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8 <sect1 id="ch-tools-settingenviron">
9 <?dbhtml filename="settingenvironment.html"?>
11 <title>Setting Up the Environment</title>
13 <para>Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files
14 for the <command>bash</command> shell. While logged in as user
15 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, issue the following command
16 to create a new <filename>.bash_profile</filename>:</para>
18 <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
19 <literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</literal>
20 EOF</userinput></screen>
22 <para>When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>,
23 the initial shell is usually a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads
24 the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some
25 settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>.
26 The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the
27 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new
28 one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>,
29 <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no
30 unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system
31 leak into the build environment. The technique used here achieves the goal of
32 ensuring a clean environment.</para>
34 <para>The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis>
35 shell, which does not read the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or
36 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads the
37 <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the
38 <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:</para>
40 <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
45 LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
46 PATH=/tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
47 export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>
48 EOF</userinput></screen>
50 <para>The <command>set +h</command> command turns off
51 <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful
52 feature—<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the
53 full path of executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar>
54 time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should
55 be used as soon as they are installed. By switching off the hash function,
56 the shell will always search the <envar>PATH</envar> when a program is to
57 be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in
58 <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> as soon as they are
59 available without remembering a previous version of the same program in a
60 different location.</para>
62 <para>Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly
63 created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are
64 readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the
65 <function>open(2)</function> system call, new files will end up with permission
66 mode 644 and directories with mode 755).</para>
68 <para>The <envar>LFS</envar> variable should be set to the chosen mount
71 <para>The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain
72 programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country.
73 If the host system uses a version of Glibc older than 2.2.4, having
74 <envar>LC_ALL</envar> set to something other than <quote>POSIX</quote> or
75 <quote>C</quote> (during this chapter) may cause issues if you exit the chroot
76 environment and wish to return later. Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to
77 <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</quote> (the two are equivalent) ensures that
78 everything will work as expected in the chroot environment.</para>
80 <para>The <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine
81 description for use when building our cross compiler and linker and when cross
82 compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is contained in
83 <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" role=""/>.</para>
85 <para>By putting <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> ahead of the
86 standard <envar>PATH</envar>, all the programs installed in <xref
87 linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> are picked up by the shell immediately after
88 their installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits the risk
89 that old programs are used from the host when the same programs are available in
90 the chapter 5 environment.</para>
92 <para>Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building the
93 temporary tools, source the just-created user profile:</para>
95 <screen><userinput>source ~/.bash_profile</userinput></screen>