1 //===- llvm/unittest/ADT/DenseMapMap.cpp - DenseMap unit tests --*- C++ -*-===//
3 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
7 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
9 #include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
10 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
18 uint32_t getTestKey(int i
, uint32_t *) { return i
; }
19 uint32_t getTestValue(int i
, uint32_t *) { return 42 + i
; }
21 uint32_t *getTestKey(int i
, uint32_t **) {
22 static uint32_t dummy_arr1
[8192];
23 assert(i
< 8192 && "Only support 8192 dummy keys.");
24 return &dummy_arr1
[i
];
26 uint32_t *getTestValue(int i
, uint32_t **) {
27 static uint32_t dummy_arr1
[8192];
28 assert(i
< 8192 && "Only support 8192 dummy keys.");
29 return &dummy_arr1
[i
];
32 /// A test class that tries to check that construction and destruction
35 static std::set
<CtorTester
*> Constructed
;
39 explicit CtorTester(int Value
= 0) : Value(Value
) {
40 EXPECT_TRUE(Constructed
.insert(this).second
);
42 CtorTester(uint32_t Value
) : Value(Value
) {
43 EXPECT_TRUE(Constructed
.insert(this).second
);
45 CtorTester(const CtorTester
&Arg
) : Value(Arg
.Value
) {
46 EXPECT_TRUE(Constructed
.insert(this).second
);
48 CtorTester
&operator=(const CtorTester
&) = default;
50 EXPECT_EQ(1u, Constructed
.erase(this));
52 operator uint32_t() const { return Value
; }
54 int getValue() const { return Value
; }
55 bool operator==(const CtorTester
&RHS
) const { return Value
== RHS
.Value
; }
58 std::set
<CtorTester
*> CtorTester::Constructed
;
60 struct CtorTesterMapInfo
{
61 static inline CtorTester
getEmptyKey() { return CtorTester(-1); }
62 static inline CtorTester
getTombstoneKey() { return CtorTester(-2); }
63 static unsigned getHashValue(const CtorTester
&Val
) {
64 return Val
.getValue() * 37u;
66 static bool isEqual(const CtorTester
&LHS
, const CtorTester
&RHS
) {
71 CtorTester
getTestKey(int i
, CtorTester
*) { return CtorTester(i
); }
72 CtorTester
getTestValue(int i
, CtorTester
*) { return CtorTester(42 + i
); }
74 // Test fixture, with helper functions implemented by forwarding to global
75 // function overloads selected by component types of the type parameter. This
76 // allows all of the map implementations to be tested with shared
77 // implementations of helper routines.
79 class DenseMapTest
: public ::testing::Test
{
83 static typename
T::key_type
*const dummy_key_ptr
;
84 static typename
T::mapped_type
*const dummy_value_ptr
;
86 typename
T::key_type
getKey(int i
= 0) {
87 return getTestKey(i
, dummy_key_ptr
);
89 typename
T::mapped_type
getValue(int i
= 0) {
90 return getTestValue(i
, dummy_value_ptr
);
95 typename
T::key_type
*const DenseMapTest
<T
>::dummy_key_ptr
= nullptr;
97 typename
T::mapped_type
*const DenseMapTest
<T
>::dummy_value_ptr
= nullptr;
99 // Register these types for testing.
100 typedef ::testing::Types
<DenseMap
<uint32_t, uint32_t>,
101 DenseMap
<uint32_t *, uint32_t *>,
102 DenseMap
<CtorTester
, CtorTester
, CtorTesterMapInfo
>,
103 SmallDenseMap
<uint32_t, uint32_t>,
104 SmallDenseMap
<uint32_t *, uint32_t *>,
105 SmallDenseMap
<CtorTester
, CtorTester
, 4,
108 TYPED_TEST_CASE(DenseMapTest
, DenseMapTestTypes
);
111 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, EmptyIntMapTest
) {
113 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
114 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
117 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.begin() == this->Map
.end());
120 EXPECT_FALSE(this->Map
.count(this->getKey()));
121 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.find(this->getKey()) == this->Map
.end());
122 EXPECT_EQ(typename
TypeParam::mapped_type(),
123 this->Map
.lookup(this->getKey()));
126 // Constant map tests
127 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, ConstEmptyMapTest
) {
128 const TypeParam
&ConstMap
= this->Map
;
129 EXPECT_EQ(0u, ConstMap
.size());
130 EXPECT_TRUE(ConstMap
.empty());
131 EXPECT_TRUE(ConstMap
.begin() == ConstMap
.end());
134 // A map with a single entry
135 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, SingleEntryMapTest
) {
136 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
139 EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->Map
.size());
140 EXPECT_FALSE(this->Map
.begin() == this->Map
.end());
141 EXPECT_FALSE(this->Map
.empty());
144 typename
TypeParam::iterator it
= this->Map
.begin();
145 EXPECT_EQ(this->getKey(), it
->first
);
146 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), it
->second
);
148 EXPECT_TRUE(it
== this->Map
.end());
151 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.count(this->getKey()));
152 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.find(this->getKey()) == this->Map
.begin());
153 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), this->Map
.lookup(this->getKey()));
154 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), this->Map
[this->getKey()]);
157 // Test clear() method
158 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, ClearTest
) {
159 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
162 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
163 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
164 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.begin() == this->Map
.end());
167 // Test erase(iterator) method
168 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, EraseTest
) {
169 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
170 this->Map
.erase(this->Map
.begin());
172 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
173 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
174 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.begin() == this->Map
.end());
177 // Test erase(value) method
178 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, EraseTest2
) {
179 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
180 this->Map
.erase(this->getKey());
182 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
183 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
184 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.begin() == this->Map
.end());
187 // Test insert() method
188 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, InsertTest
) {
189 this->Map
.insert(std::make_pair(this->getKey(), this->getValue()));
190 EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->Map
.size());
191 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), this->Map
[this->getKey()]);
194 // Test copy constructor method
195 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, CopyConstructorTest
) {
196 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
197 TypeParam
copyMap(this->Map
);
199 EXPECT_EQ(1u, copyMap
.size());
200 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), copyMap
[this->getKey()]);
203 // Test copy constructor method where SmallDenseMap isn't small.
204 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, CopyConstructorNotSmallTest
) {
205 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
206 this->Map
[this->getKey(Key
)] = this->getValue(Key
);
207 TypeParam
copyMap(this->Map
);
209 EXPECT_EQ(5u, copyMap
.size());
210 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
211 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(Key
), copyMap
[this->getKey(Key
)]);
214 // Test copying from a default-constructed map.
215 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, CopyConstructorFromDefaultTest
) {
216 TypeParam
copyMap(this->Map
);
218 EXPECT_TRUE(copyMap
.empty());
221 // Test copying from an empty map where SmallDenseMap isn't small.
222 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, CopyConstructorFromEmptyTest
) {
223 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
224 this->Map
[this->getKey(Key
)] = this->getValue(Key
);
226 TypeParam
copyMap(this->Map
);
228 EXPECT_TRUE(copyMap
.empty());
231 // Test assignment operator method
232 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, AssignmentTest
) {
233 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
234 TypeParam copyMap
= this->Map
;
236 EXPECT_EQ(1u, copyMap
.size());
237 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), copyMap
[this->getKey()]);
239 // test self-assignment.
240 copyMap
= static_cast<TypeParam
&>(copyMap
);
241 EXPECT_EQ(1u, copyMap
.size());
242 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), copyMap
[this->getKey()]);
245 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, AssignmentTestNotSmall
) {
246 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
247 this->Map
[this->getKey(Key
)] = this->getValue(Key
);
248 TypeParam copyMap
= this->Map
;
250 EXPECT_EQ(5u, copyMap
.size());
251 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
252 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(Key
), copyMap
[this->getKey(Key
)]);
254 // test self-assignment.
255 copyMap
= static_cast<TypeParam
&>(copyMap
);
256 EXPECT_EQ(5u, copyMap
.size());
257 for (int Key
= 0; Key
< 5; ++Key
)
258 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(Key
), copyMap
[this->getKey(Key
)]);
262 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, SwapTest
) {
263 this->Map
[this->getKey()] = this->getValue();
266 this->Map
.swap(otherMap
);
267 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
268 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
269 EXPECT_EQ(1u, otherMap
.size());
270 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), otherMap
[this->getKey()]);
272 this->Map
.swap(otherMap
);
273 EXPECT_EQ(0u, otherMap
.size());
274 EXPECT_TRUE(otherMap
.empty());
275 EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->Map
.size());
276 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(), this->Map
[this->getKey()]);
278 // Make this more interesting by inserting 100 numbers into the map.
279 for (int i
= 0; i
< 100; ++i
)
280 this->Map
[this->getKey(i
)] = this->getValue(i
);
282 this->Map
.swap(otherMap
);
283 EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->Map
.size());
284 EXPECT_TRUE(this->Map
.empty());
285 EXPECT_EQ(100u, otherMap
.size());
286 for (int i
= 0; i
< 100; ++i
)
287 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(i
), otherMap
[this->getKey(i
)]);
289 this->Map
.swap(otherMap
);
290 EXPECT_EQ(0u, otherMap
.size());
291 EXPECT_TRUE(otherMap
.empty());
292 EXPECT_EQ(100u, this->Map
.size());
293 for (int i
= 0; i
< 100; ++i
)
294 EXPECT_EQ(this->getValue(i
), this->Map
[this->getKey(i
)]);
297 // A more complex iteration test
298 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, IterationTest
) {
300 std::map
<typename
TypeParam::key_type
, unsigned> visitedIndex
;
302 // Insert 100 numbers into the map
303 for (int i
= 0; i
< 100; ++i
) {
305 visitedIndex
[this->getKey(i
)] = i
;
307 this->Map
[this->getKey(i
)] = this->getValue(i
);
310 // Iterate over all numbers and mark each one found.
311 for (typename
TypeParam::iterator it
= this->Map
.begin();
312 it
!= this->Map
.end(); ++it
)
313 visited
[visitedIndex
[it
->first
]] = true;
315 // Ensure every number was visited.
316 for (int i
= 0; i
< 100; ++i
)
317 ASSERT_TRUE(visited
[i
]) << "Entry #" << i
<< " was never visited";
320 // const_iterator test
321 TYPED_TEST(DenseMapTest
, ConstIteratorTest
) {
322 // Check conversion from iterator to const_iterator.
323 typename
TypeParam::iterator it
= this->Map
.begin();
324 typename
TypeParam::const_iterator
cit(it
);
325 EXPECT_TRUE(it
== cit
);
327 // Check copying of const_iterators.
328 typename
TypeParam::const_iterator
cit2(cit
);
329 EXPECT_TRUE(cit
== cit2
);
333 // Simple class that counts how many moves and copy happens when growing a map
334 struct CountCopyAndMove
{
337 CountCopyAndMove() {}
339 CountCopyAndMove(const CountCopyAndMove
&) { Copy
++; }
340 CountCopyAndMove
&operator=(const CountCopyAndMove
&) {
344 CountCopyAndMove(CountCopyAndMove
&&) { Move
++; }
345 CountCopyAndMove
&operator=(const CountCopyAndMove
&&) {
350 int CountCopyAndMove::Copy
= 0;
351 int CountCopyAndMove::Move
= 0;
353 } // anonymous namespace
355 // Test initializer list construction.
356 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, InitializerList
) {
357 DenseMap
<int, int> M({{0, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}});
358 EXPECT_EQ(2u, M
.size());
359 EXPECT_EQ(1u, M
.count(0));
361 EXPECT_EQ(1u, M
.count(1));
365 // Test initializer list construction.
366 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, EqualityComparison
) {
367 DenseMap
<int, int> M1({{0, 0}, {1, 2}});
368 DenseMap
<int, int> M2({{0, 0}, {1, 2}});
369 DenseMap
<int, int> M3({{0, 0}, {1, 3}});
375 // Test for the default minimum size of a DenseMap
376 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, DefaultMinReservedSizeTest
) {
377 // IF THIS VALUE CHANGE, please update InitialSizeTest, InitFromIterator, and
378 // ReserveTest as well!
379 const int ExpectedInitialBucketCount
= 64;
380 // Formula from DenseMap::getMinBucketToReserveForEntries()
381 const int ExpectedMaxInitialEntries
= ExpectedInitialBucketCount
* 3 / 4 - 1;
383 DenseMap
<int, CountCopyAndMove
> Map
;
384 // Will allocate 64 buckets
386 unsigned MemorySize
= Map
.getMemorySize();
387 CountCopyAndMove::Copy
= 0;
388 CountCopyAndMove::Move
= 0;
389 for (int i
= 0; i
< ExpectedMaxInitialEntries
; ++i
)
390 Map
.insert(std::pair
<int, CountCopyAndMove
>(std::piecewise_construct
,
391 std::forward_as_tuple(i
),
392 std::forward_as_tuple()));
393 // Check that we didn't grow
394 EXPECT_EQ(MemorySize
, Map
.getMemorySize());
395 // Check that move was called the expected number of times
396 EXPECT_EQ(ExpectedMaxInitialEntries
, CountCopyAndMove::Move
);
397 // Check that no copy occurred
398 EXPECT_EQ(0, CountCopyAndMove::Copy
);
400 // Adding one extra element should grow the map
401 Map
.insert(std::pair
<int, CountCopyAndMove
>(
402 std::piecewise_construct
,
403 std::forward_as_tuple(ExpectedMaxInitialEntries
),
404 std::forward_as_tuple()));
405 // Check that we grew
406 EXPECT_NE(MemorySize
, Map
.getMemorySize());
407 // Check that move was called the expected number of times
408 // This relies on move-construction elision, and cannot be reliably tested.
409 // EXPECT_EQ(ExpectedMaxInitialEntries + 2, CountCopyAndMove::Move);
410 // Check that no copy occurred
411 EXPECT_EQ(0, CountCopyAndMove::Copy
);
414 // Make sure creating the map with an initial size of N actually gives us enough
415 // buckets to insert N items without increasing allocation size.
416 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, InitialSizeTest
) {
417 // Test a few different sizes, 48 is *not* a random choice: we need a value
418 // that is 2/3 of a power of two to stress the grow() condition, and the power
419 // of two has to be at least 64 because of minimum size allocation in the
420 // DenseMap (see DefaultMinReservedSizeTest). 66 is a value just above the
422 for (auto Size
: {1, 2, 48, 66}) {
423 DenseMap
<int, CountCopyAndMove
> Map(Size
);
424 unsigned MemorySize
= Map
.getMemorySize();
425 CountCopyAndMove::Copy
= 0;
426 CountCopyAndMove::Move
= 0;
427 for (int i
= 0; i
< Size
; ++i
)
428 Map
.insert(std::pair
<int, CountCopyAndMove
>(std::piecewise_construct
,
429 std::forward_as_tuple(i
),
430 std::forward_as_tuple()));
431 // Check that we didn't grow
432 EXPECT_EQ(MemorySize
, Map
.getMemorySize());
433 // Check that move was called the expected number of times
434 EXPECT_EQ(Size
, CountCopyAndMove::Move
);
435 // Check that no copy occurred
436 EXPECT_EQ(0, CountCopyAndMove::Copy
);
440 // Make sure creating the map with a iterator range does not trigger grow()
441 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, InitFromIterator
) {
442 std::vector
<std::pair
<int, CountCopyAndMove
>> Values
;
443 // The size is a random value greater than 64 (hardcoded DenseMap min init)
444 const int Count
= 65;
445 for (int i
= 0; i
< Count
; i
++)
446 Values
.emplace_back(i
, CountCopyAndMove());
448 CountCopyAndMove::Move
= 0;
449 CountCopyAndMove::Copy
= 0;
450 DenseMap
<int, CountCopyAndMove
> Map(Values
.begin(), Values
.end());
451 // Check that no move occurred
452 EXPECT_EQ(0, CountCopyAndMove::Move
);
453 // Check that copy was called the expected number of times
454 EXPECT_EQ(Count
, CountCopyAndMove::Copy
);
457 // Make sure reserve actually gives us enough buckets to insert N items
458 // without increasing allocation size.
459 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, ReserveTest
) {
460 // Test a few different size, 48 is *not* a random choice: we need a value
461 // that is 2/3 of a power of two to stress the grow() condition, and the power
462 // of two has to be at least 64 because of minimum size allocation in the
463 // DenseMap (see DefaultMinReservedSizeTest). 66 is a value just above the
465 for (auto Size
: {1, 2, 48, 66}) {
466 DenseMap
<int, CountCopyAndMove
> Map
;
468 unsigned MemorySize
= Map
.getMemorySize();
469 CountCopyAndMove::Copy
= 0;
470 CountCopyAndMove::Move
= 0;
471 for (int i
= 0; i
< Size
; ++i
)
472 Map
.insert(std::pair
<int, CountCopyAndMove
>(std::piecewise_construct
,
473 std::forward_as_tuple(i
),
474 std::forward_as_tuple()));
475 // Check that we didn't grow
476 EXPECT_EQ(MemorySize
, Map
.getMemorySize());
477 // Check that move was called the expected number of times
478 EXPECT_EQ(Size
, CountCopyAndMove::Move
);
479 // Check that no copy occurred
480 EXPECT_EQ(0, CountCopyAndMove::Copy
);
484 // Make sure DenseMap works with StringRef keys.
485 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, StringRefTest
) {
486 DenseMap
<StringRef
, int> M
;
492 EXPECT_EQ(3u, M
.size());
493 EXPECT_EQ(1, M
.lookup("a"));
494 EXPECT_EQ(2, M
.lookup("b"));
495 EXPECT_EQ(3, M
.lookup("c"));
497 EXPECT_EQ(0, M
.lookup("q"));
499 // Test the empty string, spelled various ways.
500 EXPECT_EQ(0, M
.lookup(""));
501 EXPECT_EQ(0, M
.lookup(StringRef()));
502 EXPECT_EQ(0, M
.lookup(StringRef("a", 0)));
504 EXPECT_EQ(42, M
.lookup(""));
505 EXPECT_EQ(42, M
.lookup(StringRef()));
506 EXPECT_EQ(42, M
.lookup(StringRef("a", 0)));
509 // Key traits that allows lookup with either an unsigned or char* key;
510 // In the latter case, "a" == 0, "b" == 1 and so on.
511 struct TestDenseMapInfo
{
512 static inline unsigned getEmptyKey() { return ~0; }
513 static inline unsigned getTombstoneKey() { return ~0U - 1; }
514 static unsigned getHashValue(const unsigned& Val
) { return Val
* 37U; }
515 static unsigned getHashValue(const char* Val
) {
516 return (unsigned)(Val
[0] - 'a') * 37U;
518 static bool isEqual(const unsigned& LHS
, const unsigned& RHS
) {
521 static bool isEqual(const char* LHS
, const unsigned& RHS
) {
522 return (unsigned)(LHS
[0] - 'a') == RHS
;
527 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, FindAsTest
) {
528 DenseMap
<unsigned, unsigned, TestDenseMapInfo
> map
;
534 EXPECT_EQ(3u, map
.size());
536 // Normal lookup tests
537 EXPECT_EQ(1u, map
.count(1));
538 EXPECT_EQ(1u, map
.find(0)->second
);
539 EXPECT_EQ(2u, map
.find(1)->second
);
540 EXPECT_EQ(3u, map
.find(2)->second
);
541 EXPECT_TRUE(map
.find(3) == map
.end());
544 EXPECT_EQ(1u, map
.find_as("a")->second
);
545 EXPECT_EQ(2u, map
.find_as("b")->second
);
546 EXPECT_EQ(3u, map
.find_as("c")->second
);
547 EXPECT_TRUE(map
.find_as("d") == map
.end());
550 struct ContiguousDenseMapInfo
{
551 static inline unsigned getEmptyKey() { return ~0; }
552 static inline unsigned getTombstoneKey() { return ~0U - 1; }
553 static unsigned getHashValue(const unsigned& Val
) { return Val
; }
554 static bool isEqual(const unsigned& LHS
, const unsigned& RHS
) {
559 // Test that filling a small dense map with exactly the number of elements in
560 // the map grows to have enough space for an empty bucket.
561 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, SmallDenseMapGrowTest
) {
562 SmallDenseMap
<unsigned, unsigned, 32, ContiguousDenseMapInfo
> map
;
563 // Add some number of elements, then delete a few to leave us some tombstones.
564 // If we just filled the map with 32 elements we'd grow because of not enough
565 // tombstones which masks the issue here.
566 for (unsigned i
= 0; i
< 20; ++i
)
568 for (unsigned i
= 0; i
< 10; ++i
)
570 for (unsigned i
= 20; i
< 32; ++i
)
574 EXPECT_EQ(22u, map
.size());
576 // Try to find an element which doesn't exist. There was a bug in
577 // SmallDenseMap which led to a map with num elements == small capacity not
578 // having an empty bucket any more. Finding an element not in the map would
579 // therefore never terminate.
580 EXPECT_TRUE(map
.find(32) == map
.end());
583 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, TryEmplaceTest
) {
584 DenseMap
<int, std::unique_ptr
<int>> Map
;
585 std::unique_ptr
<int> P(new int(2));
586 auto Try1
= Map
.try_emplace(0, new int(1));
587 EXPECT_TRUE(Try1
.second
);
588 auto Try2
= Map
.try_emplace(0, std::move(P
));
589 EXPECT_FALSE(Try2
.second
);
590 EXPECT_EQ(Try1
.first
, Try2
.first
);
591 EXPECT_NE(nullptr, P
);
594 TEST(DenseMapCustomTest
, ConstTest
) {
595 // Test that const pointers work okay for count and find, even when the
596 // underlying map is a non-const pointer.
597 DenseMap
<int *, int> Map
;
602 EXPECT_EQ(Map
.count(B
), 1u);
603 EXPECT_EQ(Map
.count(C
), 1u);
604 EXPECT_NE(Map
.find(B
), Map
.end());
605 EXPECT_NE(Map
.find(C
), Map
.end());