4 The analyzer "Store" represents the contents of memory regions. It is an opaque
5 functional data structure stored in each ``ProgramState``; the only class that
6 can modify the store is its associated StoreManager.
8 Currently (Feb. 2013), the only StoreManager implementation being used is
9 ``RegionStoreManager``. This store records bindings to memory regions using a
10 "base region + offset" key. (This allows ``*p`` and ``p[0]`` to map to the same
11 location, among other benefits.)
13 Regions are grouped into "clusters", which roughly correspond to "regions with
14 the same base region". This allows certain operations to be more efficient,
17 Regions that do not have a known offset use a special "symbolic" offset. These
18 keys store both the original region, and the "concrete offset region" -- the
19 last region whose offset is entirely concrete. (For example, in the expression
20 ``foo.bar[1][i].baz``, the concrete offset region is the array ``foo.bar[1]``,
21 since that has a known offset from the start of the top-level ``foo`` struct.)
27 Supporting both concrete and symbolic offsets makes things a bit tricky. Here's
36 After the third assignment, nothing can be said about the value of ``foo[0]``,
37 because ``foo[i]`` may have overwritten it! Thus, *binding to a region with a
38 symbolic offset invalidates the entire concrete offset region.* We know
39 ``foo[i]`` is somewhere within ``foo``, so we don't have to invalidate
40 anything else, but we do have to be conservative about all other bindings within
43 Continuing the example:
50 After this latest assignment, nothing can be said about the value of ``foo[i]``,
51 because ``foo[0]`` may have overwritten it! *Binding to a region R with a
52 concrete offset invalidates any symbolic offset bindings whose concrete offset
53 region is a super-region **or** sub-region of R.* All we know about ``foo[i]``
54 is that it is somewhere within ``foo``, so changing *anything* within ``foo``
55 might change ``foo[i]``, and changing *all* of ``foo`` (or its base region) will
56 *definitely* change ``foo[i]``.
58 This logic could be improved by using the current constraints on ``i``, at the
59 cost of speed. The latter case could also be improved by matching region kinds,
60 i.e. changing ``foo[0].a`` is unlikely to affect ``foo[i].b``, no matter what
63 For more detail, read through ``RegionStoreManager::removeSubRegionBindings`` in
70 Objective-C instance variables require a bit of special handling. Like struct
71 fields, they are not base regions, and when their parent object region is
72 invalidated, all the instance variables must be invalidated as well. However,
73 they have no concrete compile-time offsets (in the modern, "non-fragile"
74 runtime), and so cannot easily be represented as an offset from the start of
75 the object in the analyzer. Moreover, this means that invalidating a single
76 instance variable should *not* invalidate the rest of the object, since unlike
77 struct fields or array elements there is no way to perform pointer arithmetic
78 to access another instance variable.
80 Consequently, although the base region of an ObjCIvarRegion is the entire
81 object, RegionStore offsets are computed from the start of the instance
82 variable. Thus it is not valid to assume that all bindings with non-symbolic
83 offsets start from the base region!
89 Unlike binding invalidation, region invalidation occurs when the entire
90 contents of a region may have changed---say, because it has been passed to a
91 function the analyzer can model, like memcpy, or because its address has
92 escaped, usually as an argument to an opaque function call. In these cases we
93 need to throw away not just all bindings within the region itself, but within
94 its entire cluster, since neighboring regions may be accessed via pointer
97 Region invalidation typically does even more than this, however. Because it
98 usually represents the complete escape of a region from the analyzer's model,
99 its *contents* must also be transitively invalidated. (For example, if a region
100 ``p`` of type ``int **`` is invalidated, the contents of ``*p`` and ``**p`` may
101 have changed as well.) The algorithm that traverses this transitive closure of
102 accessible regions is known as ClusterAnalysis, and is also used for finding
103 all live bindings in the store (in order to throw away the dead ones). The name
104 "ClusterAnalysis" predates the cluster-based organization of bindings, but
105 refers to the same concept: during invalidation and liveness analysis, all
106 bindings within a cluster must be treated in the same way for a conservative
107 model of program behavior.
113 Most bindings in RegionStore are simple scalar values -- integers and pointers.
114 These are known as "Direct" bindings. However, RegionStore supports a second
115 type of binding called a "Default" binding. These are used to provide values to
116 all the elements of an aggregate type (struct or array) without having to
117 explicitly specify a binding for each individual element.
119 When there is no Direct binding for a particular region, the store manager
120 looks at each super-region in turn to see if there is a Default binding. If so,
121 this value is used as the value of the original region. The search ends when
122 the base region is reached, at which point the RegionStore will pick an
123 appropriate default value for the region (usually a symbolic value, but
124 sometimes zero, for static data, or "uninitialized", for stack variables).
129 manyInts[1] = 42; // Creates a Direct binding for manyInts[1].
130 print(manyInts[1]); // Retrieves the Direct binding for manyInts[1];
131 print(manyInts[0]); // There is no Direct binding for manyInts[0].
132 // Is there a Default binding for the entire array?
133 // There is not, but it is a stack variable, so we use
134 // "uninitialized" as the default value (and emit a
137 NOTE: The fact that bindings are stored as a base region plus an offset limits
138 the Default Binding strategy, because in C aggregates can contain other
139 aggregates. In the current implementation of RegionStore, there is no way to
140 distinguish a Default binding for an entire aggregate from a Default binding
141 for the sub-aggregate at offset 0.
144 Lazy Bindings (LazyCompoundVal)
145 -------------------------------
147 RegionStore implements an optimization for copying aggregates (structs and
148 arrays) called "lazy bindings", implemented using a special SVal called
149 LazyCompoundVal. When the store is asked for the "binding" for an entire
150 aggregate (i.e. for an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion), it returns a
151 LazyCompoundVal instead. When this value is then stored into a variable, it is
152 bound as a Default value. This makes copying arrays and structs much cheaper
153 than if they had required memberwise access.
155 Under the hood, a LazyCompoundVal is implemented as a uniqued pair of (region,
156 store), representing "the value of the region during this 'snapshot' of the
157 store". This has important implications for any sort of liveness or
158 reachability analysis, which must take the bindings in the old store into
161 Retrieving a value from a lazy binding happens in the same way as any other
162 Default binding: since there is no direct binding, the store manager falls back
163 to super-regions to look for an appropriate default binding. LazyCompoundVal
164 differs from a normal default binding, however, in that it contains several
165 different values, instead of one value that will appear several times. Because
166 of this, the store manager has to reconstruct the subregion chain on top of the
167 LazyCompoundVal region, and look up *that* region in the previous store.
169 Here's a concrete example:
174 p.x = 42; // A Direct binding is made to the FieldRegion 'p.x'.
175 CGPoint p2 = p; // A LazyCompoundVal is created for 'p', along with a
176 // snapshot of the current store state. This value is then
177 // used as a Default binding for the VarRegion 'p2'.
178 return p2.x; // The binding for FieldRegion 'p2.x' is requested.
179 // There is no Direct binding, so we look for a Default
180 // binding to 'p2' and find the LCV.
181 // Because it's a LCV, we look at our requested region
182 // and see that it's the '.x' field. We ask for the value
183 // of 'p.x' within the snapshot, and get back 42.