11 The TypeSanitizer is a detector for strict type aliasing violations. It consists of a compiler
12 instrumentation module and a run-time library. C/C++ has type-based aliasing rules, and LLVM
13 can exploit these for optimizations given the TBAA metadata Clang emits. In general, a pointer
14 of a given type cannot access an object of a different type, with only a few exceptions.
16 These rules aren't always apparent to users, which leads to code that violates these rules
17 (e.g. for type punning). This can lead to optimization passes introducing bugs unless the
18 code is build with ``-fno-strict-aliasing``, sacrificing performance.
20 TypeSanitizer is built to catch when these strict aliasing rules have been violated, helping
21 users find where such bugs originate in their code despite the code looking valid at first glance.
23 As TypeSanitizer is still experimental, it can currently have a large impact on runtime speed,
24 memory use, and code size. It also has a large compile-time overhead. Work is being done to
27 The TypeSanitizer Algorithm
28 ===========================
29 For each TBAA type-access descriptor, encoded in LLVM IR using TBAA Metadata, the instrumentation
30 pass generates descriptor tales. Thus there is a unique pointer to each type (and access descriptor).
31 These tables are comdat (except for anonymous-namespace types), so the pointer values are unique
34 The descriptors refer to other descriptors to form a type aliasing tree, like how LLVM's TBAA data
37 The runtime uses 8 bytes of shadow memory, the size of the pointer to the type descriptor, for
38 every byte of accessed data in the program. The first byte of a type will have its shadow memory
39 be set to the pointer to its type descriptor. Aside from that, there are some other values it may be.
41 * 0 is used to represent an unknown type
42 * Negative numbers represent an interior byte: A byte inside a type that is not the first one. As an
43 example, a value of -2 means you are in the third byte of a type.
45 The Instrumentation first checks for an exact match between the type of the current access and the
46 type for that address in the shadow memory. This can quickly be done by checking pointer values. If
47 it matches, it checks the remaining shadow memory of the type to ensure they are the correct negative
48 numbers. If this fails, it calls the "slow path" check. If the exact match fails, we check to see if
49 the value, and the remainder of the shadow bytes, is 0. If they are, we can set the shadow memory to
50 the correct type descriptor pointer for the first byte, and the correct negative numbers for the rest
53 If the type in shadow memory is neither an exact match nor 0, we call the slower runtime check. It
54 uses the full TBAA algorithm, just as the compiler does, to determine when two types are permitted to
57 The instrumentation pass inserts calls to the memset intrinsic to set the memory updated by memset,
58 memcpy, and memmove, as well as allocas/byval (and for lifetime.start/end) to reset the shadow memory
59 to reflect that the type is now unknown. The runtime intercepts memset, memcpy, etc. to perform the
60 same function for the library calls.
65 Build LLVM/Clang with `CMake <https://llvm.org/docs/CMake.html>`_ and enable
66 the ``compiler-rt`` runtime. An example CMake configuration that will allow
67 for the use/testing of TypeSanitizer:
69 .. code-block:: console
71 $ cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang" -DLLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES="compiler-rt" <path to source>/llvm
76 Compile and link your program with ``-fsanitize=type`` flag. The
77 TypeSanitizer run-time library should be linked to the final executable, so
78 make sure to use ``clang`` (not ``ld``) for the final link step. To
79 get a reasonable performance add ``-O1`` or higher.
80 TypeSanitizer by default doesn't print the full stack trace in error messages. Use ``TYSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1``
81 to print the full trace. To get nicer stack traces in error messages add ``-fno-omit-frame-pointer`` and
82 ``-g``. To get perfect stack traces you may need to disable inlining (just use ``-O1``) and tail call elimination
83 (``-fno-optimize-sibling-calls``).
85 .. code-block:: console
87 % cat example_AliasViolation.c
88 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
90 float *y = (float*)&x;
91 *y += 2.0f; // Strict aliasing violation
96 % clang++ -g -fsanitize=type example_AliasViolation.cc
98 The program will print an error message to ``stderr`` each time a strict aliasing violation is detected.
99 The program won't terminate, which will allow you to detect many strict aliasing violations in one
102 .. code-block:: console
105 ==1375532==ERROR: TypeSanitizer: type-aliasing-violation on address 0x7ffeebf1a72c (pc 0x5b3b1145ff41 bp 0x7ffeebf1a660 sp 0x7ffeebf19e08 tid 1375532)
106 READ of size 4 at 0x7ffeebf1a72c with type float accesses an existing object of type int
107 #0 0x5b3b1145ff40 in main example_AliasViolation.c:4:10
109 ==1375532==ERROR: TypeSanitizer: type-aliasing-violation on address 0x7ffeebf1a72c (pc 0x5b3b1146008a bp 0x7ffeebf1a660 sp 0x7ffeebf19e08 tid 1375532)
110 WRITE of size 4 at 0x7ffeebf1a72c with type float accesses an existing object of type int
111 #0 0x5b3b11460089 in main example_AliasViolation.c:4:10
116 There are some terms that may appear in TypeSanitizer errors that are derived from
117 `TBAA Metadata <https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#tbaa-metadata>`. This section hopes to provide a
118 brief dictionary of these terms.
120 * ``omnipotent char``: This is a special type which can alias with anything. Its name comes from the C/C++
122 * ``type p[x]``: This signifies pointers to the type. ``x`` is the number of indirections to reach the final value.
123 As an example, a pointer to a pointer to an integer would be ``type p2 int``.
125 TypeSanitizer is still experimental. User-facing error messages should be improved in the future to remove
126 references to LLVM IR specific terms.
131 ``__has_feature(type_sanitizer)``
132 ------------------------------------
134 In some cases one may need to execute different code depending on whether
135 TypeSanitizer is enabled.
136 :ref:`\_\_has\_feature <langext-__has_feature-__has_extension>` can be used for
141 #if defined(__has_feature)
142 # if __has_feature(type_sanitizer)
143 // code that builds only under TypeSanitizer
147 ``__attribute__((no_sanitize("type")))``
148 -----------------------------------------------
150 Some code you may not want to be instrumented by TypeSanitizer. One may use the
151 function attribute ``no_sanitize("type")`` to disable instrumenting type aliasing.
152 It is possible, depending on what happens in non-instrumented code, that instrumented code
153 emits false-positives/ false-negatives. This attribute may not be supported by other
154 compilers, so we suggest to use it together with ``__has_feature(type_sanitizer)``.
156 ``__attribute__((disable_sanitizer_instrumentation))``
157 --------------------------------------------------------
159 The ``disable_sanitizer_instrumentation`` attribute can be applied to functions
160 to prevent all kinds of instrumentation. As a result, it may introduce false
161 positives and incorrect stack traces. Therefore, it should be used with care,
162 and only if absolutely required; for example for certain code that cannot
163 tolerate any instrumentation and resulting side-effects. This attribute
164 overrides ``no_sanitize("type")``.
169 TypeSanitizer supports ``src`` and ``fun`` entity types in
170 :doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList`, that can be used to suppress aliasing
171 violation reports in the specified source files or functions. Like
172 with other methods of ignoring instrumentation, this can result in false
173 positives/ false-negatives.
178 * TypeSanitizer uses more real memory than a native run. It uses 8 bytes of
179 shadow memory for each byte of user memory.
180 * There are transformation passes which run before TypeSanitizer. If these
181 passes optimize out an aliasing violation, TypeSanitizer cannot catch it.
182 * Currently, all instrumentation is inlined. This can result in a **15x**
183 (on average) increase in generated file size, and **3x** to **7x** increase
184 in compile time. In some documented cases this can cause the compiler to hang.
185 There are plans to improve this in the future.
186 * Codebases that use unions and struct-initialized variables can see incorrect
187 results, as TypeSanitizer doesn't yet instrument these reliably.
188 * Since Clang & LLVM's TBAA system is used to generate the checks used by the
189 instrumentation, TypeSanitizer follows Clang & LLVM's rules for type aliasing.
190 There may be situations where that disagrees with the standard. However this
191 does at least mean that TypeSanitizer will catch any aliasing violations that
192 would cause bugs when compiling with Clang & LLVM.
193 * TypeSanitizer cannot currently be run alongside other sanitizers such as
194 AddressSanitizer, ThreadSanitizer or UndefinedBehaviourSanitizer.
199 TypeSanitizer is brand new, and still in development. There are some known
200 issues, especially in areas where Clang's emitted TBAA data isn't extensive
201 enough for TypeSanitizer's runtime.
203 We are actively working on enhancing the tool --- stay tuned. Any help,
204 issues, pull requests, ideas, is more than welcome. You can find the
205 `issue tracker here. <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20state%3Aopen%20TySan%20label%3Acompiler-rt%3Atysan>`_