4 ========================
5 MIR Patterns in TableGen
6 ========================
15 This section is intended for developers who want to use MIR patterns in their
19 This feature is still in active development. This document may become outdated
20 over time. If you see something that's incorrect, please update it.
25 MIR patterns are supported in the following places:
27 * GlobalISel ``GICombineRule``
28 * GlobalISel ``GICombinePatFrag``
33 MIR patterns use the DAG datatype in TableGen.
37 (inst operand0, operand1, ...)
39 ``inst`` must be a def which inherits from ``Instruction`` (e.g. ``G_FADD``)
40 or ``GICombinePatFrag``.
42 Operands essentially fall into one of two categories:
46 * untyped, unnamed: ``0``
47 * untyped, named: ``0:$y``
48 * typed, unnamed: ``(i32 0)``
49 * typed, named: ``(i32 0):$y``
58 * A typed operand always adds an operand type check to the matcher.
59 * There is a trivial type inference system to propagate types.
61 * e.g. You only need to use ``i32:$x`` once in any pattern of a
62 ``GICombinePatFrag`` alternative or ``GICombineRule``, then all
63 other patterns in that rule/alternative can simply use ``$x``
64 (``i32:$x`` is redundant).
66 * A named operand's behavior depends on whether the name has been seen before.
68 * For match patterns, reusing an operand name checks that the operands
69 are identical (see example 2 below).
70 * For apply patterns, reusing an operand name simply copies that operand into
71 the new instruction (see example 2 below).
73 Operands are ordered just like they would be in a MachineInstr: the defs (outs)
74 come first, then the uses (ins).
76 Patterns are generally grouped into another DAG datatype with a dummy operator
77 such as ``match``, ``apply`` or ``pattern``.
79 Finally, any DAG datatype in TableGen can be named. This also holds for
80 patterns. e.g. the following is valid: ``(G_FOO $root, (i32 0):$cst):$mypat``.
81 This may also be helpful to debug issues. Patterns are *always* named, and if
82 they don't have a name, an "anonymous" one is given to them. If you're trying
83 to debug an error related to a MIR pattern, but the error mentions an anonymous
84 pattern, you can try naming your patterns to see exactly where the issue is.
87 :caption: Pattern Example 1
90 // %imp = G_IMPLICIT_DEF
91 // %root = G_MUL %x, %imp
92 (match (G_IMPLICIT_DEF $imp),
93 (G_MUL $root, $x, $imp))
96 :caption: Pattern Example 2
98 // using $x twice here checks that the operand 1 and 2 of the G_AND are
100 (match (G_AND $root, $x, $x))
101 // using $x again here copies operand 1 from G_AND into the new inst.
102 (apply (COPY $root, $x))
110 Subclasses of ``ValueType`` are valid types, e.g. ``i32``.
115 ``GITypeOf<"$x">`` is a ``GISpecialType`` that allows for the creation of a
116 register or immediate with the same type as another (register) operand.
120 * An operand name as a string, prefixed by ``$``.
124 * Can only appear in an 'apply' pattern.
125 * The operand name used must appear in the 'match' pattern of the
126 same ``GICombineRule``.
129 :caption: Example: Immediate
131 def mul_by_neg_one: GICombineRule <
133 (match (G_MUL $dst, $x, -1)),
134 (apply (G_SUB $dst, (GITypeOf<"$x"> 0), $x))
138 :caption: Example: Temp Reg
140 def Test0 : GICombineRule<
142 (match (G_FMUL $dst, $src, -1)),
143 (apply (G_FSUB $dst, $src, $tmp),
144 (G_FNEG GITypeOf<"$dst">:$tmp, $src))>;
149 MIR Patterns also offer builtin operations, also called "builtin instructions".
150 They offer some powerful features that would otherwise require use of C++ code.
158 (apply (GIReplaceReg $old, $new))
162 * ``$old`` (out) register defined by a matched instruction
163 * ``$new`` (in) register
167 * Can only appear in an 'apply' pattern.
168 * If both old/new are operands of matched instructions,
169 ``canReplaceReg`` is checked before applying the rule.
178 (apply (GIEraseRoot))
182 * Can only appear as the only pattern of an 'apply' pattern list.
183 * The root cannot have any output operands.
184 * The root must be a CodeGenInstruction
190 This a non-exhaustive list of known issues with MIR patterns at this time.
192 * Matching intrinsics is not yet possible.
193 * Using ``GICombinePatFrag`` within another ``GICombinePatFrag`` is not
195 * ``GICombinePatFrag`` can only have a single root.
196 * Instructions with multiple defs cannot be the root of a ``GICombinePatFrag``.
197 * Using ``GICombinePatFrag`` in the ``apply`` pattern of a ``GICombineRule``
199 * We cannot rewrite a matched instruction other than the root.
200 * Matching/creating a (CImm) immediate >64 bits is not supported
201 (see comment in ``GIM_CheckConstantInt``)
202 * There is currently no way to constrain two register/immediate types to
203 match. e.g. if a pattern needs to work on both i32 and i64, you either
204 need to leave it untyped and check the type in C++, or duplicate the
210 MIR patterns can appear in the ``match`` or ``apply`` patterns of a
213 The ``root`` of the rule can either be a def of an instruction, or a
214 named pattern. The latter is helpful when the instruction you want
215 to match has no defs. The former is generally preferred because
219 :caption: Combine Rule root is a def
222 def right_identity_one: GICombineRule<
224 (match (G_MUL $dst, $x, 1)),
225 // Note: Patterns always need to create something, we can't just replace $dst with $x, so we need a COPY.
226 (apply (COPY $dst, $x))
230 :caption: Combine Rule root is a named pattern
232 def Foo : GICombineRule<
234 (match (G_ZEXT $tmp, (i32 0)),
235 (G_STORE $tmp, $ptr):$root),
236 (apply (G_STORE (i32 0), $ptr):$root)>;
239 Combine Rules also allow mixing C++ code with MIR patterns, so that you
240 may perform additional checks when matching, or run additional code after
243 The following expansions are available for MIR patterns:
245 * operand names (``MachineOperand &``)
246 * pattern names (``MachineInstr *`` for ``match``,
247 ``MachineInstrBuilder &`` for apply)
250 :caption: Example C++ Expansions
252 def Foo : GICombineRule<
254 (match (G_ZEXT $root, $src):$mi),
255 (apply "foobar(${root}.getReg(), ${src}.getReg(), ${mi}->hasImplicitDef())")>;
257 Common Pattern #1: Replace a Register with Another
258 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
260 The 'apply' pattern must always redefine all operands defined by the match root.
261 Sometimes, we do not need to create instructions, simply replace a def with
262 another matched register. The ``GIReplaceReg`` builtin can do just that.
266 def Foo : GICombineRule<
268 (match (G_FNEG $tmp, $src), (G_FNEG $dst, $tmp)),
269 (apply (GIReplaceReg $dst, $src))>;
271 This also works if the replacement register is a temporary register from the
276 def ReplaceTemp : GICombineRule<
278 (match (G_BUILD_VECTOR $tmp, $x, $y),
279 (G_UNMERGE_VALUES $a, $b, $tmp)),
280 (apply (G_UNMERGE_VALUES $a, i32:$new, $y),
281 (GIReplaceReg $b, $new))>
283 Common Pattern #2: Erasing a Def-less Root
284 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
286 If we simply want to erase a def-less match root, we can use the
287 ``GIEraseRoot`` builtin.
291 def Foo : GICombineRule<
293 (match (G_STORE $a, $b):$mi),
294 (apply (GIEraseRoot))>;
296 Common Pattern #3: Emitting a Constant Value
297 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
299 When an immediate operand appears in an 'apply' pattern, the behavior
300 depends on whether it's typed or not.
302 * If the immediate is typed, ``MachineIRBuilder::buildConstant`` is used
303 to create a ``G_CONSTANT``. A ``G_BUILD_VECTOR`` will be used for vectors.
304 * If the immediate is untyped, a simple immediate is added
305 (``MachineInstrBuilder::addImm``).
307 There is of course a special case for ``G_CONSTANT``. Immediates for
308 ``G_CONSTANT`` must always be typed, and a CImm is added
309 (``MachineInstrBuilder::addCImm``).
312 :caption: Constant Emission Examples:
315 // %0 = G_CONSTANT i32 0
317 def Foo : GICombineRule<
319 (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
320 (apply (COPY $dst, (i32 0)))>;
324 // Note that this would be ill-formed because COPY
325 // expects a register operand!
326 def Bar : GICombineRule<
328 (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
329 (apply (COPY $dst, (i32 0)))>;
332 // %dst = G_CONSTANT i32 0
333 def Bux : GICombineRule<
335 (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
336 (apply (G_CONSTANT $dst, (i32 0)))>;
341 ``GICombinePatFrag`` is an equivalent of ``PatFrags`` for MIR patterns.
342 They have two main usecases:
344 * Reduce repetition by creating a ``GICombinePatFrag`` for common
345 patterns (see example 1).
346 * Implicitly duplicate a CombineRule for multiple variants of a
347 pattern (see example 2).
349 A ``GICombinePatFrag`` is composed of three elements:
351 * zero or more ``in`` (def) parameter
352 * zero or more ``out`` parameter
353 * A list of MIR patterns that can match.
355 * When a ``GICombinePatFrag`` is used within a pattern, the pattern is
356 cloned once for each alternative that can match.
358 Parameters can have the following types:
360 * ``gi_mo``, which is the implicit default (no type = ``gi_mo``).
362 * Refers to any operand of an instruction (register, BB ref, imm, etc.).
363 * Can be used in both ``in`` and ``out`` parameters.
364 * Users of the PatFrag can only use an operand name for this
365 parameter (e.g. ``(my_pat_frag $foo)``).
369 * This is identical to ``gi_mo``.
370 * Can only be used in ``out`` parameters to declare the root of the
372 * Non-empty ``out`` parameter lists must always have exactly one ``root``.
376 * Refers to an (potentially typed) immediate.
377 * Can only be used in ``in`` parameters.
378 * Users of the PatFrag can only use an immediate for this parameter
379 (e.g. ``(my_pat_frag 0)`` or ``(my_pat_frag (i32 0))``)
381 ``out`` operands can only be empty if the ``GICombinePatFrag`` only contains
382 C++ code. If the fragment contains instruction patterns, it has to have at
383 least one ``out`` operand of type ``root``.
385 ``in`` operands are less restricted, but there is one important concept to
386 remember: you can pass "unbound" operand names, but only if the
387 ``GICombinePatFrag`` binds it. See example 3 below.
389 ``GICombinePatFrag`` are used just like any other instructions.
390 Note that the ``out`` operands are defs, so they come first in the list
394 :caption: Example 1: Reduce Repetition
396 def zext_cst : GICombinePatFrag<(outs root:$dst, $cst), (ins gi_imm:$val),
397 [(pattern (G_CONSTANT $cst, $val),
398 (G_ZEXT $dst, $cst))]
401 def foo_to_impdef : GICombineRule<
403 (match (zext_cst $y, $cst, (i32 0))
405 (apply (G_IMPLICIT_DEF $dst))>;
407 def store_ext_zero : GICombineRule<
409 (match (zext_cst $y, $cst, (i32 0))
410 (G_STORE $y, $ptr):$root),
411 (apply (G_STORE $cst, $ptr):$root)>;
414 :caption: Example 2: Generate Multiple Rules at Once
416 // Fold (freeze (freeze x)) -> (freeze x).
417 // Fold (fabs (fabs x)) -> (fabs x).
418 // Fold (fcanonicalize (fcanonicalize x)) -> (fcanonicalize x).
419 def idempotent_prop_frags : GICombinePatFrag<(outs root:$dst, $src), (ins),
421 (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $src), (G_FREEZE $src, $x)),
422 (pattern (G_FABS $dst, $src), (G_FABS $src, $x)),
423 (pattern (G_FCANONICALIZE $dst, $src), (G_FCANONICALIZE $src, $x))
427 def idempotent_prop : GICombineRule<
429 (match (idempotent_prop_frags $dst, $src)),
430 (apply (COPY $dst, $src))>;
435 :caption: Example 3: Unbound Operand Names
437 // This fragment binds $x to an operand in all of its
438 // alternative patterns.
439 def always_binds : GICombinePatFrag<
440 (outs root:$dst), (ins $x),
442 (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $x)),
443 (pattern (G_FABS $dst, $x)),
447 // This fragment does not bind $x to an operand in any
448 // of its alternative patterns.
449 def does_not_bind : GICombinePatFrag<
450 (outs root:$dst), (ins $x),
452 (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $x)), // binds $x
453 (pattern (G_FOO $dst (i32 0))), // does not bind $x
454 (pattern "return myCheck(${x}.getReg())"), // does not bind $x
458 // Here we pass $x, which is unbound, to always_binds.
459 // This works because if $x is unbound, always_binds will bind it for us.
460 def test0 : GICombineRule<
462 (match (always_binds $dst, $x)),
463 (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;
465 // Here we pass $x, which is unbound, to does_not_bind.
466 // This cannot work because $x may not have been initialized in 'apply'.
467 // error: operand 'x' (for parameter 'src' of 'does_not_bind') cannot be unbound
468 def test1 : GICombineRule<
470 (match (does_not_bind $dst, $x)),
471 (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;
473 // Here we pass $x, which is bound, to does_not_bind.
474 // This is fine because $x will always be bound when emitting does_not_bind
475 def test2 : GICombineRule<
477 (match (does_not_bind $tmp, $x)
478 (G_MUL $dst, $x, $tmp)),
479 (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;