8 DataFlowSanitizerDesign
16 DataFlowSanitizer is a generalised dynamic data flow analysis.
18 Unlike other Sanitizer tools, this tool is not designed to detect a
19 specific class of bugs on its own. Instead, it provides a generic
20 dynamic data flow analysis framework to be used by clients to help
21 detect application-specific issues within their own code.
23 How to build libc++ with DFSan
24 ==============================
26 DFSan requires either all of your code to be instrumented or for uninstrumented
27 functions to be listed as ``uninstrumented`` in the `ABI list`_.
29 If you'd like to have instrumented libc++ functions, then you need to build it
30 with DFSan instrumentation from source. Here is an example of how to build
31 libc++ and the libc++ ABI with data flow sanitizer instrumentation.
33 .. code-block:: console
37 # An example using ninja
38 cmake -GNinja path/to/llvm-project/llvm \
39 -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang \
40 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \
41 -DLLVM_USE_SANITIZER="DataFlow" \
42 -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBCXX=ON \
43 -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="libcxx;libcxxabi"
47 Note: Ensure you are building with a sufficiently new version of Clang.
52 With no program changes, applying DataFlowSanitizer to a program
53 will not alter its behavior. To use DataFlowSanitizer, the program
54 uses API functions to apply tags to data to cause it to be tracked, and to
55 check the tag of a specific data item. DataFlowSanitizer manages
56 the propagation of tags through the program according to its data flow.
58 The APIs are defined in the header file ``sanitizer/dfsan_interface.h``.
59 For further information about each function, please refer to the header
67 DataFlowSanitizer uses a list of functions known as an ABI list to decide
68 whether a call to a specific function should use the operating system's native
69 ABI or whether it should use a variant of this ABI that also propagates labels
70 through function parameters and return values. The ABI list file also controls
71 how labels are propagated in the former case. DataFlowSanitizer comes with a
72 default ABI list which is intended to eventually cover the glibc library on
73 Linux but it may become necessary for users to extend the ABI list in cases
74 where a particular library or function cannot be instrumented (e.g. because
75 it is implemented in assembly or another language which DataFlowSanitizer does
76 not support) or a function is called from a library or function which cannot
79 DataFlowSanitizer's ABI list file is a :doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList`.
80 The pass treats every function in the ``uninstrumented`` category in the
81 ABI list file as conforming to the native ABI. Unless the ABI list contains
82 additional categories for those functions, a call to one of those functions
83 will produce a warning message, as the labelling behavior of the function
84 is unknown. The other supported categories are ``discard``, ``functional``
87 * ``discard`` -- To the extent that this function writes to (user-accessible)
88 memory, it also updates labels in shadow memory (this condition is trivially
89 satisfied for functions which do not write to user-accessible memory). Its
90 return value is unlabelled.
91 * ``functional`` -- Like ``discard``, except that the label of its return value
92 is the union of the label of its arguments.
93 * ``custom`` -- Instead of calling the function, a custom wrapper ``__dfsw_F``
94 is called, where ``F`` is the name of the function. This function may wrap
95 the original function or provide its own implementation. This category is
96 generally used for uninstrumentable functions which write to user-accessible
97 memory or which have more complex label propagation behavior. The signature
98 of ``__dfsw_F`` is based on that of ``F`` with each argument having a
99 label of type ``dfsan_label`` appended to the argument list. If ``F``
100 is of non-void return type a final argument of type ``dfsan_label *``
101 is appended to which the custom function can store the label for the
102 return value. For example:
107 void __dfsw_f(int x, dfsan_label x_label);
109 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);
110 void *__dfsw_memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n,
111 dfsan_label dest_label, dfsan_label src_label,
112 dfsan_label n_label, dfsan_label *ret_label);
114 If a function defined in the translation unit being compiled belongs to the
115 ``uninstrumented`` category, it will be compiled so as to conform to the
116 native ABI. Its arguments will be assumed to be unlabelled, but it will
117 propagate labels in shadow memory.
123 # main is called by the C runtime using the native ABI.
124 fun:main=uninstrumented
127 # malloc only writes to its internal data structures, not user-accessible memory.
128 fun:malloc=uninstrumented
131 # tolower is a pure function.
132 fun:tolower=uninstrumented
133 fun:tolower=functional
135 # memcpy needs to copy the shadow from the source to the destination region.
136 # This is done in a custom function.
137 fun:memcpy=uninstrumented
143 The following program demonstrates label propagation by checking that
144 the correct labels are propagated.
148 #include <sanitizer/dfsan_interface.h>
153 dfsan_label i_label = dfsan_create_label("i", 0);
154 dfsan_set_label(i_label, &i, sizeof(i));
157 dfsan_label j_label = dfsan_create_label("j", 0);
158 dfsan_set_label(j_label, &j, sizeof(j));
161 dfsan_label k_label = dfsan_create_label("k", 0);
162 dfsan_set_label(k_label, &k, sizeof(k));
164 dfsan_label ij_label = dfsan_get_label(i + j);
165 assert(dfsan_has_label(ij_label, i_label));
166 assert(dfsan_has_label(ij_label, j_label));
167 assert(!dfsan_has_label(ij_label, k_label));
169 dfsan_label ijk_label = dfsan_get_label(i + j + k);
170 assert(dfsan_has_label(ijk_label, i_label));
171 assert(dfsan_has_label(ijk_label, j_label));
172 assert(dfsan_has_label(ijk_label, k_label));
180 If you need 16 or fewer labels, you can use fast16labels instrumentation for
181 less CPU and code size overhead. To use fast16labels instrumentation, you'll
182 need to specify `-fsanitize=dataflow -mllvm -dfsan-fast-16-labels` in your
183 compile and link commands and use a modified API for creating and managing
186 In fast16labels mode, base labels are simply 16-bit unsigned integers that are
187 powers of 2 (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 32768), and union labels are created by ORing
188 base labels. In this mode DFSan does not manage any label metadata, so the
189 functions `dfsan_create_label`, `dfsan_union`, `dfsan_get_label_info`,
190 `dfsan_has_label`, `dfsan_has_label_with_desc`, `dfsan_get_label_count`, and
191 `dfsan_dump_labels` are unsupported. Instead of using them, the user should
192 maintain any necessary metadata about base labels themselves.
198 #include <sanitizer/dfsan_interface.h>
205 dfsan_label i_label = 1;
206 dfsan_label j_label = 2;
207 dfsan_label k_label = 4;
208 dfsan_set_label(i_label, &i, sizeof(i));
209 dfsan_set_label(j_label, &j, sizeof(j));
210 dfsan_set_label(k_label, &k, sizeof(k));
212 dfsan_label ij_label = dfsan_get_label(i + j);
214 assert(ij_label & i_label); // ij_label has i_label
215 assert(ij_label & j_label); // ij_label has j_label
216 assert(!(ij_label & k_label)); // ij_label doesn't have k_label
217 assert(ij_label == 3); // Verifies all of the above
219 dfsan_label ijk_label = dfsan_get_label(i + j + k);
221 assert(ijk_label & i_label); // ijk_label has i_label
222 assert(ijk_label & j_label); // ijk_label has j_label
223 assert(ijk_label & k_label); // ijk_label has k_label
224 assert(ijk_label == 7); // Verifies all of the above
232 DataFlowSanitizer is a work in progress, currently under development for
238 Please refer to the :doc:`design document<DataFlowSanitizerDesign>`.