4 The WebAssembly version of lld takes WebAssembly binaries as inputs and produces
5 a WebAssembly binary as its output. For the most part it tries to mimic the
6 behaviour of traditional ELF linkers and specifically the ELF lld port. Where
7 possible the command line flags and the semantics should be the same.
13 The WebAssembly object file format used by LLVM and LLD is specified as part of
14 the WebAssembly tool conventions on linking_.
16 This is the object format that the llvm will produce when run with the
17 ``wasm32-unknown-unknown`` target.
22 The WebAssembly version of lld is installed as **wasm-ld**. It shared many
23 common linker flags with **ld.lld** but also includes several
24 WebAssembly-specific options:
26 .. option:: --no-entry
28 Don't search for the entry point symbol (by default ``_start``).
30 .. option:: --export-table
32 Export the function table to the environment.
34 .. option:: --import-table
36 Import the function table from the environment.
38 .. option:: --export-all
40 Export all symbols (normally combined with --no-gc-sections)
42 Note that this will not export linker-generated mutable globals unless
43 the resulting binaryen already includes the 'mutable-globals' features
44 since that would otherwise create and invalid binaryen.
46 .. option:: --export-dynamic
48 When building an executable, export any non-hidden symbols. By default only
49 the entry point and any symbols marked as exports (either via the command line
50 or via the `export-name` source attribute) are exported.
52 .. option:: --global-base=<value>
54 Address at which to place global data.
56 .. option:: --no-merge-data-segments
58 Disable merging of data segments.
60 .. option:: --stack-first
62 Place stack at start of linear memory rather than after data.
64 .. option:: --compress-relocations
66 Relocation targets in the code section are 5-bytes wide in order to
67 potentially accommodate the largest LEB128 value. This option will cause the
68 linker to shrink the code section to remove any padding from the final
69 output. However because it affects code offset, this option is not
70 compatible with outputting debug information.
72 .. option:: --allow-undefined
74 Allow undefined symbols in linked binary. This is the legacy
75 flag which corresponds to ``--unresolve-symbols=ignore`` +
76 ``--import-undefined``.
78 .. option:: --allow-undefined-file=<filename>
80 Like ``--allow-undefined``, but the filename specified a flat list of
81 symbols, one per line, which are allowed to be undefined.
83 .. option:: --unresolved-symbols=<method>
85 This is a more full featured version of ``--allow-undefined``.
86 The semanatics of the different methods are as follows:
90 Report all unresolved symbols. This is the default. Normally the linker
91 will generate an error message for each reported unresolved symbol but the
92 option ``--warn-unresolved-symbols`` can change this to a warning.
96 Resolve all undefined symbols to zero. For data and function addresses
97 this is trivial. For direct function calls, the linker will generate a
98 trapping stub function in place of the undefined function.
102 Undefined symbols generate WebAssembly imports, including undefined data
103 symbols. This is somewhat similar to the --import-undefined option but
104 works all symbol types. This options puts limitations on the type of
105 relocations that are allowed for imported data symbols. Relocations that
106 require absolute data addresses (i.e. All R_WASM_MEMORY_ADDR_I32) will
107 generate an error if they cannot be resolved statically. For clang/llvm
108 this means inputs should be compiled with `-fPIC` (i.e. `pic` or
109 `dynamic-no-pic` relocation models). This options is useful for linking
110 binaries that are themselves static (non-relocatable) but whose undefined
111 symbols are resolved by a dynamic linker. Since the dynamic linking API is
112 experimental, this option currently requires `--experimental-pic` to also
115 .. option:: --import-memory
117 Import memory from the environment.
119 .. option:: --import-undefined
121 Generate WebAssembly imports for undefined symbols, where possible. For
122 example, for function symbols this is always possible, but in general this
123 is not possible for undefined data symbols. Undefined data symbols will
124 still be reported as normal (in accordance with ``--unresolved-symbols``).
126 .. option:: --initial-heap=<value>
128 Initial size of the heap. Default: zero.
130 .. option:: --initial-memory=<value>
132 Initial size of the linear memory. Default: the sum of stack, static data and heap sizes.
134 .. option:: --max-memory=<value>
136 Maximum size of the linear memory. Default: unlimited.
138 .. option:: --no-growable-memory
140 Set maximum size of the linear memory to its initial size, disallowing memory growth.
142 By default the function table is neither imported nor exported, but defined
143 for internal use only.
148 In general, where possible, the WebAssembly linker attempts to emulate the
149 behaviour of a traditional ELF linker, and in particular the ELF port of lld.
150 For more specific details on how this is achieved see the tool conventions on
156 One way in which the WebAssembly linker differs from traditional native linkers
157 is that function signature checking is strict in WebAssembly. It is a
158 validation error for a module to contain a call site that doesn't agree with
159 the target signature. Even though this is undefined behaviour in C/C++, it is not
160 uncommon to find this in real-world C/C++ programs. For example, a call site in
161 one compilation unit which calls a function defined in another compilation
162 unit but with too many arguments.
164 In order not to generate such invalid modules, lld has two modes of handling such
165 mismatches: it can simply error-out or it can create stub functions that will
166 trap at runtime (functions that contain only an ``unreachable`` instruction)
167 and use these stub functions at the otherwise invalid call sites.
169 The default behaviour is to generate these stub function and to produce
170 a warning. The ``--fatal-warnings`` flag can be used to disable this behaviour
171 and error out if mismatched are found.
176 When building a shared library any symbols marked as ``visibility=default`` will
179 When building an executable, only the entry point (``_start``) and symbols with
180 the ``WASM_SYMBOL_EXPORTED`` flag are exported by default. In LLVM the
181 ``WASM_SYMBOL_EXPORTED`` flag is set by the ``wasm-export-name`` attribute which
182 in turn can be set using ``__attribute__((export_name))`` clang attribute.
184 In addition, symbols can be exported via the linker command line using
185 ``--export`` (which will error if the symbol is not found) or
186 ``--export-if-defined`` (which will not).
188 Finally, just like with native ELF linker the ``--export-dynamic`` flag can be
189 used to export symbols in the executable which are marked as
190 ``visibility=default``.
195 By default no undefined symbols are allowed in the final binary. The flag
196 ``--allow-undefined`` results in a WebAssembly import being defined for each
197 undefined symbol. It is then up to the runtime to provide such symbols.
198 ``--allow-undefined-file`` is the same but allows a list of symbols to be
201 Alternatively symbols can be marked in the source code as with the
202 ``import_name`` and/or ``import_module`` clang attributes which signals that
203 they are expected to be undefined at static link time.
208 Another way to specify imports and exports is via a "stub library". This
209 feature is inspired by the ELF stub objects which are supported by the Solaris
210 linker. Stub libraries are text files that can be passed as normal linker
211 inputs, similar to how linker scripts can be passed to the ELF linker. The stub
212 library is a stand-in for a set of symbols that will be available at runtime,
213 but doesn't contain any actual code or data. Instead it contains just a list of
214 symbols, one per line. Each symbol can specify zero or more dependencies.
215 These dependencies are symbols that must be defined, and exported, by the output
216 module if the symbol is question is imported/required by the output module.
218 For example, imagine the runtime provides an external symbol ``foo`` that
219 depends on the ``malloc`` and ``free``. This can be expressed simply as::
224 Here we are saying that ``foo`` is allowed to be imported (undefined) but that
225 if it is imported, then the output module must also export ``malloc`` and
226 ``free`` to the runtime. If ``foo`` is imported (undefined), but the output
227 module does not define ``malloc`` and ``free`` then the link will fail.
229 Stub libraries must begin with ``#STUB`` on a line by itself.
234 Since WebAssembly is designed with size in mind the linker defaults to
235 ``--gc-sections`` which means that all unused functions and data segments will
236 be stripped from the binary.
238 The symbols which are preserved by default are:
240 - The entry point (by default ``_start``).
241 - Any symbol which is to be exported.
242 - Any symbol transitively referenced by the above.
244 Weak Undefined Functions
245 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
247 On native platforms, calls to weak undefined functions end up as calls to the
248 null function pointer. With WebAssembly, direct calls must reference a defined
249 function (with the correct signature). In order to handle this case the linker
250 will generate function a stub containing only the ``unreachable`` instruction
251 and use this for any direct references to an undefined weak function.
253 For example a runtime call to a weak undefined function ``foo`` will up trapping
254 on ``unreachable`` inside and linker-generated function called
260 - Merging of data section similar to ``SHF_MERGE`` in the ELF world is not
262 - No support for creating shared libraries. The spec for shared libraries in
263 WebAssembly is still in flux:
264 https://github.com/WebAssembly/tool-conventions/blob/main/DynamicLinking.md
266 .. _linking: https://github.com/WebAssembly/tool-conventions/blob/main/Linking.md