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2 Scudo Hardened Allocator
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12 The Scudo Hardened Allocator is a user-mode allocator based on LLVM Sanitizer's
13 CombinedAllocator, which aims at providing additional mitigations against heap
14 based vulnerabilities, while maintaining good performance.
16 Currently, the allocator supports (was tested on) the following architectures:
18 - i386 (& i686) (32-bit);
22 - MIPS (32-bit & 64-bit).
24 The name "Scudo" has been retained from the initial implementation (Escudo
25 meaning Shield in Spanish and Portuguese).
32 Scudo can be considered a Frontend to the Sanitizers' common allocator (later
33 referenced as the Backend). It is split between a Primary allocator, fast and
34 efficient, that services smaller allocation sizes, and a Secondary allocator
35 that services larger allocation sizes and is backed by the operating system
36 memory mapping primitives.
38 Scudo was designed with security in mind, but aims at striking a good balance
39 between security and performance. It is highly tunable and configurable.
43 Every chunk of heap memory will be preceded by a chunk header. This has two
44 purposes, the first one being to store various information about the chunk,
45 the second one being to detect potential heap overflows. In order to achieve
46 this, the header will be checksummed, involving the pointer to the chunk itself
47 and a global secret. Any corruption of the header will be detected when said
48 header is accessed, and the process terminated.
50 The following information is stored in the header:
52 - the 16-bit checksum;
53 - the class ID for that chunk, which is the "bucket" where the chunk resides
54 for Primary backed allocations, or 0 for Secondary backed allocations;
55 - the size (Primary) or unused bytes amount (Secondary) for that chunk, which is
56 necessary for computing the size of the chunk;
57 - the state of the chunk (available, allocated or quarantined);
58 - the allocation type (malloc, new, new[] or memalign), to detect potential
59 mismatches in the allocation APIs used;
60 - the offset of the chunk, which is the distance in bytes from the beginning of
61 the returned chunk to the beginning of the Backend allocation;
63 This header fits within 8 bytes, on all platforms supported.
65 The checksum is computed as a CRC32 (made faster with hardware support)
66 of the global secret, the chunk pointer itself, and the 8 bytes of header with
67 the checksum field zeroed out. It is not intended to be cryptographically
70 The header is atomically loaded and stored to prevent races. This is important
71 as two consecutive chunks could belong to different threads. We also want to
72 avoid any type of double fetches of information located in the header, and use
73 local copies of the header for this purpose.
77 A delayed freelist allows us to not return a chunk directly to the Backend, but
78 to keep it aside for a while. Once a criterion is met, the delayed freelist is
79 emptied, and the quarantined chunks are returned to the Backend. This helps
80 mitigate use-after-free vulnerabilities by reducing the determinism of the
81 allocation and deallocation patterns.
83 This feature is using the Sanitizer's Quarantine as its base, and the amount of
84 memory that it can hold is configurable by the user (see the Options section
89 It is important for the allocator to not make use of fixed addresses. We use
90 the dynamic base option for the SizeClassAllocator, allowing us to benefit
91 from the randomness of the system memory mapping functions.
98 The allocator static library can be built from the LLVM build tree thanks to
99 the ``scudo`` CMake rule. The associated tests can be exercised thanks to the
100 ``check-scudo`` CMake rule.
102 Linking the static library to your project can require the use of the
103 ``whole-archive`` linker flag (or equivalent), depending on your linker.
104 Additional flags might also be necessary.
106 Your linked binary should now make use of the Scudo allocation and deallocation
109 You may also build Scudo like this:
113 cd $LLVM/projects/compiler-rt/lib
114 clang++ -fPIC -std=c++11 -msse4.2 -O2 -I. scudo/*.cpp \
115 $(\ls sanitizer_common/*.{cc,S} | grep -v "sanitizer_termination\|sanitizer_common_nolibc\|sancov_\|sanitizer_unwind\|sanitizer_symbol") \
116 -shared -o libscudo.so -pthread
118 and then use it with existing binaries as follows:
122 LD_PRELOAD=`pwd`/libscudo.so ./a.out
126 With a recent version of Clang (post rL317337), the allocator can be linked with
127 a binary at compilation using the ``-fsanitize=scudo`` command-line argument, if
128 the target platform is supported. Currently, the only other Sanitizer Scudo is
129 compatible with is UBSan (eg: ``-fsanitize=scudo,undefined``). Compiling with
130 Scudo will also enforce PIE for the output binary.
134 Several aspects of the allocator can be configured on a per process basis
135 through the following ways:
137 - at compile time, by defining ``SCUDO_DEFAULT_OPTIONS`` to the options string
138 you want set by default;
140 - by defining a ``__scudo_default_options`` function in one's program that
141 returns the options string to be parsed. Said function must have the following
142 prototype: ``extern "C" const char* __scudo_default_options(void)``, with a
143 default visibility. This will override the compile time define;
145 - through the environment variable SCUDO_OPTIONS, containing the options string
146 to be parsed. Options defined this way will override any definition made
147 through ``__scudo_default_options``.
149 The options string follows a syntax similar to ASan, where distinct options
150 can be assigned in the same string, separated by colons.
152 For example, using the environment variable:
156 SCUDO_OPTIONS="DeleteSizeMismatch=1:QuarantineSizeKb=64" ./a.out
158 Or using the function:
162 extern "C" const char *__scudo_default_options() {
163 return "DeleteSizeMismatch=1:QuarantineSizeKb=64";
167 The following options are available:
169 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
170 | Option | 64-bit default | 32-bit default | Description |
171 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
172 | QuarantineSizeKb | 256 | 64 | The size (in Kb) of quarantine used to delay |
173 | | | | the actual deallocation of chunks. Lower value |
174 | | | | may reduce memory usage but decrease the |
175 | | | | effectiveness of the mitigation; a negative |
176 | | | | value will fallback to the defaults. Setting |
177 | | | | *both* this and ThreadLocalQuarantineSizeKb to |
178 | | | | zero will disable the quarantine entirely. |
179 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
180 | QuarantineChunksUpToSize | 2048 | 512 | Size (in bytes) up to which chunks can be |
181 | | | | quarantined. |
182 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
183 | ThreadLocalQuarantineSizeKb | 1024 | 256 | The size (in Kb) of per-thread cache use to |
184 | | | | offload the global quarantine. Lower value may |
185 | | | | reduce memory usage but might increase |
186 | | | | contention on the global quarantine. Setting |
187 | | | | *both* this and QuarantineSizeKb to zero will |
188 | | | | disable the quarantine entirely. |
189 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
190 | DeallocationTypeMismatch | true | true | Whether or not we report errors on |
191 | | | | malloc/delete, new/free, new/delete[], etc. |
192 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
193 | DeleteSizeMismatch | true | true | Whether or not we report errors on mismatch |
194 | | | | between sizes of new and delete. |
195 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
196 | ZeroContents | false | false | Whether or not we zero chunk contents on |
197 | | | | allocation and deallocation. |
198 +-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
200 Allocator related common Sanitizer options can also be passed through Scudo
201 options, such as ``allocator_may_return_null`` or ``abort_on_error``. A detailed
202 list including those can be found here:
203 https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/SanitizerCommonFlags.