1 Linker Script implementation notes and policy
2 =============================================
4 LLD implements a large subset of the GNU ld linker script notation. The LLD
5 implementation policy is to implement linker script features as they are
6 documented in the ld `manual <https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/Scripts.html>`_
7 We consider it a bug if the lld implementation does not agree with the manual
8 and it is not mentioned in the exceptions below.
10 The ld manual is not a complete specification, and is not sufficient to build
11 an implementation. In particular some features are only defined by the
12 implementation and have changed over time.
14 The lld implementation policy for properties of linker scripts that are not
15 defined by the documentation is to follow the GNU ld implementation wherever
16 possible. We reserve the right to make different implementation choices where
17 it is appropriate for LLD. Intentional deviations will be documented in this
23 A symbol assignment looks like:
30 The first form defines ``symbol``. If ``symbol`` is already defined, it will be
31 overridden. The other form requires ``symbol`` to be already defined.
33 For a simple assignment like ``alias = aliasee;``, the ``st_type`` field is
34 copied from the original symbol. Any arithmetic operation (e.g. ``+ 0`` will
35 reset ``st_type`` to ``STT_NOTYPE``.
37 The ``st_size`` field is set to 0.
42 A ``SECTIONS`` command looks like:
50 } [INSERT [AFTER|BEFORE] anchor_section;]
52 Each section-command can be a symbol assignment, an output section description,
53 or an overlay description.
55 When the ``INSERT`` keyword is present, the ``SECTIONS`` command describes some
56 output sections which should be inserted after or before the specified anchor
57 section. The insertion occurs after input sections have been mapped to output
58 sections but before orphan sections have been processed.
60 In the case where no linker script has been provided or every ``SECTIONS``
61 command is followed by ``INSERT``, LLD applies built-in rules which are similar
62 to GNU ld's internal linker scripts.
64 - Align the first section in a ``PT_LOAD`` segment according to
65 ``-z noseparate-code``, ``-z separate-code``, or
66 ``-z separate-loadable-segments``
67 - Define ``__bss_start``, ``end``, ``_end``, ``etext``, ``_etext``, ``edata``,
69 - Sort ``.ctors.*``/``.dtors.*``/``.init_array.*``/``.fini_array.*`` and
70 PowerPC64 specific ``.toc``
71 - Place input ``.text.*`` into output ``.text``, and handle certain variants
72 (``.text.hot.``, ``.text.unknown.``, ``.text.unlikely.``, etc) in the
73 presence of ``-z keep-text-section-prefix``.
75 Output section description
76 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
78 The description of an output section looks like:
82 section [address] [(type)] : [AT(lma)] [ALIGN(section_align)] [SUBALIGN](subsection_align)] {
83 output-section-command
85 } [>region] [AT>lma_region] [:phdr ...] [=fillexp] [,]
87 Output section address
88 ----------------------
90 When an *OutputSection* *S* has ``address``, LLD will set sh_addr to ``address``.
92 The ELF specification says:
94 > The value of sh_addr must be congruent to 0, modulo the value of sh_addralign.
96 The presence of ``address`` can cause the condition unsatisfied. LLD will warn.
97 GNU ld from Binutils 2.35 onwards will reduce sh_addralign so that
98 sh_addr=0 (modulo sh_addralign).
103 When an *OutputSection* *S* has ``(type)``, LLD will set ``sh_type`` or
104 ``sh_flags`` of *S*. ``type`` is one of:
106 - ``NOLOAD``: set ``sh_type`` to ``SHT_NOBITS``.
107 - ``COPY``, ``INFO``, ``OVERLAY``: clear the ``SHF_ALLOC`` bit in ``sh_flags``.
108 - ``TYPE=<value>``: set ``sh_type`` to the specified value. ``<value>`` must be
109 an integer or one of ``SHT_PROGBITS, SHT_NOTE, SHT_NOBITS, SHT_INIT_ARRAY,
110 SHT_FINI_ARRAY, SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY``.
112 When ``sh_type`` is specified, it is an error if an input section in *S* has a
115 Output section alignment
116 ------------------------
118 sh_addralign of an *OutputSection* *S* is the maximum of
119 ``ALIGN(section_align)`` and the maximum alignment of the input sections in
122 When an *OutputSection* *S* has both ``address`` and ``ALIGN(section_align)``,
123 GNU ld will set sh_addralign to ``ALIGN(section_align)``.
128 A load address (LMA) can be specified by ``AT(lma)`` or ``AT>lma_region``.
130 - ``AT(lma)`` specifies the exact load address. If the linker script does not
131 have a PHDRS command, then a new loadable segment will be generated.
132 - ``AT>lma_region`` specifies the LMA region. The lack of ``AT>lma_region``
133 means the default region is used. Note, GNU ld propagates the previous LMA
134 memory region when ``address`` is not specified. The LMA is set to the
135 current location of the memory region aligned to the section alignment.
136 If the linker script does not have a PHDRS command, then if
137 ``lma_region`` is different from the ``lma_region`` for
138 the previous OutputSection a new loadable segment will be generated.
140 The two keywords cannot be specified at the same time.
142 If neither ``AT(lma)`` nor ``AT>lma_region`` is specified:
144 - If the previous section is also in the default LMA region, and the two
145 section have the same memory regions, the difference between the LMA and the
146 VMA is computed to be the same as the previous difference.
147 - Otherwise, the LMA is set to the VMA.
152 An ``OVERWRITE_SECTIONS`` command looks like:
157 output-section-description
158 output-section-description
162 Unlike a ``SECTIONS`` command, ``OVERWRITE_SECTIONS`` does not specify a
163 section order or suppress the built-in rules.
165 If a described output section description also appears in a ``SECTIONS``
166 command, the ``OVERWRITE_SECTIONS`` command wins; otherwise, the output section
167 will be added somewhere following the usual orphan section placement rules.
169 If a described output section description also appears in an ``INSERT
170 [AFTER|BEFORE]`` command, the description will be provided by the
171 description in the ``OVERWRITE_SECTIONS`` command while the insert command
172 still applies (possibly after orphan section placement). It is recommended to
173 leave the brace empty (i.e. ``section : {}``) for the insert command, because
174 its description will be ignored anyway.
179 ``DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(offset, exp)`` defines the end of the ``PT_GNU_RELRO``
180 segment when ``-z relro`` (default) is in effect. Sections between
181 ``DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN`` and ``DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END`` are considered RELRO.
183 The typical use case is ``. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(0, .);`` followed by
184 writable but non-RELRO sections. LLD ignores ``offset`` and ``exp`` and aligns
185 the current location to a max-page-size boundary, ensuring that the next
186 ``PT_LOAD`` segment will not overlap with the ``PT_GNU_RELRO`` segment.
188 LLD will insert ``.relro_padding`` immediately before the symbol assignment
189 using ``DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END``.