1 cdc_mbim - Driver for CDC MBIM Mobile Broadband modems
2 ========================================================
4 The cdc_mbim driver supports USB devices conforming to the "Universal
5 Serial Bus Communications Class Subclass Specification for Mobile
6 Broadband Interface Model" [1], which is a further development of
7 "Universal Serial Bus Communications Class Subclass Specifications for
8 Network Control Model Devices" [2] optimized for Mobile Broadband
9 devices, aka "3G/LTE modems".
12 Command Line Parameters
13 =======================
15 The cdc_mbim driver has no parameters of its own. But the probing
16 behaviour for NCM 1.0 backwards compatible MBIM functions (an
17 "NCM/MBIM function" as defined in section 3.2 of [1]) is affected
18 by a cdc_ncm driver parameter:
23 Valid Range: N/Y (0-1)
24 Default Value: Y (MBIM is preferred)
26 This parameter sets the system policy for NCM/MBIM functions. Such
27 functions will be handled by either the cdc_ncm driver or the cdc_mbim
28 driver depending on the prefer_mbim setting. Setting prefer_mbim=N
29 makes the cdc_mbim driver ignore these functions and lets the cdc_ncm
30 driver handle them instead.
32 The parameter is writable, and can be changed at any time. A manual
33 unbind/bind is required to make the change effective for NCM/MBIM
34 functions bound to the "wrong" driver
40 MBIM functions are inactive when unmanaged. The cdc_mbim driver only
41 provides a userspace interface to the MBIM control channel, and will
42 not participate in the management of the function. This implies that a
43 userspace MBIM management application always is required to enable a
46 Such userspace applications includes, but are not limited to:
47 - mbimcli (included with the libmbim [3] library), and
50 Establishing a MBIM IP session reequires at least these actions by the
51 management application:
52 - open the control channel
53 - configure network connection settings
55 - configure IP interface
57 Management application development
58 ----------------------------------
59 The driver <-> userspace interfaces are described below. The MBIM
60 control channel protocol is described in [1].
63 MBIM control channel userspace ABI
64 ==================================
66 /dev/cdc-wdmX character device
67 ------------------------------
68 The driver creates a two-way pipe to the MBIM function control channel
69 using the cdc-wdm driver as a subdriver. The userspace end of the
70 control channel pipe is a /dev/cdc-wdmX character device.
72 The cdc_mbim driver does not process or police messages on the control
73 channel. The channel is fully delegated to the userspace management
74 application. It is therefore up to this application to ensure that it
75 complies with all the control channel requirements in [1].
77 The cdc-wdmX device is created as a child of the MBIM control
78 interface USB device. The character device associated with a specific
79 MBIM function can be looked up using sysfs. For example:
81 bjorn@nemi:~$ ls /sys/bus/usb/drivers/cdc_mbim/2-4:2.12/usbmisc
84 bjorn@nemi:~$ grep . /sys/bus/usb/drivers/cdc_mbim/2-4:2.12/usbmisc/cdc-wdm0/dev
88 USB configuration descriptors
89 -----------------------------
90 The wMaxControlMessage field of the CDC MBIM functional descriptor
91 limits the maximum control message size. The managament application is
92 responsible for negotiating a control message size complying with the
93 requirements in section 9.3.1 of [1], taking this descriptor field
96 The userspace application can access the CDC MBIM functional
97 descriptor of a MBIM function using either of the two USB
98 configuration descriptor kernel interfaces described in [6] or [7].
100 See also the ioctl documentation below.
105 The userspace application is responsible for all control message
106 fragmentation and defragmentaion, as described in section 9.5 of [1].
109 /dev/cdc-wdmX write()
110 ---------------------
111 The MBIM control messages from the management application *must not*
112 exceed the negotiated control message size.
117 The management application *must* accept control messages of up the
118 negotiated control message size.
121 /dev/cdc-wdmX ioctl()
123 IOCTL_WDM_MAX_COMMAND: Get Maximum Command Size
124 This ioctl returns the wMaxControlMessage field of the CDC MBIM
125 functional descriptor for MBIM devices. This is intended as a
126 convenience, eliminating the need to parse the USB descriptors from
131 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
132 #include <linux/types.h>
133 #include <linux/usb/cdc-wdm.h>
137 int fd = open("/dev/cdc-wdm0", O_RDWR);
138 if (!ioctl(fd, IOCTL_WDM_MAX_COMMAND, &max))
139 printf("wMaxControlMessage is %d\n", max);
143 Custom device services
144 ----------------------
145 The MBIM specification allows vendors to freely define additional
146 services. This is fully supported by the cdc_mbim driver.
148 Support for new MBIM services, including vendor specified services, is
149 implemented entirely in userspace, like the rest of the MBIM control
152 New services should be registered in the MBIM Registry [5].
156 MBIM data channel userspace ABI
157 ===============================
161 The cdc_mbim driver represents the MBIM data channel as a single
162 network device of the "wwan" type. This network device is initially
163 mapped to MBIM IP session 0.
166 Multiplexed IP sessions (IPS)
167 -----------------------------
168 MBIM allows multiplexing up to 256 IP sessions over a single USB data
169 channel. The cdc_mbim driver models such IP sessions as 802.1q VLAN
170 subdevices of the master wwanY device, mapping MBIM IP session Z to
171 VLAN ID Z for all values of Z greater than 0.
173 The device maximum Z is given in the MBIM_DEVICE_CAPS_INFO structure
174 described in section 10.5.1 of [1].
176 The userspace management application is responsible for adding new
177 VLAN links prior to establishing MBIM IP sessions where the SessionId
178 is greater than 0. These links can be added by using the normal VLAN
179 kernel interfaces, either ioctl or netlink.
181 For example, adding a link for a MBIM IP session with SessionId 3:
183 ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.3 type vlan id 3
185 The driver will automatically map the "wwan0.3" network device to MBIM
189 Device Service Streams (DSS)
190 ----------------------------
191 MBIM also allows up to 256 non-IP data streams to be multiplexed over
192 the same shared USB data channel. The cdc_mbim driver models these
193 sessions as another set of 802.1q VLAN subdevices of the master wwanY
194 device, mapping MBIM DSS session A to VLAN ID (256 + A) for all values
197 The device maximum A is given in the MBIM_DEVICE_SERVICES_INFO
198 structure described in section 10.5.29 of [1].
200 The DSS VLAN subdevices are used as a practical interface between the
201 shared MBIM data channel and a MBIM DSS aware userspace application.
202 It is not intended to be presented as-is to an end user. The
203 assumption is that a userspace application initiating a DSS session
204 also takes care of the necessary framing of the DSS data, presenting
205 the stream to the end user in an appropriate way for the stream type.
207 The network device ABI requires a dummy ethernet header for every DSS
208 data frame being transported. The contents of this header is
209 arbitrary, with the following exceptions:
210 - TX frames using an IP protocol (0x0800 or 0x86dd) will be dropped
211 - RX frames will have the protocol field set to ETH_P_802_3 (but will
212 not be properly formatted 802.3 frames)
213 - RX frames will have the destination address set to the hardware
214 address of the master device
216 The DSS supporting userspace management application is responsible for
217 adding the dummy ethernet header on TX and stripping it on RX.
219 This is a simple example using tools commonly available, exporting
220 DssSessionId 5 as a pty character device pointed to by a /dev/nmea
223 ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.dss5 type vlan id 261
224 ip link set dev wwan0.dss5 up
225 socat INTERFACE:wwan0.dss5,type=2 PTY:,echo=0,link=/dev/nmea
227 This is only an example, most suitable for testing out a DSS
228 service. Userspace applications supporting specific MBIM DSS services
229 are expected to use the tools and programming interfaces required by
232 Note that adding VLAN links for DSS sessions is entirely optional. A
233 management application may instead choose to bind a packet socket
234 directly to the master network device, using the received VLAN tags to
235 map frames to the correct DSS session and adding 18 byte VLAN ethernet
236 headers with the appropriate tag on TX. In this case using a socket
237 filter is recommended, matching only the DSS VLAN subset. This avoid
238 unnecessary copying of unrelated IP session data to userspace. For
241 static struct sock_filter dssfilter[] = {
242 /* use special negative offsets to get VLAN tag */
243 BPF_STMT(BPF_LD|BPF_B|BPF_ABS, SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG_PRESENT),
244 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP|BPF_JEQ|BPF_K, 1, 0, 6), /* true */
246 /* verify DSS VLAN range */
247 BPF_STMT(BPF_LD|BPF_H|BPF_ABS, SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG),
248 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP|BPF_JGE|BPF_K, 256, 0, 4), /* 256 is first DSS VLAN */
249 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP|BPF_JGE|BPF_K, 512, 3, 0), /* 511 is last DSS VLAN */
251 /* verify ethertype */
252 BPF_STMT(BPF_LD|BPF_H|BPF_ABS, 2 * ETH_ALEN),
253 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP|BPF_JEQ|BPF_K, ETH_P_802_3, 0, 1),
255 BPF_STMT(BPF_RET|BPF_K, (u_int)-1), /* accept */
256 BPF_STMT(BPF_RET|BPF_K, 0), /* ignore */
261 Tagged IP session 0 VLAN
262 ------------------------
263 As described above, MBIM IP session 0 is treated as special by the
264 driver. It is initially mapped to untagged frames on the wwanY
267 This mapping implies a few restrictions on multiplexed IPS and DSS
268 sessions, which may not always be practical:
269 - no IPS or DSS session can use a frame size greater than the MTU on
271 - no IPS or DSS session can be in the up state unless the network
272 device representing IP session 0 also is up
274 These problems can be avoided by optionally making the driver map IP
275 session 0 to a VLAN subdevice, similar to all other IP sessions. This
276 behaviour is triggered by adding a VLAN link for the magic VLAN ID
277 4094. The driver will then immediately start mapping MBIM IP session
278 0 to this VLAN, and will drop untagged frames on the master wwanY
281 Tip: It might be less confusing to the end user to name this VLAN
282 subdevice after the MBIM SessionID instead of the VLAN ID. For
285 ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.0 type vlan id 4094
291 Summarizing the cdc_mbim driver mapping described above, we have this
292 relationship between VLAN tags on the wwanY network device and MBIM
293 sessions on the shared USB data channel:
295 VLAN ID MBIM type MBIM SessionID Notes
296 ---------------------------------------------------------
298 1 - 255 IPS 1 - 255 <VLANID>
299 256 - 511 DSS 0 - 255 <VLANID - 256>
303 a) if no VLAN ID 4094 link exists, else dropped
304 b) unsupported VLAN range, unconditionally dropped
305 c) if a VLAN ID 4094 link exists, else dropped
313 [1] USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
314 Communications Class Subclass Specification for Mobile Broadband
315 Interface Model", Revision 1.0 (Errata 1), May 1, 2013
316 - http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/
318 [2] USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
319 Communications Class Subclass Specifications for Network Control
320 Model Devices", Revision 1.0 (Errata 1), November 24, 2010
321 - http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/
323 [3] libmbim - "a glib-based library for talking to WWAN modems and
324 devices which speak the Mobile Interface Broadband Model (MBIM)
326 - http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/libmbim/
328 [4] ModemManager - "a DBus-activated daemon which controls mobile
329 broadband (2G/3G/4G) devices and connections"
330 - http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/ModemManager/
332 [5] "MBIM (Mobile Broadband Interface Model) Registry"
333 - http://compliance.usb.org/mbim/
335 [6] "/dev/bus/usb filesystem output"
336 - Documentation/usb/proc_usb_info.txt
338 [7] "/sys/bus/usb/devices/.../descriptors"
339 - Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-usb