1 <sect1 id="ch-scripts-usage">
2 <title>How does the booting process with these scripts work?</title>
3 <?dbhtml filename="usage.html" dir="chapter07"?>
5 <para>Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit. It's based on a
6 concept of <emphasis>runlevels</emphasis>. It can be widely different
7 from one system to another, so it can't be assumed that because things
8 worked in <insert distro name> they should work like that in LFS
9 too. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it respects generally
10 accepted standards.</para>
12 <para>SysVinit (which we'll call <emphasis>init</emphasis> from now on) works
13 using a runlevels scheme. There are 7 (from 0 to 6) runlevels
14 (actually, there are more runlevels but they are for special cases and
15 generally not used. The init man page describes those details), and each
16 one of those corresponds to the things the computer is supposed to do when
17 it starts up. The default runlevel is 3. Here are the descriptions of the
18 different runlevels as they are often implemented:</para>
20 <literallayout>0: halt the computer
22 2: multi-user mode without networking
23 3: multi-user mode with networking
24 4: reserved for customization, otherwise does the same as 3
25 5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like X's xdm or KDE's kdm)
26 6: reboot the computer</literallayout>
28 <para>The command used to change runlevels is <command>init
29 <runlevel></command> where <runlevel> is the target runlevel. For
30 example, to reboot the computer, a user would issue the <command>init
31 6</command> command. The <command>reboot</command> command is just an alias for
32 it, as is the <command>halt</command> command an alias for <command>init
35 <para>There are a number of directories under <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>
36 that look like like rc?.d where ? is the number of the runlevel and rcsysinit.d
37 which contain a number of symbolic links. Some begin with a K, the others begin
38 with an S, and all of them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K
39 means to stop (kill) a service, and the S means to start a service. The numbers
40 determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00 to 99; the lower the
41 number the sooner it gets executed. When init switches to another runlevel, the
42 appropriate services get killed and others get started.</para>
44 <para>The real scripts are in /etc/rc.d/init.d. They do all the work, and the
45 symlinks all point to them. Killing links and starting links point to
46 the same script in /etc/rc.d/init.d. That's because the scripts can be
47 called with different parameters like start, stop, restart, reload,
48 status. When a K link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with
49 the stop argument. When a S link is encountered, the appropriate script
50 is run with the start argument.</para>
52 <para>There is one exception. Links that start with an S in the
53 rc0.d and rc6.d directories will not cause anything to be started. They
54 will be called with the parameter <emphasis>stop</emphasis> to stop
55 something. The logic behind it is that when you are going to reboot or
56 halt the system, you don't want to start anything, only stop the
59 <para>These are descriptions of what the arguments make the
64 <listitem><para><emphasis>start</emphasis>: The service is
65 started.</para></listitem>
67 <listitem><para><emphasis>stop</emphasis>: The service is
68 stopped.</para></listitem>
70 <listitem><para><emphasis>restart</emphasis>: The service is
71 stopped and then started again.</para></listitem>
73 <listitem><para><emphasis>reload</emphasis>: The configuration
74 of the service is updated.
75 This is used after the configuration file of a service was modified, when
76 the service doesn't need to be restarted.</para></listitem>
78 <listitem><para><emphasis>status</emphasis>: Tells if the service
79 is running and with which PIDs.</para></listitem>
83 <para>Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all, it's your
84 own LFS system). The files given here are just an example of how it can be
85 done in a nice way (well, what we consider nice -- you may hate it).</para>