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31 // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
33 // This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
34 // value of any type T:
36 // void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
38 // It uses the << operator when possible, and prints the bytes in the
39 // object otherwise. A user can override its behavior for a class
40 // type Foo by defining either operator<<(::std::ostream&, const Foo&)
41 // or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
44 #include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
48 #include <ostream> // NOLINT
50 #include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
51 #include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
59 // Prints a segment of bytes in the given object.
60 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
61 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
62 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
63 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
64 void PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes
, size_t start
,
65 size_t count
, ostream
* os
) {
67 for (size_t i
= 0; i
!= count
; i
++) {
68 const size_t j
= start
+ i
;
70 // Organizes the bytes into groups of 2 for easy parsing by
77 GTEST_SNPRINTF_(text
, sizeof(text
), "%02X", obj_bytes
[j
]);
82 // Prints the bytes in the given value to the given ostream.
83 void PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(const unsigned char* obj_bytes
, size_t count
,
85 // Tells the user how big the object is.
86 *os
<< count
<< "-byte object <";
88 const size_t kThreshold
= 132;
89 const size_t kChunkSize
= 64;
90 // If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
91 // some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
93 if (count
< kThreshold
) {
94 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes
, 0, count
, os
);
96 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes
, 0, kChunkSize
, os
);
98 // Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
99 const size_t resume_pos
= (count
- kChunkSize
+ 1)/2*2;
100 PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes
, resume_pos
, count
- resume_pos
, os
);
107 namespace internal2
{
109 // Delegates to PrintBytesInObjectToImpl() to print the bytes in the
110 // given object. The delegation simplifies the implementation, which
111 // uses the << operator and thus is easier done outside of the
112 // ::testing::internal namespace, which contains a << operator that
113 // sometimes conflicts with the one in STL.
114 void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes
, size_t count
,
116 PrintBytesInObjectToImpl(obj_bytes
, count
, os
);
119 } // namespace internal2
123 // Depending on the value of a char (or wchar_t), we print it in one
125 // - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
126 // - as a hexadecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
127 // - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
134 // Returns true if c is a printable ASCII character. We test the
135 // value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), which is buggy on
137 inline bool IsPrintableAscii(wchar_t c
) {
138 return 0x20 <= c
&& c
<= 0x7E;
141 // Prints a wide or narrow char c as a character literal without the
142 // quotes, escaping it when necessary; returns how c was formatted.
143 // The template argument UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char,
144 // which is the type of c.
145 template <typename UnsignedChar
, typename Char
>
146 static CharFormat
PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c
, ostream
* os
) {
147 wchar_t w_c
= static_cast<wchar_t>(c
);
180 if (IsPrintableAscii(w_c
)) {
181 *os
<< static_cast<char>(c
);
184 ostream::fmtflags flags
= os
->flags();
185 *os
<< "\\x" << std::hex
<< std::uppercase
186 << static_cast<int>(static_cast<UnsignedChar
>(c
));
191 return kSpecialEscape
;
194 // Prints a wchar_t c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
195 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
196 static CharFormat
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c
, ostream
* os
) {
203 return kSpecialEscape
;
205 return PrintAsCharLiteralTo
<wchar_t>(c
, os
);
209 // Prints a char c as if it's part of a string literal, escaping it when
210 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
211 static CharFormat
PrintAsStringLiteralTo(char c
, ostream
* os
) {
212 return PrintAsStringLiteralTo(
213 static_cast<wchar_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c
)), os
);
216 // Prints a wide or narrow character c and its code. '\0' is printed
217 // as "'\\0'", other unprintable characters are also properly escaped
218 // using the standard C++ escape sequence. The template argument
219 // UnsignedChar is the unsigned version of Char, which is the type of c.
220 template <typename UnsignedChar
, typename Char
>
221 void PrintCharAndCodeTo(Char c
, ostream
* os
) {
222 // First, print c as a literal in the most readable form we can find.
223 *os
<< ((sizeof(c
) > 1) ? "L'" : "'");
224 const CharFormat format
= PrintAsCharLiteralTo
<UnsignedChar
>(c
, os
);
227 // To aid user debugging, we also print c's code in decimal, unless
228 // it's 0 (in which case c was printed as '\\0', making the code
232 *os
<< " (" << static_cast<int>(c
);
234 // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexadecimal,
235 // unless c was already printed in the form '\x##' or the code is in
237 if (format
== kHexEscape
|| (1 <= c
&& c
<= 9)) {
240 *os
<< ", 0x" << String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<int>(c
));
245 void PrintTo(unsigned char c
, ::std::ostream
* os
) {
246 PrintCharAndCodeTo
<unsigned char>(c
, os
);
248 void PrintTo(signed char c
, ::std::ostream
* os
) {
249 PrintCharAndCodeTo
<unsigned char>(c
, os
);
252 // Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
253 // code otherwise and also as its code. L'\0' is printed as "L'\\0'".
254 void PrintTo(wchar_t wc
, ostream
* os
) {
255 PrintCharAndCodeTo
<wchar_t>(wc
, os
);
258 // Prints the given array of characters to the ostream. CharType must be either
260 // The array starts at begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
261 // and may not be NUL-terminated.
262 template <typename CharType
>
263 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
264 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
265 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
266 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
267 static CharFormat
PrintCharsAsStringTo(
268 const CharType
* begin
, size_t len
, ostream
* os
) {
269 const char* const kQuoteBegin
= sizeof(CharType
) == 1 ? "\"" : "L\"";
271 bool is_previous_hex
= false;
272 CharFormat print_format
= kAsIs
;
273 for (size_t index
= 0; index
< len
; ++index
) {
274 const CharType cur
= begin
[index
];
275 if (is_previous_hex
&& IsXDigit(cur
)) {
276 // Previous character is of '\x..' form and this character can be
277 // interpreted as another hexadecimal digit in its number. Break string to
279 *os
<< "\" " << kQuoteBegin
;
281 is_previous_hex
= PrintAsStringLiteralTo(cur
, os
) == kHexEscape
;
282 // Remember if any characters required hex escaping.
283 if (is_previous_hex
) {
284 print_format
= kHexEscape
;
291 // Prints a (const) char/wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
292 // 'begin'. CharType must be either char or wchar_t.
293 template <typename CharType
>
294 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
295 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
296 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_HWADDRESS_
297 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
298 static void UniversalPrintCharArray(
299 const CharType
* begin
, size_t len
, ostream
* os
) {
301 // const char kFoo[] = "foo";
302 // generates an array of 4, not 3, elements, with the last one being '\0'.
304 // Therefore when printing a char array, we don't print the last element if
305 // it's '\0', such that the output matches the string literal as it's
306 // written in the source code.
307 if (len
> 0 && begin
[len
- 1] == '\0') {
308 PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin
, len
- 1, os
);
312 // If, however, the last element in the array is not '\0', e.g.
313 // const char kFoo[] = { 'f', 'o', 'o' };
314 // we must print the entire array. We also print a message to indicate
315 // that the array is not NUL-terminated.
316 PrintCharsAsStringTo(begin
, len
, os
);
317 *os
<< " (no terminating NUL)";
320 // Prints a (const) char array of 'len' elements, starting at address 'begin'.
321 void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin
, size_t len
, ostream
* os
) {
322 UniversalPrintCharArray(begin
, len
, os
);
325 // Prints a (const) wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
327 void UniversalPrintArray(const wchar_t* begin
, size_t len
, ostream
* os
) {
328 UniversalPrintCharArray(begin
, len
, os
);
331 // Prints the given C string to the ostream.
332 void PrintTo(const char* s
, ostream
* os
) {
336 *os
<< ImplicitCast_
<const void*>(s
) << " pointing to ";
337 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s
, strlen(s
), os
);
341 // MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
342 // of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
343 // would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
344 // possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
345 // memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
346 // wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
347 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
348 // Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
349 void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s
, ostream
* os
) {
353 *os
<< ImplicitCast_
<const void*>(s
) << " pointing to ";
354 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s
, wcslen(s
), os
);
357 #endif // wchar_t is native
361 bool ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(const char* str
, size_t length
) {
362 const unsigned char *s
= reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str
);
364 for (size_t i
= 0; i
< length
; i
++) {
365 unsigned char ch
= *s
++;
366 if (std::iscntrl(ch
)) {
380 bool IsUTF8TrailByte(unsigned char t
) { return 0x80 <= t
&& t
<= 0xbf; }
382 bool IsValidUTF8(const char* str
, size_t length
) {
383 const unsigned char *s
= reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str
);
385 for (size_t i
= 0; i
< length
;) {
386 unsigned char lead
= s
[i
++];
389 continue; // single-byte character (ASCII) 0..7F
392 return false; // trail byte or non-shortest form
393 } else if (lead
<= 0xdf && (i
+ 1) <= length
&& IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
])) {
394 ++i
; // 2-byte character
395 } else if (0xe0 <= lead
&& lead
<= 0xef && (i
+ 2) <= length
&&
396 IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
]) &&
397 IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
+ 1]) &&
398 // check for non-shortest form and surrogate
399 (lead
!= 0xe0 || s
[i
] >= 0xa0) &&
400 (lead
!= 0xed || s
[i
] < 0xa0)) {
401 i
+= 2; // 3-byte character
402 } else if (0xf0 <= lead
&& lead
<= 0xf4 && (i
+ 3) <= length
&&
403 IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
]) &&
404 IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
+ 1]) &&
405 IsUTF8TrailByte(s
[i
+ 2]) &&
406 // check for non-shortest form
407 (lead
!= 0xf0 || s
[i
] >= 0x90) &&
408 (lead
!= 0xf4 || s
[i
] < 0x90)) {
409 i
+= 3; // 4-byte character
417 void ConditionalPrintAsText(const char* str
, size_t length
, ostream
* os
) {
418 if (!ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(str
, length
) &&
419 IsValidUTF8(str
, length
)) {
420 *os
<< "\n As Text: \"" << str
<< "\"";
424 } // anonymous namespace
426 void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string
& s
, ostream
* os
) {
427 if (PrintCharsAsStringTo(s
.data(), s
.size(), os
) == kHexEscape
) {
428 if (GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8
)) {
429 ConditionalPrintAsText(s
.data(), s
.size(), os
);
434 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
435 void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring
& s
, ostream
* os
) {
436 PrintCharsAsStringTo(s
.data(), s
.size(), os
);
438 #endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
440 } // namespace internal
442 } // namespace testing