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4 LLVM Loop Terminology (and Canonical Forms)
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13 Loops are a core concept in any optimizer. This page spells out some
14 of the common terminology used within LLVM code to describe loop
17 First, let's start with the basics. In LLVM, a Loop is a maximal set of basic
18 blocks that form a strongly connected component (SCC) in the Control
19 Flow Graph (CFG) where there exists a dedicated entry/header block that
20 dominates all other blocks within the loop. Thus, without leaving the
21 loop, one can reach every block in the loop from the header block and
22 the header block from every block in the loop.
24 Note that there are some important implications of this definition:
26 * Not all SCCs are loops. There exist SCCs that do not meet the
27 dominance requirement and such are not considered loops.
29 * Loops can contain non-loop SCCs and non-loop SCCs may contain
30 loops. Loops may also contain sub-loops.
32 * A header block is uniquely associated with one loop. There can be
33 multiple SCC within that loop, but the strongly connected component
34 (SCC) formed from their union must always be unique.
36 * Given the use of dominance in the definition, all loops are
37 statically reachable from the entry of the function.
39 * Every loop must have a header block, and some set of predecessors
40 outside the loop. A loop is allowed to be statically infinite, so
41 there need not be any exiting edges.
43 * Any two loops are either fully disjoint (no intersecting blocks), or
44 one must be a sub-loop of the other.
46 A loop may have an arbitrary number of exits, both explicit (via
47 control flow) and implicit (via throwing calls which transfer control
48 out of the containing function). There is no special requirement on
49 the form or structure of exit blocks (the block outside the loop which
50 is branched to). They may have multiple predecessors, phis, etc...
55 Header Block - The basic block which dominates all other blocks
56 contained within the loop. As such, it is the first one executed if
57 the loop executes at all. Note that a block can be the header of
58 two separate loops at the same time, but only if one is a sub-loop
61 Exiting Block - A basic block contained within a given loop which has
62 at least one successor outside of the loop and one successor inside the
63 loop. (The latter is a consequence of the block being contained within
64 an SCC which is part of the loop.) That is, it has a successor which
67 Exit Block - A basic block outside of the associated loop which has a
68 predecessor inside the loop. That is, it has a predecessor which is
71 Latch Block - A basic block within the loop whose successors include
72 the header block of the loop. Thus, a latch is a source of backedge.
73 A loop may have multiple latch blocks. A latch block may be either
74 conditional or unconditional.
76 Backedge(s) - The edge(s) in the CFG from latch blocks to the header
77 block. Note that there can be multiple such edges, and even multiple
78 such edges leaving a single latch block.
80 Loop Predecessor - The predecessor blocks of the loop header which
81 are not contained by the loop itself. These are the only blocks
82 through which execution can enter the loop. When used in the
83 singular form implies that there is only one such unique block.
85 Preheader Block - A preheader is a (singular) loop predecessor which
86 ends in an unconditional transfer of control to the loop header. Note
87 that not all loops have such blocks.
89 Backedge Taken Count - The number of times the backedge will execute
90 before some interesting event happens. Commonly used without
91 qualification of the event as a shorthand for when some exiting block
92 branches to some exit block. May be zero, or not statically computable.
94 Iteration Count - The number of times the header will execute before
95 some interesting event happens. Commonly used without qualification to
96 refer to the iteration count at which the loop exits. Will always be
97 one greater than the backedge taken count. *Warning*: Preceding
98 statement is true in the *integer domain*; if you're dealing with fixed
99 width integers (such as LLVM Values or SCEVs), you need to be cautious
100 of overflow when converting one to the other.
102 It's important to note that the same basic block can play multiple
103 roles in the same loop, or in different loops at once. For example, a
104 single block can be the header for two nested loops at once, while
105 also being an exiting block for the inner one only, and an exit block
106 for a sibling loop. Example:
114 // <-- block of interest
123 LoopInfo is the core analysis for obtaining information about loops.
124 There are few key implications of the definitions given above which
125 are important for working successfully with this interface.
127 * LoopInfo does not contain information about non-loop cycles. As a
128 result, it is not suitable for any algorithm which requires complete
129 cycle detection for correctness.
131 * LoopInfo provides an interface for enumerating all top level loops
132 (e.g. those not contained in any other loop). From there, you may
133 walk the tree of sub-loops rooted in that top level loop.
135 * Loops which become statically unreachable during optimization *must*
136 be removed from LoopInfo. If this can not be done for some reason,
137 then the optimization is *required* to preserve the static
138 reachability of the loop.
147 Loop Closed SSA (LCSSA)
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152 "More Canonical" Loops
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