5 This documentation discusses how Polly can be used in Clang to automatically
6 optimize C/C++ code during compilation.
11 Warning: clang/LLVM/Polly need to be in sync (compiled from the same
14 Make Polly available from Clang
15 ===============================
17 Polly is available through clang, opt, and bugpoint, if Polly was checked out
18 into tools/polly before compilation. No further configuration is needed.
23 Optimizing with Polly is as easy as adding -O3 -mllvm -polly to your compiler
24 flags (Polly is not available unless optimizations are enabled, such as
25 -O1,-O2,-O3; Optimizing for size with -Os or -Oz is not recommended).
27 .. code-block:: console
29 clang -O3 -mllvm -polly file.c
31 Automatic OpenMP code generation
32 ================================
34 To automatically detect parallel loops and generate OpenMP code for them you
35 also need to add -mllvm -polly-parallel -lgomp to your CFLAGS.
37 .. code-block:: console
39 clang -O3 -mllvm -polly -mllvm -polly-parallel -lgomp file.c
41 Switching the OpenMP backend
42 ----------------------------
44 The following CL switch allows to choose Polly's OpenMP-backend:
46 -polly-omp-backend[=BACKEND]
47 choose the OpenMP backend; BACKEND can be 'GNU' (the default) or 'LLVM';
49 The OpenMP backends can be further influenced using the following CL switches:
52 -polly-num-threads[=NUM]
53 set the number of threads to use; NUM may be any positive integer (default: 0, which equals automatic/OMP runtime);
55 -polly-scheduling[=SCHED]
56 set the OpenMP scheduling type; SCHED can be 'static', 'dynamic', 'guided' or 'runtime' (the default);
58 -polly-scheduling-chunksize[=CHUNK]
59 set the chunksize (for the selected scheduling type); CHUNK may be any strictly positive integer (otherwise it will default to 1);
61 Note that at the time of writing, the GNU backend may only use the
62 `polly-num-threads` and `polly-scheduling` switches, where the latter also has
63 to be set to "runtime".
65 Example: Use alternative backend with dynamic scheduling, four threads and
66 chunksize of one (additional switches).
68 .. code-block:: console
70 -mllvm -polly-omp-backend=LLVM -mllvm -polly-num-threads=4
71 -mllvm -polly-scheduling=dynamic -mllvm -polly-scheduling-chunksize=1
73 Automatic Vector code generation
74 ================================
76 Automatic vector code generation can be enabled by adding -mllvm
77 -polly-vectorizer=stripmine to your CFLAGS.
79 .. code-block:: console
81 clang -O3 -mllvm -polly -mllvm -polly-vectorizer=stripmine file.c
83 Isolate the Polly passes
84 ========================
86 Polly's analysis and transformation passes are run with many other
87 passes of the pass manager's pipeline. Some of passes that run before
88 Polly are essential for its working, for instance the canonicalization
89 of loop. Therefore Polly is unable to optimize code straight out of
92 To get the LLVM-IR that Polly sees in the optimization pipeline, use the
95 .. code-block:: console
97 clang file.c -c -O3 -mllvm -polly -mllvm -polly-dump-before-file=before-polly.ll
99 This writes a file 'before-polly.ll' containing the LLVM-IR as passed to
100 polly, after SSA transformation, loop canonicalization, inlining and
103 Thereafter, any Polly pass can be run over 'before-polly.ll' using the
104 'opt' tool. To found out which Polly passes are active in the standard
105 pipeline, see the output of
107 .. code-block:: console
109 clang file.c -c -O3 -mllvm -polly -mllvm -debug-pass=Arguments
111 The Polly's passes are those between '-polly-detect' and
112 '-polly-codegen'. Analysis passes can be omitted. At the time of this
113 writing, the default Polly pass pipeline is:
115 .. code-block:: console
117 opt before-polly.ll -polly-simplify -polly-optree -polly-delicm -polly-simplify -polly-prune-unprofitable -polly-opt-isl -polly-codegen
119 Note that this uses LLVM's old/legacy pass manager.
121 For completeness, here are some other methods that generates IR
122 suitable for processing with Polly from C/C++/Objective C source code.
123 The previous method is the recommended one.
125 The following generates unoptimized LLVM-IR ('-O0', which is the
126 default) and runs the canonicalizing passes on it
127 ('-polly-canonicalize'). This does /not/ include all the passes that run
128 before Polly in the default pass pipeline. The '-disable-O0-optnone'
129 option is required because otherwise clang adds an 'optnone' attribute
130 to all functions such that it is skipped by most optimization passes.
131 This is meant to stop LTO builds to optimize these functions in the
132 linking phase anyway.
134 .. code-block:: console
136 clang file.c -c -O0 -Xclang -disable-O0-optnone -emit-llvm -S -o - | opt -polly-canonicalize -S
138 The option '-disable-llvm-passes' disables all LLVM passes, even those
139 that run at -O0. Passing -O1 (or any optimization level other than -O0)
140 avoids that the 'optnone' attribute is added.
142 .. code-block:: console
144 clang file.c -c -O1 -Xclang -disable-llvm-passes -emit-llvm -S -o - | opt -polly-canonicalize -S
146 As another alternative, Polly can be pushed in front of the pass
147 pipeline, and then its output dumped. This implicitly runs the
148 '-polly-canonicalize' passes.
150 .. code-block:: console
152 clang file.c -c -O3 -mllvm -polly -mllvm -polly-position=early -mllvm -polly-dump-before-file=before-polly.ll
156 Polly supports further options that are mainly useful for the development or the
157 analysis of Polly. The relevant options can be added to clang by appending
158 -mllvm -option-name to the CFLAGS or the clang command line.
160 Limit Polly to a single function
161 --------------------------------
163 To limit the execution of Polly to a single function, use the option
164 -polly-only-func=functionname.
166 Disable LLVM-IR generation
167 --------------------------
169 Polly normally regenerates LLVM-IR from the Polyhedral representation. To only
170 see the effects of the preparing transformation, but to disable Polly code
171 generation add the option polly-no-codegen.
173 Graphical view of the SCoPs
174 ---------------------------
175 Polly can use graphviz to show the SCoPs it detects in a program. The relevant
176 options are -polly-show, -polly-show-only, -polly-dot and -polly-dot-only. The
177 'show' options automatically run dotty or another graphviz viewer to show the
178 scops graphically. The 'dot' options store for each function a dot file that
179 highlights the detected SCoPs. If 'only' is appended at the end of the option,
180 the basic blocks are shown without the statements the contain.
182 Change/Disable the Optimizer
183 ----------------------------
185 Polly uses by default the isl scheduling optimizer. The isl optimizer optimizes
186 for data-locality and parallelism using the Pluto algorithm.
187 To disable the optimizer entirely use the option -polly-optimizer=none.
189 Disable tiling in the optimizer
190 -------------------------------
192 By default both optimizers perform tiling, if possible. In case this is not
193 wanted the option -polly-tiling=false can be used to disable it. (This option
194 disables tiling for both optimizers).
199 The flags -polly-import and -polly-export allow the export and reimport of the
200 polyhedral representation. By exporting, modifying and reimporting the
201 polyhedral representation externally calculated transformations can be
202 applied. This enables external optimizers or the manual optimization of
205 Viewing Polly Diagnostics with opt-viewer
206 -----------------------------------------
208 The flag -fsave-optimization-record will generate .opt.yaml files when compiling
209 your program. These yaml files contain information about each emitted remark.
210 Ensure that you have Python 2.7 with PyYaml and Pygments Python Packages.
213 .. code-block:: console
215 llvm/tools/opt-viewer/opt-viewer.py -source-dir /path/to/program/src/ \
216 /path/to/program/src/foo.opt.yaml \
217 /path/to/program/src/bar.opt.yaml \
220 Include all yaml files (use \*.opt.yaml when specifying which yaml files to view)
221 to view all diagnostics from your program in opt-viewer. Compile with `PGO
222 <https://clang.llvm.org/docs/UsersManual.html#profiling-with-instrumentation>`_ to view
223 Hotness information in opt-viewer. Resulting html files can be viewed in an internet browser.