1 <!--===- docs/ParserCombinators.md
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16 This document is a primer on Parser Combinators and their use in Flang.
19 The Fortran language recognizer here can be classified as an LL recursive
20 descent parser. It is composed from a *parser combinator* library that
21 defines a few fundamental parsers and a few ways to compose them into more
24 For our purposes here, a *parser* is any object that attempts to recognize
25 an instance of some syntax from an input stream. It may succeed or fail.
26 On success, it may return some semantic value to its caller.
28 In C++ terms, a parser is any instance of a class that
29 1. has a `constexpr` default constructor,
30 1. defines a type named `resultType`, and
31 1. provides a function (`const` member or `static`) that accepts a reference to a
32 `ParseState` as its argument and returns a `std::optional<resultType>` as a
33 result, with the presence or absence of a value in the `std::optional<>`
34 signifying success or failure, respectively.
36 std::optional<resultType> Parse(ParseState &) const;
38 The `resultType` of a parser is typically the class type of some particular
39 node type in the parse tree.
41 `ParseState` is a class that encapsulates a position in the source stream,
42 collects messages, and holds a few state flags that determine tokenization
43 (e.g., are we in a character literal?). Instances of `ParseState` are
44 independent and complete -- they are cheap to duplicate whenever necessary to
45 implement backtracking.
47 The `constexpr` default constructor of a parser is important. The functions
48 (below) that operate on instances of parsers are themselves all `constexpr`.
49 This use of compile-time expressions allows the entirety of a recursive
50 descent parser for a language to be constructed at compilation time through
53 ### Fundamental Predefined Parsers
54 These objects and functions are (or return) the fundamental parsers:
56 * `ok` is a trivial parser that always succeeds without advancing.
57 * `pure(x)` returns a trivial parser that always succeeds without advancing,
58 returning some value `x`.
59 * `pure<T>()` is `pure(T{})` but does not require that T be copy-constructible.
60 * `fail<T>(msg)` denotes a trivial parser that always fails, emitting the
61 given message as a side effect. The template parameter is the type of
62 the value that the parser never returns.
63 * `nextCh` consumes the next character and returns its location,
65 * `"xyz"_ch` succeeds if the next character consumed matches any of those
66 in the string and returns its location. Be advised that the source
67 will have been normalized to lower case (miniscule) letters outside
68 character and Hollerith literals and edit descriptors before parsing.
71 These functions and operators combine existing parsers to generate new parsers.
72 They are `constexpr`, so they should be viewed as type-safe macros.
74 * `!p` succeeds if p fails, and fails if p succeeds.
75 * `p >> q` fails if p does, otherwise running q and returning its value when
77 * `p / q` fails if p does, otherwise running q and returning p's value
79 * `p || q` succeeds if p does, otherwise running q. The two parsers must
80 have the same type, and the value returned by the first succeeding parser
81 is the value of the combination.
82 * `first(p1, p2, ...)` returns the value of the first parser that succeeds.
83 All of the parsers in the list must return the same type.
84 It is essentially the same as `p1 || p2 || ...` but has a slightly
85 faster implementation and may be easier to format in your code.
86 * `lookAhead(p)` succeeds if p does, but doesn't modify any state.
87 * `attempt(p)` succeeds if p does, safely preserving state on failure.
88 * `many(p)` recognizes a greedy sequence of zero or more nonempty successes
89 of p, and returns `std::list<>` of their values. It always succeeds.
90 * `some(p)` recognized a greedy sequence of one or more successes of p.
91 It fails if p immediately fails.
92 * `skipMany(p)` is the same as `many(p)`, but it discards the results.
93 * `maybe(p)` tries to match p, returning an `std::optional<T>` value.
95 * `defaulted(p)` matches p, and when p fails it returns a
96 default-constructed instance of p's resultType. It always succeeds.
97 * `nonemptySeparated(p, q)` repeatedly matches "p q p q p q ... p",
98 returning a `std::list<>` of only the values of the p's. It fails if
100 * `extension(p)` parses p if strict standard compliance is disabled,
101 or with a warning if nonstandard usage warnings are enabled.
102 * `deprecated(p)` parses p if strict standard compliance is disabled,
103 with a warning if deprecated usage warnings are enabled.
104 * `inContext(msg, p)` runs p within an error message context; any
105 message that `p` generates will be tagged with `msg` as its
106 context. Contexts may nest.
107 * `withMessage(msg, p)` succeeds if `p` does, and if it does not,
108 it discards the messages from `p` and fails with the specified message.
109 * `recovery(p, q)` is equivalent to `p || q`, except that error messages
110 generated from the first parser are retained, and a flag is set in
111 the ParseState to remember that error recovery was necessary.
112 * `localRecovery(msg, p, q)` is equivalent to
113 `recovery(withMessage(msg, p), q >> pure<A>())` where `A` is the
115 It is useful for targeted error recovery situations within statements.
121 matches a sequence of five parsers, but returns only the result that was
122 obtained by matching `c`.
125 The following *applicative* combinators combine parsers and modify or
126 collect the values that they return.
128 * `construct<T>(p1, p2, ...)` matches zero or more parsers in succession,
129 collecting their results and then passing them with move semantics to a
130 constructor for the type T if they all succeed.
131 If there is a single parser as the argument and it returns no usable
132 value but only success or failure (_e.g.,_ `"IF"_tok`), the default
133 nullary constructor of the type `T` is called.
134 * `sourced(p)` matches p, and fills in its `source` data member with the
135 locations of the cooked character stream that it consumed
136 * `applyFunction(f, p1, p2, ...)` matches one or more parsers in succession,
137 collecting their results and passing them as rvalue reference arguments to
138 some function, returning its result.
139 * `applyLambda([](&&x){}, p1, p2, ...)` is the same thing, but for lambdas
140 and other function objects.
141 * `applyMem(mf, p1, p2, ...)` is the same thing, but invokes a member
142 function of the result of the first parser for updates in place.
145 Last, we have these basic parsers on which the actual grammar of the Fortran
146 is built. All of the following parsers consume characters acquired from
149 * `space` always succeeds after consuming any spaces
150 * `spaceCheck` always succeeds after consuming any spaces, and can emit
151 a warning if there was no space in free form code before a character
152 that could continue a name or keyword
153 * `digit` matches one cooked decimal digit (0-9)
154 * `letter` matches one cooked letter (A-Z)
155 * `"..."_tok` match the content of the string, skipping spaces before and
156 after. Internal spaces are optional matches. The `_tok` suffix is
157 optional when the parser appears before the combinator `>>` or after
159 * `"..."_sptok` is a string match in which the spaces are required in
161 * `"..."_id` is a string match for a complete identifier (not a prefix of
162 a longer identifier or keyword).
163 * `parenthesized(p)` is shorthand for `"(" >> p / ")"`.
164 * `bracketed(p)` is shorthand for `"[" >> p / "]"`.
165 * `nonEmptyList(p)` matches a comma-separated list of one or more
167 * `nonEmptyList(errorMessage, p)` is equivalent to
168 `withMessage(errorMessage, nonemptyList(p))`, which allows one to supply
169 a meaningful error message in the event of an empty list.
170 * `optionalList(p)` is the same thing, but can be empty, and always succeeds.
173 Last, a string literal `"..."_debug` denotes a parser that emits the string to
174 `llvm::errs` and succeeds. It is useful for tracing while debugging a parser but should
175 obviously not be committed for production code.