9 Clang Thread Safety Analysis is a C++ language extension which warns about
10 potential race conditions in code. The analysis is completely static (i.e.
11 compile-time); there is no run-time overhead. The analysis is still
12 under active development, but it is mature enough to be deployed in an
13 industrial setting. It is being developed by Google, in collaboration with
14 CERT/SEI, and is used extensively in Google's internal code base.
16 Thread safety analysis works very much like a type system for multi-threaded
17 programs. In addition to declaring the *type* of data (e.g. ``int``, ``float``,
18 etc.), the programmer can (optionally) declare how access to that data is
19 controlled in a multi-threaded environment. For example, if ``foo`` is
20 *guarded by* the mutex ``mu``, then the analysis will issue a warning whenever
21 a piece of code reads or writes to ``foo`` without first locking ``mu``.
22 Similarly, if there are particular routines that should only be called by
23 the GUI thread, then the analysis will warn if other threads call those
36 int balance GUARDED_BY(mu);
38 void depositImpl(int amount) {
39 balance += amount; // WARNING! Cannot write balance without locking mu.
42 void withdrawImpl(int amount) REQUIRES(mu) {
43 balance -= amount; // OK. Caller must have locked mu.
47 void withdraw(int amount) {
49 withdrawImpl(amount); // OK. We've locked mu.
50 } // WARNING! Failed to unlock mu.
52 void transferFrom(BankAccount& b, int amount) {
54 b.withdrawImpl(amount); // WARNING! Calling withdrawImpl() requires locking b.mu.
55 depositImpl(amount); // OK. depositImpl() has no requirements.
60 This example demonstrates the basic concepts behind the analysis. The
61 ``GUARDED_BY`` attribute declares that a thread must lock ``mu`` before it can
62 read or write to ``balance``, thus ensuring that the increment and decrement
63 operations are atomic. Similarly, ``REQUIRES`` declares that
64 the calling thread must lock ``mu`` before calling ``withdrawImpl``.
65 Because the caller is assumed to have locked ``mu``, it is safe to modify
66 ``balance`` within the body of the method.
68 The ``depositImpl()`` method does not have ``REQUIRES``, so the
69 analysis issues a warning. Thread safety analysis is not inter-procedural, so
70 caller requirements must be explicitly declared.
71 There is also a warning in ``transferFrom()``, because although the method
72 locks ``this->mu``, it does not lock ``b.mu``. The analysis understands
73 that these are two separate mutexes, in two different objects.
75 Finally, there is a warning in the ``withdraw()`` method, because it fails to
76 unlock ``mu``. Every lock must have a corresponding unlock, and the analysis
77 will detect both double locks, and double unlocks. A function is allowed to
78 acquire a lock without releasing it, (or vice versa), but it must be annotated
79 as such (using ``ACQUIRE``/``RELEASE``).
85 To run the analysis, simply compile with the ``-Wthread-safety`` flag, e.g.
89 clang -c -Wthread-safety example.cpp
91 Note that this example assumes the presence of a suitably annotated
92 :ref:`mutexheader` that declares which methods perform locking,
96 Basic Concepts: Capabilities
97 ============================
99 Thread safety analysis provides a way of protecting *resources* with
100 *capabilities*. A resource is either a data member, or a function/method
101 that provides access to some underlying resource. The analysis ensures that
102 the calling thread cannot access the *resource* (i.e. call the function, or
103 read/write the data) unless it has the *capability* to do so.
105 Capabilities are associated with named C++ objects which declare specific
106 methods to acquire and release the capability. The name of the object serves
107 to identify the capability. The most common example is a mutex. For example,
108 if ``mu`` is a mutex, then calling ``mu.Lock()`` causes the calling thread
109 to acquire the capability to access data that is protected by ``mu``. Similarly,
110 calling ``mu.Unlock()`` releases that capability.
112 A thread may hold a capability either *exclusively* or *shared*. An exclusive
113 capability can be held by only one thread at a time, while a shared capability
114 can be held by many threads at the same time. This mechanism enforces a
115 multiple-reader, single-writer pattern. Write operations to protected data
116 require exclusive access, while read operations require only shared access.
118 At any given moment during program execution, a thread holds a specific set of
119 capabilities (e.g. the set of mutexes that it has locked.) These act like keys
120 or tokens that allow the thread to access a given resource. Just like physical
121 security keys, a thread cannot make copy of a capability, nor can it destroy
122 one. A thread can only release a capability to another thread, or acquire one
123 from another thread. The annotations are deliberately agnostic about the
124 exact mechanism used to acquire and release capabilities; it assumes that the
125 underlying implementation (e.g. the Mutex implementation) does the handoff in
126 an appropriate manner.
128 The set of capabilities that are actually held by a given thread at a given
129 point in program execution is a run-time concept. The static analysis works
130 by calculating an approximation of that set, called the *capability
131 environment*. The capability environment is calculated for every program point,
132 and describes the set of capabilities that are statically known to be held, or
133 not held, at that particular point. This environment is a conservative
134 approximation of the full set of capabilities that will actually held by a
141 The thread safety analysis uses attributes to declare threading constraints.
142 Attributes must be attached to named declarations, such as classes, methods,
143 and data members. Users are *strongly advised* to define macros for the various
144 attributes; example definitions can be found in :ref:`mutexheader`, below.
145 The following documentation assumes the use of macros.
147 The attributes only control assumptions made by thread safety analysis and the
148 warnings it issues. They don't affect generated code or behavior at run-time.
150 For historical reasons, prior versions of thread safety used macro names that
151 were very lock-centric. These macros have since been renamed to fit a more
152 general capability model. The prior names are still in use, and will be
153 mentioned under the tag *previously* where appropriate.
156 GUARDED_BY(c) and PT_GUARDED_BY(c)
157 ----------------------------------
159 ``GUARDED_BY`` is an attribute on data members, which declares that the data
160 member is protected by the given capability. Read operations on the data
161 require shared access, while write operations require exclusive access.
163 ``PT_GUARDED_BY`` is similar, but is intended for use on pointers and smart
164 pointers. There is no constraint on the data member itself, but the *data that
165 it points to* is protected by the given capability.
170 int *p1 GUARDED_BY(mu);
171 int *p2 PT_GUARDED_BY(mu);
172 unique_ptr<int> p3 PT_GUARDED_BY(mu);
177 *p2 = 42; // Warning!
180 *p3 = 42; // Warning!
181 p3.reset(new int); // OK.
185 REQUIRES(...), REQUIRES_SHARED(...)
186 -----------------------------------
188 *Previously*: ``EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED``, ``SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED``
190 ``REQUIRES`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which
191 declares that the calling thread must have exclusive access to the given
192 capabilities. More than one capability may be specified. The capabilities
193 must be held on entry to the function, *and must still be held on exit*.
195 ``REQUIRES_SHARED`` is similar, but requires only shared access.
200 int a GUARDED_BY(mu1);
201 int b GUARDED_BY(mu2);
203 void foo() REQUIRES(mu1, mu2) {
210 foo(); // Warning! Requires mu2.
215 ACQUIRE(...), ACQUIRE_SHARED(...), RELEASE(...), RELEASE_SHARED(...), RELEASE_GENERIC(...)
216 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
218 *Previously*: ``EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION``, ``SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION``,
221 ``ACQUIRE`` and ``ACQUIRE_SHARED`` are attributes on functions or methods
222 declaring that the function acquires a capability, but does not release it.
223 The given capability must not be held on entry, and will be held on exit
224 (exclusively for ``ACQUIRE``, shared for ``ACQUIRE_SHARED``).
226 ``RELEASE``, ``RELEASE_SHARED``, and ``RELEASE_GENERIC`` declare that the
227 function releases the given capability. The capability must be held on entry
228 (exclusively for ``RELEASE``, shared for ``RELEASE_SHARED``, exclusively or
229 shared for ``RELEASE_GENERIC``), and will no longer be held on exit.
234 MyClass myObject GUARDED_BY(mu);
236 void lockAndInit() ACQUIRE(mu) {
241 void cleanupAndUnlock() RELEASE(mu) {
243 } // Warning! Need to unlock mu.
247 myObject.doSomething();
249 myObject.doSomething(); // Warning, mu is not locked.
252 If no argument is passed to ``ACQUIRE`` or ``RELEASE``, then the argument is
253 assumed to be ``this``, and the analysis will not check the body of the
254 function. This pattern is intended for use by classes which hide locking
255 details behind an abstract interface. For example:
260 class CAPABILITY("mutex") Container {
266 // Hide mu from public interface.
267 void Lock() ACQUIRE() { mu.Lock(); }
268 void Unlock() RELEASE() { mu.Unlock(); }
270 T& getElem(int i) { return data[i]; }
276 int i = c.getElem(0);
284 *Previously*: ``LOCKS_EXCLUDED``
286 ``EXCLUDES`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which declares that
287 the caller must *not* hold the given capabilities. This annotation is
288 used to prevent deadlock. Many mutex implementations are not re-entrant, so
289 deadlock can occur if the function acquires the mutex a second time.
294 int a GUARDED_BY(mu);
296 void clear() EXCLUDES(mu) {
304 clear(); // Warning! Caller cannot hold 'mu'.
308 Unlike ``REQUIRES``, ``EXCLUDES`` is optional. The analysis will not issue a
309 warning if the attribute is missing, which can lead to false negatives in some
310 cases. This issue is discussed further in :ref:`negative`.
313 NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
314 -------------------------
316 ``NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which
317 turns off thread safety checking for that method. It provides an escape hatch
318 for functions which are either (1) deliberately thread-unsafe, or (2) are
319 thread-safe, but too complicated for the analysis to understand. Reasons for
320 (2) will be described in the :ref:`limitations`, below.
326 int a GUARDED_BY(mu);
328 void unsafeIncrement() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS { a++; }
331 Unlike the other attributes, NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS is not part of the
332 interface of a function, and should thus be placed on the function definition
333 (in the ``.cc`` or ``.cpp`` file) rather than on the function declaration
340 *Previously*: ``LOCK_RETURNED``
342 ``RETURN_CAPABILITY`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which declares
343 that the function returns a reference to the given capability. It is used to
344 annotate getter methods that return mutexes.
351 int a GUARDED_BY(mu);
354 Mutex* getMu() RETURN_CAPABILITY(mu) { return μ }
356 // analysis knows that getMu() == mu
357 void clear() REQUIRES(getMu()) { a = 0; }
361 ACQUIRED_BEFORE(...), ACQUIRED_AFTER(...)
362 -----------------------------------------
364 ``ACQUIRED_BEFORE`` and ``ACQUIRED_AFTER`` are attributes on member
365 declarations, specifically declarations of mutexes or other capabilities.
366 These declarations enforce a particular order in which the mutexes must be
367 acquired, in order to prevent deadlock.
372 Mutex m2 ACQUIRED_AFTER(m1);
374 // Alternative declaration
376 // Mutex m1 ACQUIRED_BEFORE(m2);
380 m1.Lock(); // Warning! m2 must be acquired after m1.
389 *Previously*: ``LOCKABLE``
391 ``CAPABILITY`` is an attribute on classes, which specifies that objects of the
392 class can be used as a capability. The string argument specifies the kind of
393 capability in error messages, e.g. ``"mutex"``. See the ``Container`` example
394 given above, or the ``Mutex`` class in :ref:`mutexheader`.
400 *Previously*: ``SCOPED_LOCKABLE``
402 ``SCOPED_CAPABILITY`` is an attribute on classes that implement RAII-style
403 locking, in which a capability is acquired in the constructor, and released in
404 the destructor. Such classes require special handling because the constructor
405 and destructor refer to the capability via different names; see the
406 ``MutexLocker`` class in :ref:`mutexheader`, below.
408 Scoped capabilities are treated as capabilities that are implicitly acquired
409 on construction and released on destruction. They are associated with
410 the set of (regular) capabilities named in thread safety attributes on the
411 constructor. Acquire-type attributes on other member functions are treated as
412 applying to that set of associated capabilities, while ``RELEASE`` implies that
413 a function releases all associated capabilities in whatever mode they're held.
416 TRY_ACQUIRE(<bool>, ...), TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(<bool>, ...)
417 ---------------------------------------------------------
419 *Previously:* ``EXCLUSIVE_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION``, ``SHARED_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION``
421 These are attributes on a function or method that tries to acquire the given
422 capability, and returns a boolean value indicating success or failure.
423 The first argument must be ``true`` or ``false``, to specify which return value
424 indicates success, and the remaining arguments are interpreted in the same way
425 as ``ACQUIRE``. See :ref:`mutexheader`, below, for example uses.
427 Because the analysis doesn't support conditional locking, a capability is
428 treated as acquired after the first branch on the return value of a try-acquire
434 int a GUARDED_BY(mu);
437 bool success = mu.TryLock();
438 a = 0; // Warning, mu is not locked.
443 a = 0; // Warning, mu is not locked.
448 ASSERT_CAPABILITY(...) and ASSERT_SHARED_CAPABILITY(...)
449 --------------------------------------------------------
451 *Previously:* ``ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK``, ``ASSERT_SHARED_LOCK``
453 These are attributes on a function or method which asserts the calling thread
454 already holds the given capability, for example by performing a run-time test
455 and terminating if the capability is not held. Presence of this annotation
456 causes the analysis to assume the capability is held after calls to the
457 annotated function. See :ref:`mutexheader`, below, for example uses.
460 GUARDED_VAR and PT_GUARDED_VAR
461 ------------------------------
463 Use of these attributes has been deprecated.
469 * ``-Wthread-safety``: Umbrella flag which turns on the following three:
471 + ``-Wthread-safety-attributes``: Sanity checks on attribute syntax.
472 + ``-Wthread-safety-analysis``: The core analysis.
473 + ``-Wthread-safety-precise``: Requires that mutex expressions match precisely.
474 This warning can be disabled for code which has a lot of aliases.
475 + ``-Wthread-safety-reference``: Checks when guarded members are passed by reference.
478 :ref:`negative` are an experimental feature, which are enabled with:
480 * ``-Wthread-safety-negative``: Negative capabilities. Off by default.
482 When new features and checks are added to the analysis, they can often introduce
483 additional warnings. Those warnings are initially released as *beta* warnings
484 for a period of time, after which they are migrated into the standard analysis.
486 * ``-Wthread-safety-beta``: New features. Off by default.
491 Negative Capabilities
492 =====================
494 Thread Safety Analysis is designed to prevent both race conditions and
495 deadlock. The GUARDED_BY and REQUIRES attributes prevent race conditions, by
496 ensuring that a capability is held before reading or writing to guarded data,
497 and the EXCLUDES attribute prevents deadlock, by making sure that a mutex is
500 However, EXCLUDES is an optional attribute, and does not provide the same
501 safety guarantee as REQUIRES. In particular:
503 * A function which acquires a capability does not have to exclude it.
504 * A function which calls a function that excludes a capability does not
505 have transitively exclude that capability.
507 As a result, EXCLUDES can easily produce false negatives:
516 bar(); // No warning.
517 baz(); // No warning.
521 void bar() { // No warning. (Should have EXCLUDES(mu)).
528 bif(); // No warning. (Should have EXCLUDES(mu)).
531 void bif() EXCLUDES(mu);
535 Negative requirements are an alternative EXCLUDES that provide
536 a stronger safety guarantee. A negative requirement uses the REQUIRES
537 attribute, in conjunction with the ``!`` operator, to indicate that a capability
538 should *not* be held.
540 For example, using ``REQUIRES(!mu)`` instead of ``EXCLUDES(mu)`` will produce
541 the appropriate warnings:
548 void foo() REQUIRES(!mu) { // foo() now requires !mu.
556 mu.Lock(); // WARNING! Missing REQUIRES(!mu).
562 bif(); // WARNING! Missing REQUIRES(!mu).
565 void bif() REQUIRES(!mu);
569 Negative requirements are an experimental feature which is off by default,
570 because it will produce many warnings in existing code. It can be enabled
571 by passing ``-Wthread-safety-negative``.
576 Frequently Asked Questions
577 ==========================
579 (Q) Should I put attributes in the header file, or in the .cc/.cpp/.cxx file?
581 (A) Attributes are part of the formal interface of a function, and should
582 always go in the header, where they are visible to anything that includes
583 the header. Attributes in the .cpp file are not visible outside of the
584 immediate translation unit, which leads to false negatives and false positives.
587 (Q) "*Mutex is not locked on every path through here?*" What does that mean?
589 (A) See :ref:`conditional_locks`, below.
600 Thread safety attributes contain ordinary C++ expressions, and thus follow
601 ordinary C++ scoping rules. In particular, this means that mutexes and other
602 capabilities must be declared before they can be used in an attribute.
603 Use-before-declaration is okay within a single class, because attributes are
604 parsed at the same time as method bodies. (C++ delays parsing of method bodies
605 until the end of the class.) However, use-before-declaration is not allowed
606 between classes, as illustrated below.
613 void bar(Foo* f) REQUIRES(f->mu); // Error: mu undeclared.
624 Good software engineering practice dictates that mutexes should be private
625 members, because the locking mechanism used by a thread-safe class is part of
626 its internal implementation. However, private mutexes can sometimes leak into
627 the public interface of a class.
628 Thread safety attributes follow normal C++ access restrictions, so if ``mu``
629 is a private member of ``c``, then it is an error to write ``c.mu`` in an
632 One workaround is to (ab)use the ``RETURN_CAPABILITY`` attribute to provide a
633 public *name* for a private mutex, without actually exposing the underlying
643 // For thread safety analysis only. Does not actually return mu.
644 Mutex* getMu() RETURN_CAPABILITY(mu) { return 0; }
646 void doSomething() REQUIRES(mu);
649 void doSomethingTwice(MyClass& c) REQUIRES(c.getMu()) {
650 // The analysis thinks that c.getMu() == c.mu
655 In the above example, ``doSomethingTwice()`` is an external routine that
656 requires ``c.mu`` to be locked, which cannot be declared directly because ``mu``
657 is private. This pattern is discouraged because it
658 violates encapsulation, but it is sometimes necessary, especially when adding
659 annotations to an existing code base. The workaround is to define ``getMu()``
660 as a fake getter method, which is provided only for the benefit of thread
664 .. _conditional_locks:
666 No conditionally held locks.
667 ----------------------------
669 The analysis must be able to determine whether a lock is held, or not held, at
670 every program point. Thus, sections of code where a lock *might be held* will
671 generate spurious warnings (false positives). For example:
676 bool b = needsToLock();
678 ... // Warning! Mutex 'mu' is not held on every path through here.
683 No checking inside constructors and destructors.
684 ------------------------------------------------
686 The analysis currently does not do any checking inside constructors or
687 destructors. In other words, every constructor and destructor is treated as
688 if it was annotated with ``NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS``.
689 The reason for this is that during initialization, only one thread typically
690 has access to the object which is being initialized, and it is thus safe (and
691 common practice) to initialize guarded members without acquiring any locks.
692 The same is true of destructors.
694 Ideally, the analysis would allow initialization of guarded members inside the
695 object being initialized or destroyed, while still enforcing the usual access
696 restrictions on everything else. However, this is difficult to enforce in
697 practice, because in complex pointer-based data structures, it is hard to
698 determine what data is owned by the enclosing object.
703 Thread safety analysis is strictly intra-procedural, just like ordinary type
704 checking. It relies only on the declared attributes of a function, and will
705 not attempt to inline any method calls. As a result, code such as the
706 following will not work:
716 AutoCleanup(T* obj, void (T::*imp)()) : object(obj), mp(imp) { }
717 ~AutoCleanup() { (object->*mp)(); }
723 AutoCleanup<Mutex>(&mu, &Mutex::Unlock);
725 } // Warning, mu is not unlocked.
727 In this case, the destructor of ``Autocleanup`` calls ``mu.Unlock()``, so
728 the warning is bogus. However,
729 thread safety analysis cannot see the unlock, because it does not attempt to
730 inline the destructor. Moreover, there is no way to annotate the destructor,
731 because the destructor is calling a function that is not statically known.
732 This pattern is simply not supported.
738 The analysis currently does not track pointer aliases. Thus, there can be
739 false positives if two pointers both point to the same mutex.
744 class MutexUnlocker {
748 MutexUnlocker(Mutex* m) RELEASE(m) : mu(m) { mu->Unlock(); }
749 ~MutexUnlocker() ACQUIRE(mu) { mu->Lock(); }
753 void test() REQUIRES(mutex) {
755 MutexUnlocker munl(&mutex); // unlocks mutex
757 } // Warning: locks munl.mu
760 The MutexUnlocker class is intended to be the dual of the MutexLocker class,
761 defined in :ref:`mutexheader`. However, it doesn't work because the analysis
762 doesn't know that munl.mu == mutex. The SCOPED_CAPABILITY attribute handles
763 aliasing for MutexLocker, but does so only for that particular pattern.
766 ACQUIRED_BEFORE(...) and ACQUIRED_AFTER(...) are currently unimplemented.
767 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
769 To be fixed in a future update.
777 Thread safety analysis can be used with any threading library, but it does
778 require that the threading API be wrapped in classes and methods which have the
779 appropriate annotations. The following code provides ``mutex.h`` as an example;
780 these methods should be filled in to call the appropriate underlying
787 #ifndef THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS_MUTEX_H
788 #define THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS_MUTEX_H
790 // Enable thread safety attributes only with clang.
791 // The attributes can be safely erased when compiling with other compilers.
792 #if defined(__clang__) && (!defined(SWIG))
793 #define THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(x) __attribute__((x))
795 #define THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(x) // no-op
798 #define CAPABILITY(x) \
799 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(capability(x))
801 #define SCOPED_CAPABILITY \
802 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(scoped_lockable)
804 #define GUARDED_BY(x) \
805 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(guarded_by(x))
807 #define PT_GUARDED_BY(x) \
808 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(pt_guarded_by(x))
810 #define ACQUIRED_BEFORE(...) \
811 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquired_before(__VA_ARGS__))
813 #define ACQUIRED_AFTER(...) \
814 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquired_after(__VA_ARGS__))
816 #define REQUIRES(...) \
817 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(requires_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
819 #define REQUIRES_SHARED(...) \
820 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(requires_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
822 #define ACQUIRE(...) \
823 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
825 #define ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) \
826 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
828 #define RELEASE(...) \
829 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(release_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
831 #define RELEASE_SHARED(...) \
832 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(release_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
834 #define RELEASE_GENERIC(...) \
835 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(release_generic_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
837 #define TRY_ACQUIRE(...) \
838 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(try_acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
840 #define TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) \
841 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(try_acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
843 #define EXCLUDES(...) \
844 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(locks_excluded(__VA_ARGS__))
846 #define ASSERT_CAPABILITY(x) \
847 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_capability(x))
849 #define ASSERT_SHARED_CAPABILITY(x) \
850 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_shared_capability(x))
852 #define RETURN_CAPABILITY(x) \
853 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(lock_returned(x))
855 #define NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS \
856 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(no_thread_safety_analysis)
859 // Defines an annotated interface for mutexes.
860 // These methods can be implemented to use any internal mutex implementation.
861 class CAPABILITY("mutex") Mutex {
863 // Acquire/lock this mutex exclusively. Only one thread can have exclusive
864 // access at any one time. Write operations to guarded data require an
866 void Lock() ACQUIRE();
868 // Acquire/lock this mutex for read operations, which require only a shared
869 // lock. This assumes a multiple-reader, single writer semantics. Multiple
870 // threads may acquire the mutex simultaneously as readers, but a writer
871 // must wait for all of them to release the mutex before it can acquire it
873 void ReaderLock() ACQUIRE_SHARED();
875 // Release/unlock an exclusive mutex.
876 void Unlock() RELEASE();
878 // Release/unlock a shared mutex.
879 void ReaderUnlock() RELEASE_SHARED();
881 // Generic unlock, can unlock exclusive and shared mutexes.
882 void GenericUnlock() RELEASE_GENERIC();
884 // Try to acquire the mutex. Returns true on success, and false on failure.
885 bool TryLock() TRY_ACQUIRE(true);
887 // Try to acquire the mutex for read operations.
888 bool ReaderTryLock() TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(true);
890 // Assert that this mutex is currently held by the calling thread.
891 void AssertHeld() ASSERT_CAPABILITY(this);
893 // Assert that is mutex is currently held for read operations.
894 void AssertReaderHeld() ASSERT_SHARED_CAPABILITY(this);
896 // For negative capabilities.
897 const Mutex& operator!() const { return *this; }
900 // Tag types for selecting a constructor.
901 struct adopt_lock_t {} inline constexpr adopt_lock = {};
902 struct defer_lock_t {} inline constexpr defer_lock = {};
903 struct shared_lock_t {} inline constexpr shared_lock = {};
905 // MutexLocker is an RAII class that acquires a mutex in its constructor, and
906 // releases it in its destructor.
907 class SCOPED_CAPABILITY MutexLocker {
913 // Acquire mu, implicitly acquire *this and associate it with mu.
914 MutexLocker(Mutex *mu) ACQUIRE(mu) : mut(mu), locked(true) {
918 // Assume mu is held, implicitly acquire *this and associate it with mu.
919 MutexLocker(Mutex *mu, adopt_lock_t) REQUIRES(mu) : mut(mu), locked(true) {}
921 // Acquire mu in shared mode, implicitly acquire *this and associate it with mu.
922 MutexLocker(Mutex *mu, shared_lock_t) ACQUIRE_SHARED(mu) : mut(mu), locked(true) {
926 // Assume mu is held in shared mode, implicitly acquire *this and associate it with mu.
927 MutexLocker(Mutex *mu, adopt_lock_t, shared_lock_t) REQUIRES_SHARED(mu)
928 : mut(mu), locked(true) {}
930 // Assume mu is not held, implicitly acquire *this and associate it with mu.
931 MutexLocker(Mutex *mu, defer_lock_t) EXCLUDES(mu) : mut(mu), locked(false) {}
933 // Release *this and all associated mutexes, if they are still held.
934 // There is no warning if the scope was already unlocked before.
935 ~MutexLocker() RELEASE() {
937 mut->GenericUnlock();
940 // Acquire all associated mutexes exclusively.
941 void Lock() ACQUIRE() {
946 // Try to acquire all associated mutexes exclusively.
947 bool TryLock() TRY_ACQUIRE(true) {
948 return locked = mut->TryLock();
951 // Acquire all associated mutexes in shared mode.
952 void ReaderLock() ACQUIRE_SHARED() {
957 // Try to acquire all associated mutexes in shared mode.
958 bool ReaderTryLock() TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(true) {
959 return locked = mut->ReaderTryLock();
962 // Release all associated mutexes. Warn on double unlock.
963 void Unlock() RELEASE() {
968 // Release all associated mutexes. Warn on double unlock.
969 void ReaderUnlock() RELEASE() {
976 #ifdef USE_LOCK_STYLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ATTRIBUTES
977 // The original version of thread safety analysis the following attribute
978 // definitions. These use a lock-based terminology. They are still in use
979 // by existing thread safety code, and will continue to be supported.
982 #define PT_GUARDED_VAR \
983 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(pt_guarded_var)
986 #define GUARDED_VAR \
987 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(guarded_var)
989 // Replaced by REQUIRES
990 #define EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(...) \
991 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(exclusive_locks_required(__VA_ARGS__))
993 // Replaced by REQUIRES_SHARED
994 #define SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(...) \
995 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(shared_locks_required(__VA_ARGS__))
997 // Replaced by CAPABILITY
999 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(lockable)
1001 // Replaced by SCOPED_CAPABILITY
1002 #define SCOPED_LOCKABLE \
1003 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(scoped_lockable)
1005 // Replaced by ACQUIRE
1006 #define EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(...) \
1007 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(exclusive_lock_function(__VA_ARGS__))
1009 // Replaced by ACQUIRE_SHARED
1010 #define SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(...) \
1011 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(shared_lock_function(__VA_ARGS__))
1013 // Replaced by RELEASE and RELEASE_SHARED
1014 #define UNLOCK_FUNCTION(...) \
1015 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(unlock_function(__VA_ARGS__))
1017 // Replaced by TRY_ACQUIRE
1018 #define EXCLUSIVE_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION(...) \
1019 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(exclusive_trylock_function(__VA_ARGS__))
1021 // Replaced by TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED
1022 #define SHARED_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION(...) \
1023 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(shared_trylock_function(__VA_ARGS__))
1025 // Replaced by ASSERT_CAPABILITY
1026 #define ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK(...) \
1027 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_exclusive_lock(__VA_ARGS__))
1029 // Replaced by ASSERT_SHARED_CAPABILITY
1030 #define ASSERT_SHARED_LOCK(...) \
1031 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_shared_lock(__VA_ARGS__))
1033 // Replaced by EXCLUDE_CAPABILITY.
1034 #define LOCKS_EXCLUDED(...) \
1035 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(locks_excluded(__VA_ARGS__))
1037 // Replaced by RETURN_CAPABILITY
1038 #define LOCK_RETURNED(x) \
1039 THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(lock_returned(x))
1041 #endif // USE_LOCK_STYLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ATTRIBUTES
1043 #endif // THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS_MUTEX_H