8 Building with link time optimization requires cooperation from
9 the system linker. LTO support on Linux systems is available via the
10 `gold linker`_ which supports LTO via plugins. This is the same mechanism
11 used by the `GCC LTO`_ project.
13 The LLVM gold plugin implements the gold plugin interface on top of
14 :ref:`libLTO`. The same plugin can also be used by other tools such as
15 ``ar`` and ``nm``. Note that ld.bfd from binutils version 2.21.51.0.2
16 and above also supports LTO via plugins. However, usage of the LLVM
17 gold plugin with ld.bfd is not tested and therefore not officially
18 supported or recommended.
20 .. _`gold linker`: http://sourceware.org/binutils
21 .. _`GCC LTO`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/LinkTimeOptimization
22 .. _`gold plugin interface`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/whopr/driver
29 You need to have gold with plugin support and build the LLVMgold plugin.
30 The gold linker is installed as ld.gold. To see whether gold is the default
31 on your system, run ``/usr/bin/ld -v``. It will report "GNU
32 gold" or else "GNU ld" if not. If gold is already installed at
33 ``/usr/bin/ld.gold``, one option is to simply make that the default by
34 backing up your existing ``/usr/bin/ld`` and creating a symbolic link
35 with ``ln -s /usr/bin/ld.gold /usr/bin/ld``. Alternatively, you can build
36 with clang's ``-fuse-ld=gold`` or add ``-fuse-ld=gold`` to LDFLAGS, which will
37 cause the clang driver to invoke ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` directly.
39 If you have gold installed, check for plugin support by running
40 ``/usr/bin/ld.gold -plugin``. If it complains "missing argument" then
41 you have plugin support. If not, and you get an error such as "unknown option",
42 then you will either need to build gold or install a version with plugin
45 * Download, configure and build gold with plugin support:
49 $ git clone --depth 1 git://sourceware.org/git/binutils-gdb.git binutils
52 $ ../binutils/configure --enable-gold --enable-plugins --disable-werror
55 That should leave you with ``build/gold/ld-new`` which supports
56 the ``-plugin`` option. Running ``make`` will additionally build
57 ``build/binutils/ar`` and ``nm-new`` binaries supporting plugins.
59 Once you're ready to switch to using gold, backup your existing
60 ``/usr/bin/ld`` then replace it with ``ld-new``. Alternatively, install
61 in ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` and use ``-fuse-ld=gold`` as described earlier.
63 Optionally, add ``--enable-gold=default`` to the above configure invocation
64 to automatically install the newly built gold as the default linker with
67 * Build the LLVMgold plugin. Run CMake with
68 ``-DLLVM_BINUTILS_INCDIR=/path/to/binutils/include``. The correct include
69 path will contain the file ``plugin-api.h``.
74 You should produce bitcode files from ``clang`` with the option
75 ``-flto``. This flag will also cause ``clang`` to look for the gold plugin in
76 the ``lib`` directory under its prefix and pass the ``-plugin`` option to
77 ``ld``. It will not look for an alternate linker without ``-fuse-ld=gold``,
78 which is why you otherwise need gold to be the installed system linker in
81 ``ar`` and ``nm`` also accept the ``-plugin`` option and it's possible to
82 to install ``LLVMgold.so`` to ``/usr/lib/bfd-plugins`` for a seamless setup.
83 If you built your own gold, be sure to install the ``ar`` and ``nm-new`` you
84 built to ``/usr/bin``.
87 Example of link time optimization
88 ---------------------------------
90 The following example shows a worked example of the gold plugin mixing LLVM
91 bitcode and native code.
98 extern void foo1(void);
99 extern void foo4(void);
116 extern void foo2(void);
128 --- command lines ---
129 $ clang -flto a.c -c -o a.o # <-- a.o is LLVM bitcode file
130 $ ar q a.a a.o # <-- a.a is an archive with LLVM bitcode
131 $ clang b.c -c -o b.o # <-- b.o is native object file
132 $ clang -flto a.a b.o -o main # <-- link with LLVMgold plugin
134 Gold informs the plugin that foo3 is never referenced outside the IR,
135 leading LLVM to delete that function. However, unlike in the :ref:`libLTO
136 example <libLTO-example>` gold does not currently eliminate foo4.
138 Quickstart for using LTO with autotooled projects
139 =================================================
141 Once your system ``ld``, ``ar``, and ``nm`` all support LLVM bitcode,
142 everything is in place for an easy to use LTO build of autotooled projects:
144 * Follow the instructions :ref:`on how to build LLVMgold.so
147 * Install the newly built binutils to ``$PREFIX``
149 * Copy ``Release/lib/LLVMgold.so`` to ``$PREFIX/lib/bfd-plugins/``
151 * Set environment variables (``$PREFIX`` is where you installed clang and
156 export CC="$PREFIX/bin/clang -flto"
157 export CXX="$PREFIX/bin/clang++ -flto"
158 export AR="$PREFIX/bin/ar"
159 export NM="$PREFIX/bin/nm"
160 export RANLIB=/bin/true #ranlib is not needed, and doesn't support .bc files in .a
162 * Or you can just set your path:
166 export PATH="$PREFIX/bin:$PATH"
167 export CC="clang -flto"
168 export CXX="clang++ -flto"
169 export RANLIB=/bin/true
170 * Configure and build the project as usual:
174 % ./configure && make && make check
176 The environment variable settings may work for non-autotooled projects too,
177 but you may need to set the ``LD`` environment variable as well.
182 Gold is licensed under the GPLv3. LLVMgold uses the interface file
183 ``plugin-api.h`` from gold which means that the resulting ``LLVMgold.so``
184 binary is also GPLv3. This can still be used to link non-GPLv3 programs
185 just as much as gold could without the plugin.