 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
2825 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
2826 make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
2827 This improves the real-time response for the
2828 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
2829 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
2830 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
2831 periodically wake up to do the polling.
2833 rcutree.blimit= [KNL]
2834 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
2835 process in one batch.
2837 rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
2838 Increase the number of CPUs assigned to each
2839 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very large
2840 systems.
2842 rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL]
2843 Set required age in jiffies for a
2844 given grace period before RCU starts
2845 soliciting quiescent-state help from
2846 rcu_note_context_switch().
2848 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
2849 Set delay from grace-period initialization to
2850 first attempt to force quiescent states.
2851 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
2852 and maximum value is HZ.
2854 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
2855 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
2856 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum
2857 value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
2859 rcutree.rcu_nocb_leader_stride= [KNL]
2860 Set the number of NOCB kthread groups, which
2861 defaults to the square root of the number of
2862 CPUs. Larger numbers reduces the wakeup overhead
2863 on the per-CPU grace-period kthreads, but increases
2864 that same overhead on each group's leader.
2866 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
2867 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
2868 batch limiting is disabled.
2870 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
2871 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
2872 batch limiting is re-enabled.
2874 rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL]
2875 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
2876 RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
2878 rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL]
2879 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
2880 only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
2881 Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
2882 prove do nothing more than free memory.
2884 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
2885 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts.
2887 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
2888 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts.
2890 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
2891 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts.
2893 rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
2894 Use expedited update-side primitives.
2896 rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
2897 Use normal (non-expedited) update-side primitives.
2898 If both gp_exp and gp_normal are set, do both.
2899 If neither gp_exp nor gp_normal are set, still
2900 do both.
2902 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
2903 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
2905 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
2906 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just
2907 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
2908 test, hence the "fake".
2910 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
2911 Set number of RCU readers.
2913 rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
2914 Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
2916 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
2917 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
2919 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
2920 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
2921 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
2923 rcutorture.rcutorture_runnable= [BOOT]
2924 Start rcutorture running at boot time.
2926 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
2927 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks
2928 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
2929 during the rcutorture test.
2931 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
2932 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
2933 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
2935 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
2936 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
2937 warnings, zero to disable.
2939 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
2940 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
2942 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
2943 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
2945 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
2946 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
2947 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
2948 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's
2949 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
2951 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
2952 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
2953 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
2954 under test support RCU priority boosting.
2956 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
2957 Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
2959 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
2960 Interval (s) between each boost test.
2962 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
2963 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the
2964 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
2966 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
2967 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
2969 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
2970 Enable additional printk() statements.
2972 rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
2973 Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
2974 example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
2975 of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency,
2976 but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
2977 real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
2979 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
2980 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
2982 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
2983 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
2985 rdinit= [KNL]
2986 Format: <full_path>
2987 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
2988 used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
2990 reboot= [KNL]
2991 Format (x86 or x86_64):
2992 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
2993 [[,]s[mp]#### \
2994 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
2995 [[,]f[orce]
2996 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
2997 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
2998 reboot_force is either force or not specified,
2999 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
3000 to be used for rebooting.
3002 relax_domain_level=
3003 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
3004 See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt.
3006 relative_sleep_states=
3007 [SUSPEND] Use sleep state labeling where the deepest
3008 state available other than hibernation is always "mem".
3009 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3010 0 -- Traditional sleep state labels.
3011 1 -- Relative sleep state labels.
3013 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
3015 reservetop= [X86-32]
3016 Format: nn[KMG]
3017 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
3018 address space.
3020 reservelow= [X86]
3021 Format: nn[K]
3022 Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
3023 the bottom of the address space.
3025 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
3026 during initialization.
3028 resume= [SWSUSP]
3029 Specify the partition device for software suspend
3030 Format:
3031 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
3033 resume_offset= [SWSUSP]
3034 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
3035 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
3036 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
3037 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
3039 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3040 read the resume files
3042 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
3043 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3044 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3046 hibernate= [HIBERNATION]
3047 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image
3048 present during boot.
3049 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
3050 no Disable hibernation and resume.
3052 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
3054 rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3055 Set number of hash buckets for route cache
3057 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
3059 root= [KNL] Root filesystem
3060 See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
3062 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3063 mount the root filesystem
3065 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
3067 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
3069 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
3070 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3071 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3073 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
3074 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
3075 Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
3076 managed by CMA.
3078 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
3080 S [KNL] Run init in single mode
3082 s390_iommu= [HW,S390]
3083 Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode
3084 strict
3085 With strict flushing every unmap operation will result in
3086 an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before reuse,
3087 which is faster.
3089 sa1100ir [NET]
3090 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
3092 sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
3094 sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
3096 skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
3097 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
3098 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
3099 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3100 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
3101 1 -- enable.
3102 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
3103 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
3105 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
3106 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
3107 security module asking for security registration will be
3108 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
3109 as if no module has been chosen.
3111 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
3112 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3113 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
3114 0 -- disable.
3115 1 -- enable.
3116 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3117 If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
3118 later to disable prior to initial policy load.
3120 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
3121 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3122 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
3123 0 -- disable.
3124 1 -- enable.
3125 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3127 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32]
3129 shapers= [NET]
3130 Maximal number of shapers.
3132 show_msr= [x86] show boot-time MSR settings
3133 Format: { <integer> }
3134 Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
3135 The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
3136 for example 1 means boot CPU only.
3138 simeth= [IA-64]
3139 simscsi=
3141 slram= [HW,MTD]
3143 slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB]
3144 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3145 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3146 fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with
3147 more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
3149 slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB]
3150 Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
3151 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
3152 slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
3153 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
3154 last alloc / free. For more information see
3155 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3157 slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
3158 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3159 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3160 fragmentation. For more information see
3161 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3163 slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB]
3164 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
3165 increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
3166 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
3167 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
3168 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
3169 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
3170 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3172 slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB]
3173 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
3174 lower than slub_max_order.
3175 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3177 slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB]
3178 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
3179 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
3180 allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
3181 merging on their own.
3182 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3184 smart2= [HW]
3185 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
3187 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
3188 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port
3189 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port
3190 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port
3191 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line
3192 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel
3193 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
3194 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
3195 1: Fast pin select (default)
3196 2: ATC IRMode
3198 softlockup_panic=
3199 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
3200 Format: <integer>
3202 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
3203 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate
3204 backtraces on all cpus.
3205 Format: <integer>
3207 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
3208 See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
3210 spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
3211 spia_fio_base=
3212 spia_pedr=
3213 spia_peddr=
3215 stacktrace [FTRACE]
3216 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
3218 stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
3219 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
3220 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
3221 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
3222 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
3223 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
3224 and the stacktrace above is not needed.
3226 sti= [PARISC,HW]
3227 Format: <num>
3228 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
3229 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
3230 as the initial boot-console.
3231 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
3233 sti_font= [HW]
3234 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
3236 stifb= [HW]
3237 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
3239 sunrpc.min_resvport=
3240 sunrpc.max_resvport=
3241 [NFS,SUNRPC]
3242 SunRPC servers often require that client requests
3243 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
3244 range 0 < portnr < 1024).
3245 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
3246 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
3247 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
3248 using these two parameters to set the minimum and
3249 maximum port values.
3251 sunrpc.pool_mode=
3252 [NFS]
3253 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
3254 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs
3255 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
3256 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
3257 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
3258 NFS server is running.
3260 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode
3261 automatically using heuristics
3262 global a single global pool contains all CPUs
3263 percpu one pool for each CPU
3264 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
3265 to global on non-NUMA machines)
3267 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
3268 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
3269 [NFS,SUNRPC]
3270 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
3271 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
3272 server. Increasing these values may allow you to
3273 improve throughput, but will also increase the
3274 amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
3276 swapaccount=[0|1]
3277 [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
3278 controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
3279 it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)
3281 swiotlb= [ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
3282 Format: { <int> | force }
3283 <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
3284 force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
3285 wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
3287 switches= [HW,M68k]
3289 sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
3290 Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
3291 on older distributions. When this option is enabled
3292 very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
3293 is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
3294 in older udev will not work anymore.
3295 Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
3296 the kernel configuration.
3298 sysrq_always_enabled
3299 [KNL]
3300 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
3301 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
3302 Useful for debugging.
3304 tdfx= [HW,DRM]
3306 test_suspend= [SUSPEND]
3307 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
3308 standby suspend) as the system sleep state to briefly
3309 enter during system startup. The system is woken from
3310 this state using a wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
3312 thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3313 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
3315 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI]
3316 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
3317 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
3319 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI]
3320 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
3321 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points
3323 thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI]
3324 Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
3325 critical and hot trip points.
3327 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI]
3328 1: disable ACPI thermal control
3330 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI]
3331 -1: disable all passive trip points
3332 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
3333 value
3335 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI]
3336 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
3337 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
3338 0: no polling (default)
3340 threadirqs [KNL]
3341 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
3342 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
3344 tmem [KNL,XEN]
3345 Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
3347 tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3348 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
3349 API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
3351 tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3352 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
3353 API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
3354 the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
3356 tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3357 Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
3358 to the hypervisor.
3360 tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3361 Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
3362 transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
3363 kernel based on different criteria.
3365 topology= [S390]
3366 Format: {off | on}
3367 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
3368 topology information if the hardware supports this.
3369 The scheduler will make use of this information and
3370 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
3371 Default is on.
3373 tp720= [HW,PS2]
3375 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
3376 Format: integer pcr id
3377 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
3378 should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
3379 as a workaround for some chips which fail to
3380 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
3381 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
3382 are saved.
3384 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
3385 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size.
3387 trace_event=[event-list]
3388 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
3389 to facilitate early boot debugging.
3390 See also Documentation/trace/events.txt
3392 trace_options=[option-list]
3393 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
3394 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
3395 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
3396 to echo the option name into
3398 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
3400 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
3401 stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
3403 trace_options=stacktrace
3405 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
3406 section.
3408 traceoff_on_warning
3409 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
3410 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
3411 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
3412 file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
3414 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
3415 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
3416 be filled with content caused by the warning output.
3418 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
3419 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning
3421 transparent_hugepage=
3422 [KNL]
3423 Format: [always|madvise|never]
3424 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
3425 with respect to transparent hugepages.
3426 See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
3428 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
3429 Format: <string>
3430 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
3431 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
3432 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable
3433 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
3434 virtualized environment.
3435 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
3436 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
3437 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
3438 can add overhead.
3440 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
3441 TurboGraFX parallel port interface
3442 Format:
3443 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
3444 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
3446 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
3447 happen after console_init() and before a proper
3448 console driver takes over, this boot options might
3449 help "seeing" what's going on.
3451 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3452 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
3454 uhci-hcd.ignore_oc=
3455 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
3456 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
3457 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
3458 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
3459 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
3460 reported either.
3462 unknown_nmi_panic
3463 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
3465 usbcore.authorized_default=
3466 [USB] Default USB device authorization:
3467 (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
3468 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
3470 usbcore.autosuspend=
3471 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
3472 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This
3473 is the time required before an idle device will be
3474 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set
3475 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
3477 usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
3478 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
3480 usbcore.blinkenlights=
3481 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
3483 usbcore.old_scheme_first=
3484 [USB] Start with the old device initialization
3485 scheme (default 0 = off).
3487 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
3488 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
3489 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
3491 usbcore.use_both_schemes=
3492 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
3493 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
3495 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
3496 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
3497 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
3498 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
3500 usbhid.mousepoll=
3501 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
3503 usb-storage.delay_use=
3504 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
3505 scanned for Logical Units (default 5).
3507 usb-storage.quirks=
3508 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
3509 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List
3510 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has
3511 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
3512 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
3513 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
3514 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
3515 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
3516 of sense data);
3517 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
3518 bytes of sense data);
3519 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
3520 device capacity by one sector);
3521 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
3522 READ_DISC_INFO command);
3523 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
3524 READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
3525 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
3526 reported device capacity by one
3527 sector if the number is odd);
3528 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
3529 device);
3530 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
3531 unlock ejectable media);
3532 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
3533 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
3534 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
3535 initial READ(10) command);
3536 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
3537 reported by the device);
3538 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
3539 by default);
3540 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
3541 bogus residue values);
3542 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
3543 Logical Unit);
3544 u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver);
3545 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
3546 medium is write-protected).
3547 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
3549 user_debug= [KNL,ARM]
3550 Format: <int>
3551 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
3552 1 - undefined instruction events
3553 2 - system calls
3554 4 - invalid data aborts
3555 8 - SIGSEGV faults
3556 16 - SIGBUS faults
3557 Example: user_debug=31
3559 userpte=
3560 [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
3562 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
3563 HIGHMEM regardless of setting
3564 of CONFIG_HIGHPTE.
3566 vdso= [X86,SH]
3567 On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=. Otherwise:
3569 vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default)
3570 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
3572 vdso32= [X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO
3573 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO
3574 vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO
3576 See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more
3577 details. If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is
3578 vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1.
3580 For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an
3581 alias for vdso32=0.
3583 Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says:
3584 dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed!
3586 vector= [IA-64,SMP]
3587 vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
3589 video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
3590 See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
3592 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
3593 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
3594 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
3595 level and then send out the event to user space through
3596 the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
3597 will only send out the event without touching backlight
3598 brightness level.
3599 default: 1
3601 virtio_mmio.device=
3602 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
3604 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
3605 where:
3606 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes
3607 like K, M and G)
3608 <baseaddr> := physical base address
3609 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to
3610 request_irq())
3611 <id> := (optional) platform device id
3612 example:
3613 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
3615 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
3617 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
3618 See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
3619 Documentation/svga.txt.
3620 Use vga=ask for menu.
3621 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
3622 passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
3624 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
3625 size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
3626 minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
3627 decrease the size and leave more room for directly
3628 mapped kernel RAM.
3630 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
3631 Format: <command>
3633 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
3634 Format: <command>
3636 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
3637 Format: <command>
3639 vsyscall= [X86-64]
3640 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
3641 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
3642 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older
3643 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these
3644 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
3645 targets for exploits that can control RIP.
3647 emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
3648 emulated reasonably safely.
3650 native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
3651 This is a little bit faster than trapping
3652 and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
3653 better than they would in emulation mode.
3654 It also makes exploits much easier to write.
3656 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes
3657 them quite hard to use for exploits but
3658 might break your system.
3660 vt.color= [VT] Default text color.
3661 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
3662 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
3664 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape.
3665 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
3666 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
3667 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
3669 vt.default_blu= [VT]
3670 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
3671 Change the default blue palette of the console.
3672 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3673 ranging from 0-255.
3675 vt.default_grn= [VT]
3676 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
3677 Change the default green palette of the console.
3678 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3679 ranging from 0-255.
3681 vt.default_red= [VT]
3682 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
3683 Change the default red palette of the console.
3684 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3685 ranging from 0-255.
3687 vt.default_utf8=
3688 [VT]
3689 Format=<0|1>
3690 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
3691 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
3692 newly opened terminals.
3694 vt.global_cursor_default=
3695 [VT]
3696 Format=<-1|0|1>
3697 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
3698 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
3699 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
3700 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
3701 cursors, 1 will display them.
3703 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
3704 Default: 2 = green.
3706 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
3707 Default: 3 = cyan.
3709 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
3710 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
3711 or other driver-specific files in the
3712 Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
3714 workqueue.disable_numa
3715 By default, all work items queued to unbound
3716 workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
3717 issued on, which results in better behavior in
3718 general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
3719 whatever reason, this option can be used. Note
3720 that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
3721 workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
3723 workqueue.power_efficient
3724 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
3725 they show better performance thanks to cache
3726 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
3727 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
3729 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
3730 were observed to contribute significantly to power
3731 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
3732 power usage at the cost of small performance
3733 overhead.
3735 The default value of this parameter is determined by
3736 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
3738 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
3739 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
3740 supporting x2apic.
3742 x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
3743 Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform.
3744 Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
3745 plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
3746 x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
3748 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN]
3749 Unplug Xen emulated devices
3750 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
3751 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
3752 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
3753 nics -- unplug network devices
3754 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
3755 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
3756 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
3757 the unplug protocol
3758 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
3760 xen_nopvspin [X86,XEN]
3761 Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV
3762 optimizations.
3764 xen_nopv [X86]
3765 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to
3766 run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers.
3768 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
3769 Format:
3770 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
3772 ______________________________________________________________________
3774 TODO:
3776 Add more DRM drivers.