1 <sect2><title>Short descriptions</title>
3 <para><command>halt</command> normally invokes shutdown with the -h flag,
4 except when already in runlevel 0, then it tells the kernel to halt the system.
5 But first it notes in the file <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> that the
6 system is being brought down.</para>
8 <para><command>init</command> is the mother of all processes. It reads its
9 commands from <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>, which normally tell it which
10 scripts to run for which runlevel, and how many gettys to spawn.</para>
12 <para><command>killall5</command> sends a signal to all processes, except
13 the processes in its own session -- so it won't kill the shell running the
14 script that called it.</para>
16 <para><command>last</command> shows which users last logged in (and out),
17 searching back through the file <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>. It can
18 also show system boots and shutdowns, and runlevel changes.</para>
20 <para><command>lastb</command> shows the failed login attempts, as logged
21 in <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename>.</para>
23 <para><command>mesg</command> controls whether other users can send
24 messages to the current user's terminal.</para>
26 <para><command>pidof</command> reports the PIDs of the given programs.</para>
28 <para><command>poweroff</command> tells the kernel to halt the system and
29 switch off the computer. But see halt.</para>
31 <para><command>reboot</command> tells the kernel to reboot the system.
34 <para><command>runlevel</command> reports the previous and the current
35 runlevel, as noted in the last runlevel record in
36 <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename>.</para>
38 <para><command>shutdown</command> brings the system down in a secure way,
39 signaling all processes and notifying all logged-in users.</para>
41 <para><command>sulogin</command> allows the superuser to log in. It is
42 normally invoked by init when the system goes into single user mode.</para>
44 <para><command>telinit</command> tells init which runlevel to enter.</para>
46 <para><command>utmpdump</command> displays the content of the given login
47 file in a friendlier format.</para>
49 <para><command>wall</command> writes a message to all logged-in users.</para>