9 When developers use ``llvm.expect`` intrinsics, i.e., through use of
10 ``__builtin_expect(...)``, they are trying to communicate how their code is
11 expected to behave at runtime to the optimizer. These annotations, however, can
12 be incorrect for a variety of reasons: changes to the code base invalidate them
13 silently, the developer mis-annotated them (e.g., using ``LIKELY`` instead of
14 ``UNLIKELY``), or perhaps they assumed something incorrectly when they wrote
15 the annotation. Regardless of why, it is useful to detect these situations so
16 that the optimizer can make more useful decisions about the code.
18 MisExpect diagnostics are intended to help developers identify and address
19 these situations, by comparing the branch weights added by the ``llvm.expect``
20 intrinsic to those collected through profiling. Whenever these values are
21 mismatched, a diagnostic is surfaced to the user. Details on how the checks
22 operate in the LLVM backed can be found in LLVM's documentation.
24 By default MisExpect checking is quite strict, because the use of the
25 ``llvm.expect`` intrinsic is designed for specialized cases, where the outcome
26 of a condition is severely skewed. As a result, the optimizer can be extremely
27 aggressive, which can result in performance degradation if the outcome is less
28 predictable than the annotation suggests. Even when the annotation is correct
29 90% of the time, it may be beneficial to either remove the annotation or to use
30 a different intrinsic that can communicate the probability more directly.
32 Because this may be too strict, MisExpect diagnostics are not enabled by
33 default, and support an additional flag to tolerate some deviation from the
34 exact thresholds. The ``-fdiagnostic-misexpect-tolerance=N`` accepts
35 deviations when comparing branch weights within ``N%`` of the expected values.
36 So passing ``-fdiagnostic-misexpect-tolerance=5`` will not report diagnostic messages
37 if the branch weight from the profile is within 5% of the weight added by
38 the ``llvm.expect`` intrinsic.
40 MisExpect diagnostics are also available in the form of optimization remarks,
41 which can be serialized and processed through the ``opt-viewer.py``
44 .. option:: -Rpass=misexpect
46 Enables optimization remarks for misexpect when profiling data conflicts with
47 use of ``llvm.expect`` intrinsics.
50 .. option:: -Wmisexpect
52 Enables misexpect warnings when profiling data conflicts with use of
53 ``llvm.expect`` intrinsics.
55 .. option:: -fdiagnostic-misexpect-tolerance=N
57 Relaxes misexpect checking to tolerate profiling values within N% of the
58 expected branch weight. e.g., a value of ``N=5`` allows misexpect to check against
61 LLVM supports 4 types of profile formats: Frontend, IR, CS-IR, and
62 Sampling. MisExpect Diagnostics are compatible with all Profiling formats.
64 +----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
65 | Profile Type | Description |
66 +================+======================================================================================+
67 | Frontend | Profiling instrumentation added during compilation by the frontend, i.e. ``clang`` |
68 +----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
69 | IR | Profiling instrumentation added during by the LLVM backend |
70 +----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
71 | CS-IR | Context Sensitive IR based profiles |
72 +----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
73 | Sampling | Profiles collected through sampling with external tools, such as ``perf`` on Linux |
74 +----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+