8 Starting with C++20 the ``<chrono>`` library has support for time zones.
9 These are available in the
10 `IANA Time Zone Database <https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tz-link.html>`_.
11 This page describes the design decisions and trade-offs made to implement this
12 feature. This page contains several links with more information regarding the
13 contents of the IANA database, this page assumes the reader is familiar with
16 Which version of the Time Zone Database to use
17 ==============================================
19 The data of the database is available on several platforms in different forms:
21 - Typically Unix systems ship the database as
22 `TZif files <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8536.html>`_. This format has
23 3 versions and the ``time_zone_link`` information is not always available.
24 If available, they are symlinks in the file system.
25 These files don't provide the database version information. This information
26 is needed for the functions ``std::chrono:: remote_version()`` and
27 ``std::chrono::reload_tzdb()``.
29 - On several Unix systems the time zone source files are available. These files
30 are stored in several regions, mainly the continents. This file contains a
31 large amount of comment with historical information regarding time zones.
32 The format is documented in the
33 `IANA documentation <https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tz-how-to.html>`_
34 and in the `man page <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/zic.8.html>`_ of zic.
35 The disadvantage of this version is that at least Linux versions don't have
36 the database version information. This information is needed for the functions
37 ``std::chrono:: remote_version()`` and ``std::chrono::reload_tzdb()``.
39 - On Linux systems ``tzdata.zi`` is available. This contains the same
40 information as the source files but in one file without the comments. This
41 file uses the same format as the sources, but shortens the names. For example
42 ``Rule`` is abbreviated to ``R``. This file contains the database version
45 The disadvantage of the ``TZif`` format (which is a binary format) is that it's
46 not possible to get the proper ``time_zone_link`` information on all platforms.
47 The time zone database version number is also missing from ``TZif`` files.
48 Since the time zone database is supposed to contain both these informations,
49 ``TZif`` files can't be used to create a conforming implementation.
51 Since it's easier to parse one file than a set of files we decided
52 to use the ``tzdata.zi``. The other benefit is that the ``tzdata.zi`` file
53 contains the database version information needed for a conforming
56 The ``tzdata.zi`` file is not available on all platforms as of August 2023, so
57 some vendors will need to make changes to their platform. Most vendors already
58 ship the database, so they only need to adjust the packaging of their time zone
59 package to include the files we require. One notable exception is Windows,
60 where no IANA time zone database is provided at all. However it's possible for
61 Windows packagers to add these files to their libc++ packages. The IANA
63 `downloaded <https://data.iana.org/time-zones/releases/>`_.
65 An alternative would be to ship the database with libc++, either as a file or
66 compiled in the dylib. The text file is about 112 KB. For now libc++ will not
67 ship this file. If it's hard to get vendors to ship these files we can
68 reconsider based on that information.
73 For the leap seconds libc++ will use the source file ``leap-seconds.list``.
74 This file is easier to parse than the ``leapseconds`` file. Both files are
75 present on Linux, but not always on other platforms. Since these platforms need
76 to change their packaging for ``tzdata.zi``, adding two instead of one files
80 Updating the Time Zone Database
81 ===============================
83 Per `[time.zone.db.remote]/1 <http://eel.is/c++draft/time.zone#db.remote-1>`_
87 The local time zone database is that supplied by the implementation when the
88 program first accesses the database, for example via current_zone(). While the
89 program is running, the implementation may choose to update the time zone
90 database. This update shall not impact the program in any way unless the
91 program calls the functions in this subclause. This potentially updated time
92 zone database is referred to as the remote time zone database.
94 There is an update mechanism in libc++, however this is not done automatically.
95 Invoking the function ``std::chrono::remote_version()`` will parse the version
96 information of the ``tzdata.zi`` file and return that information. Similarly,
97 ``std::chrono::reload_tzdb()`` will parse the ``tzdata.zi`` and
98 ``leap-seconds.list`` again. This makes it possible to update the database if
99 needed by the application and gives the user full power over the update policy.
101 This approach has several advantages:
103 - It is simple to implement.
104 - The library does not need to start a periodic background process to poll
105 changes to the filesystem. When using a background process, it may become
106 active when the application is busy with its core task, taking away resources
108 - If there is no threading available this polling
109 becomes more involved. For example, query the file every *x* calls to
110 ``std::chrono::get_tzdb()``. This mean calls to ``std::chrono::get_tzdb()``
111 would have different performance characteristics.
113 The small drawback is:
115 - On platforms with threading enabled updating the database may take longer.
116 On these platforms the remote database could have been loaded in a background
119 Another issue with the automatic update is that it may not be considered
120 Standard compliant, since the Standard uses the wording "This update shall not
121 impact the program in any way". Using resources could be considered as
122 impacting the program.