1 GPIO Descriptor Driver Interface
2 ================================
4 This document serves as a guide for GPIO chip drivers writers. Note that it
5 describes the new descriptor-based interface. For a description of the
6 deprecated integer-based GPIO interface please refer to gpio-legacy.txt.
8 Each GPIO controller driver needs to include the following header, which defines
9 the structures used to define a GPIO driver:
11 #include <linux/gpio/driver.h>
14 Internal Representation of GPIOs
15 ================================
17 Inside a GPIO driver, individual GPIOs are identified by their hardware number,
18 which is a unique number between 0 and n, n being the number of GPIOs managed by
19 the chip. This number is purely internal: the hardware number of a particular
20 GPIO descriptor is never made visible outside of the driver.
22 On top of this internal number, each GPIO also need to have a global number in
23 the integer GPIO namespace so that it can be used with the legacy GPIO
24 interface. Each chip must thus have a "base" number (which can be automatically
25 assigned), and for each GPIO the global number will be (base + hardware number).
26 Although the integer representation is considered deprecated, it still has many
27 users and thus needs to be maintained.
29 So for example one platform could use numbers 32-159 for GPIOs, with a
30 controller defining 128 GPIOs at a "base" of 32 ; while another platform uses
31 numbers 0..63 with one set of GPIO controllers, 64-79 with another type of GPIO
32 controller, and on one particular board 80-95 with an FPGA. The numbers need not
33 be contiguous; either of those platforms could also use numbers 2000-2063 to
34 identify GPIOs in a bank of I2C GPIO expanders.
37 Controller Drivers: gpio_chip
38 =============================
40 In the gpiolib framework each GPIO controller is packaged as a "struct
41 gpio_chip" (see linux/gpio/driver.h for its complete definition) with members
42 common to each controller of that type:
44 - methods to establish GPIO direction
45 - methods used to access GPIO values
46 - method to return the IRQ number associated to a given GPIO
47 - flag saying whether calls to its methods may sleep
48 - optional debugfs dump method (showing extra state like pullup config)
49 - optional base number (will be automatically assigned if omitted)
50 - label for diagnostics and GPIOs mapping using platform data
52 The code implementing a gpio_chip should support multiple instances of the
53 controller, possibly using the driver model. That code will configure each
54 gpio_chip and issue gpiochip_add(). Removing a GPIO controller should be rare;
55 use gpiochip_remove() when it is unavoidable.
57 Most often a gpio_chip is part of an instance-specific structure with state not
58 exposed by the GPIO interfaces, such as addressing, power management, and more.
59 Chips such as codecs will have complex non-GPIO state.
61 Any debugfs dump method should normally ignore signals which haven't been
62 requested as GPIOs. They can use gpiochip_is_requested(), which returns either
63 NULL or the label associated with that GPIO when it was requested.
66 GPIO drivers providing IRQs
67 ---------------------------
68 It is custom that GPIO drivers (GPIO chips) are also providing interrupts,
69 most often cascaded off a parent interrupt controller, and in some special
70 cases the GPIO logic is melded with a SoC's primary interrupt controller.
72 The IRQ portions of the GPIO block are implemented using an irqchip, using
73 the header <linux/irq.h>. So basically such a driver is utilizing two sub-
74 systems simultaneously: gpio and irq.
76 GPIO irqchips usually fall in one of two categories:
78 * CHAINED GPIO irqchips: these are usually the type that is embedded on
79 an SoC. This means that there is a fast IRQ handler for the GPIOs that
80 gets called in a chain from the parent IRQ handler, most typically the
81 system interrupt controller. This means the GPIO irqchip is registered
82 using irq_set_chained_handler() or the corresponding
83 gpiochip_set_chained_irqchip() helper function, and the GPIO irqchip
84 handler will be called immediately from the parent irqchip, while
85 holding the IRQs disabled. The GPIO irqchip will then end up calling
86 something like this sequence in its interrupt handler:
88 static irqreturn_t tc3589x_gpio_irq(int irq, void *data)
89 chained_irq_enter(...);
90 generic_handle_irq(...);
91 chained_irq_exit(...);
93 Chained GPIO irqchips typically can NOT set the .can_sleep flag on
94 struct gpio_chip, as everything happens directly in the callbacks.
96 * NESTED THREADED GPIO irqchips: these are off-chip GPIO expanders and any
97 other GPIO irqchip residing on the other side of a sleeping bus. Of course
98 such drivers that need slow bus traffic to read out IRQ status and similar,
99 traffic which may in turn incur other IRQs to happen, cannot be handled
100 in a quick IRQ handler with IRQs disabled. Instead they need to spawn a
101 thread and then mask the parent IRQ line until the interrupt is handled
102 by the driver. The hallmark of this driver is to call something like
103 this in its interrupt handler:
105 static irqreturn_t tc3589x_gpio_irq(int irq, void *data)
107 handle_nested_irq(irq);
109 The hallmark of threaded GPIO irqchips is that they set the .can_sleep
110 flag on struct gpio_chip to true, indicating that this chip may sleep
111 when accessing the GPIOs.
113 To help out in handling the set-up and management of GPIO irqchips and the
114 associated irqdomain and resource allocation callbacks, the gpiolib has
115 some helpers that can be enabled by selecting the GPIOLIB_IRQCHIP Kconfig
118 * gpiochip_irqchip_add(): adds an irqchip to a gpiochip. It will pass
119 the struct gpio_chip* for the chip to all IRQ callbacks, so the callbacks
120 need to embed the gpio_chip in its state container and obtain a pointer
121 to the container using container_of().
122 (See Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.txt)
124 * gpiochip_set_chained_irqchip(): sets up a chained irq handler for a
125 gpio_chip from a parent IRQ and passes the struct gpio_chip* as handler
126 data. (Notice handler data, since the irqchip data is likely used by the
127 parent irqchip!) This is for the chained type of chip.
129 To use the helpers please keep the following in mind:
131 - Make sure to assign all relevant members of the struct gpio_chip so that
132 the irqchip can initialize. E.g. .dev and .can_sleep shall be set up
135 It is legal for any IRQ consumer to request an IRQ from any irqchip no matter
136 if that is a combined GPIO+IRQ driver. The basic premise is that gpio_chip and
137 irq_chip are orthogonal, and offering their services independent of each
140 gpiod_to_irq() is just a convenience function to figure out the IRQ for a
141 certain GPIO line and should not be relied upon to have been called before
144 So always prepare the hardware and make it ready for action in respective
145 callbacks from the GPIO and irqchip APIs. Do not rely on gpiod_to_irq() having
148 This orthogonality leads to ambiguities that we need to solve: if there is
149 competition inside the subsystem which side is using the resource (a certain
150 GPIO line and register for example) it needs to deny certain operations and
151 keep track of usage inside of the gpiolib subsystem. This is why the API
157 Input GPIOs can be used as IRQ signals. When this happens, a driver is requested
158 to mark the GPIO as being used as an IRQ:
160 int gpio_lock_as_irq(struct gpio_chip *chip, unsigned int offset)
162 This will prevent the use of non-irq related GPIO APIs until the GPIO IRQ lock
165 void gpio_unlock_as_irq(struct gpio_chip *chip, unsigned int offset)
167 When implementing an irqchip inside a GPIO driver, these two functions should
168 typically be called in the .startup() and .shutdown() callbacks from the
172 Requesting self-owned GPIO pins
173 -------------------------------
175 Sometimes it is useful to allow a GPIO chip driver to request its own GPIO
176 descriptors through the gpiolib API. Using gpio_request() for this purpose
177 does not help since it pins the module to the kernel forever (it calls
178 try_module_get()). A GPIO driver can use the following functions instead
179 to request and free descriptors without being pinned to the kernel forever.
181 int gpiochip_request_own_desc(struct gpio_desc *desc, const char *label)
183 void gpiochip_free_own_desc(struct gpio_desc *desc)
185 Descriptors requested with gpiochip_request_own_desc() must be released with
186 gpiochip_free_own_desc().
188 These functions must be used with care since they do not affect module use
189 count. Do not use the functions to request gpio descriptors not owned by the