1 //===- lli.cpp - LLVM Interpreter / Dynamic compiler ----------------------===//
3 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
7 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
9 // This utility provides a simple wrapper around the LLVM Execution Engines,
10 // which allow the direct execution of LLVM programs through a Just-In-Time
11 // compiler, or through an interpreter if no JIT is available for this platform.
13 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
15 #include "ExecutionUtils.h"
16 #include "ForwardingMemoryManager.h"
17 #include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
18 #include "llvm/Bitcode/BitcodeReader.h"
19 #include "llvm/CodeGen/CommandFlags.h"
20 #include "llvm/CodeGen/LinkAllCodegenComponents.h"
21 #include "llvm/Config/llvm-config.h"
22 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
23 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
24 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JITEventListener.h"
25 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JITSymbol.h"
26 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h"
27 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ObjectCache.h"
28 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/DebugUtils.h"
29 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/Debugging/DebuggerSupport.h"
30 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/EPCDynamicLibrarySearchGenerator.h"
31 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/EPCEHFrameRegistrar.h"
32 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/EPCGenericRTDyldMemoryManager.h"
33 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/ExecutionUtils.h"
34 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/JITTargetMachineBuilder.h"
35 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/LLJIT.h"
36 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/RTDyldObjectLinkingLayer.h"
37 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/SimpleRemoteEPC.h"
38 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/SymbolStringPool.h"
39 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/TargetProcess/JITLoaderGDB.h"
40 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/TargetProcess/RegisterEHFrames.h"
41 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Orc/TargetProcess/TargetExecutionUtils.h"
42 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/SectionMemoryManager.h"
43 #include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
44 #include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
45 #include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
46 #include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
47 #include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"
48 #include "llvm/IRReader/IRReader.h"
49 #include "llvm/Object/Archive.h"
50 #include "llvm/Object/ObjectFile.h"
51 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
52 #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
53 #include "llvm/Support/DynamicLibrary.h"
54 #include "llvm/Support/Format.h"
55 #include "llvm/Support/InitLLVM.h"
56 #include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h"
57 #include "llvm/Support/Memory.h"
58 #include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h"
59 #include "llvm/Support/Path.h"
60 #include "llvm/Support/PluginLoader.h"
61 #include "llvm/Support/Process.h"
62 #include "llvm/Support/Program.h"
63 #include "llvm/Support/SourceMgr.h"
64 #include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
65 #include "llvm/Support/WithColor.h"
66 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
67 #include "llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h"
68 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h"
72 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
79 #include <cygwin/version.h>
80 #if defined(CYGWIN_VERSION_DLL_MAJOR) && CYGWIN_VERSION_DLL_MAJOR<1007
81 #define DO_NOTHING_ATEXIT 1
87 static codegen::RegisterCodeGenFlags CGF
;
89 #define DEBUG_TYPE "lli"
93 enum class JITKind
{ MCJIT
, Orc
, OrcLazy
};
94 enum class JITLinkerKind
{ Default
, RuntimeDyld
, JITLink
};
97 InputFile(cl::desc("<input bitcode>"), cl::Positional
, cl::init("-"));
100 InputArgv(cl::ConsumeAfter
, cl::desc("<program arguments>..."));
102 cl::opt
<bool> ForceInterpreter("force-interpreter",
103 cl::desc("Force interpretation: disable JIT"),
106 cl::opt
<JITKind
> UseJITKind(
107 "jit-kind", cl::desc("Choose underlying JIT kind."),
108 cl::init(JITKind::Orc
),
109 cl::values(clEnumValN(JITKind::MCJIT
, "mcjit", "MCJIT"),
110 clEnumValN(JITKind::Orc
, "orc", "Orc JIT"),
111 clEnumValN(JITKind::OrcLazy
, "orc-lazy",
112 "Orc-based lazy JIT.")));
114 cl::opt
<JITLinkerKind
>
115 JITLinker("jit-linker", cl::desc("Choose the dynamic linker/loader."),
116 cl::init(JITLinkerKind::Default
),
117 cl::values(clEnumValN(JITLinkerKind::Default
, "default",
118 "Default for platform and JIT-kind"),
119 clEnumValN(JITLinkerKind::RuntimeDyld
, "rtdyld",
121 clEnumValN(JITLinkerKind::JITLink
, "jitlink",
122 "Orc-specific linker")));
123 cl::opt
<std::string
> OrcRuntime("orc-runtime",
124 cl::desc("Use ORC runtime from given path"),
128 LazyJITCompileThreads("compile-threads",
129 cl::desc("Choose the number of compile threads "
130 "(jit-kind=orc-lazy only)"),
133 cl::list
<std::string
>
134 ThreadEntryPoints("thread-entry",
135 cl::desc("calls the given entry-point on a new thread "
136 "(jit-kind=orc-lazy only)"));
138 cl::opt
<bool> PerModuleLazy(
140 cl::desc("Performs lazy compilation on whole module boundaries "
141 "rather than individual functions"),
144 cl::list
<std::string
>
146 cl::desc("Specifies the JITDylib to be used for any subsequent "
147 "-extra-module arguments."));
149 cl::list
<std::string
>
150 Dylibs("dlopen", cl::desc("Dynamic libraries to load before linking"));
152 // The MCJIT supports building for a target address space separate from
153 // the JIT compilation process. Use a forked process and a copying
154 // memory manager with IPC to execute using this functionality.
155 cl::opt
<bool> RemoteMCJIT("remote-mcjit",
156 cl::desc("Execute MCJIT'ed code in a separate process."),
159 // Manually specify the child process for remote execution. This overrides
160 // the simulated remote execution that allocates address space for child
161 // execution. The child process will be executed and will communicate with
162 // lli via stdin/stdout pipes.
164 ChildExecPath("mcjit-remote-process",
165 cl::desc("Specify the filename of the process to launch "
166 "for remote MCJIT execution. If none is specified,"
167 "\n\tremote execution will be simulated in-process."),
168 cl::value_desc("filename"), cl::init(""));
170 // Determine optimization level.
171 cl::opt
<char> OptLevel("O",
172 cl::desc("Optimization level. [-O0, -O1, -O2, or -O3] "
173 "(default = '-O2')"),
174 cl::Prefix
, cl::init('2'));
177 TargetTriple("mtriple", cl::desc("Override target triple for module"));
180 EntryFunc("entry-function",
181 cl::desc("Specify the entry function (default = 'main') "
182 "of the executable"),
183 cl::value_desc("function"),
186 cl::list
<std::string
>
187 ExtraModules("extra-module",
188 cl::desc("Extra modules to be loaded"),
189 cl::value_desc("input bitcode"));
191 cl::list
<std::string
>
192 ExtraObjects("extra-object",
193 cl::desc("Extra object files to be loaded"),
194 cl::value_desc("input object"));
196 cl::list
<std::string
>
197 ExtraArchives("extra-archive",
198 cl::desc("Extra archive files to be loaded"),
199 cl::value_desc("input archive"));
202 EnableCacheManager("enable-cache-manager",
203 cl::desc("Use cache manager to save/load modules"),
207 ObjectCacheDir("object-cache-dir",
208 cl::desc("Directory to store cached object files "
209 "(must be user writable)"),
213 FakeArgv0("fake-argv0",
214 cl::desc("Override the 'argv[0]' value passed into the executing"
215 " program"), cl::value_desc("executable"));
218 DisableCoreFiles("disable-core-files", cl::Hidden
,
219 cl::desc("Disable emission of core files if possible"));
222 NoLazyCompilation("disable-lazy-compilation",
223 cl::desc("Disable JIT lazy compilation"),
227 GenerateSoftFloatCalls("soft-float",
228 cl::desc("Generate software floating point library calls"),
231 cl::opt
<bool> NoProcessSymbols(
233 cl::desc("Do not resolve lli process symbols in JIT'd code"),
236 enum class LLJITPlatform
{ Inactive
, Auto
, ExecutorNative
, GenericIR
};
238 cl::opt
<LLJITPlatform
> Platform(
239 "lljit-platform", cl::desc("Platform to use with LLJIT"),
240 cl::init(LLJITPlatform::Auto
),
241 cl::values(clEnumValN(LLJITPlatform::Auto
, "Auto",
242 "Like 'ExecutorNative' if ORC runtime "
243 "provided, otherwise like 'GenericIR'"),
244 clEnumValN(LLJITPlatform::ExecutorNative
, "ExecutorNative",
245 "Use the native platform for the executor."
246 "Requires -orc-runtime"),
247 clEnumValN(LLJITPlatform::GenericIR
, "GenericIR",
248 "Use LLJITGenericIRPlatform"),
249 clEnumValN(LLJITPlatform::Inactive
, "Inactive",
250 "Disable platform support explicitly")),
253 enum class DumpKind
{
260 cl::opt
<DumpKind
> OrcDumpKind(
261 "orc-lazy-debug", cl::desc("Debug dumping for the orc-lazy JIT."),
262 cl::init(DumpKind::NoDump
),
263 cl::values(clEnumValN(DumpKind::NoDump
, "no-dump",
264 "Don't dump anything."),
265 clEnumValN(DumpKind::DumpFuncsToStdOut
, "funcs-to-stdout",
266 "Dump function names to stdout."),
267 clEnumValN(DumpKind::DumpModsToStdOut
, "mods-to-stdout",
268 "Dump modules to stdout."),
269 clEnumValN(DumpKind::DumpModsToDisk
, "mods-to-disk",
270 "Dump modules to the current "
271 "working directory. (WARNING: "
272 "will overwrite existing files).")),
275 cl::list
<BuiltinFunctionKind
> GenerateBuiltinFunctions(
277 cl::desc("Provide built-in functions for access by JITed code "
278 "(jit-kind=orc-lazy only)"),
279 cl::values(clEnumValN(BuiltinFunctionKind::DumpDebugDescriptor
,
280 "__dump_jit_debug_descriptor",
281 "Dump __jit_debug_descriptor contents to stdout"),
282 clEnumValN(BuiltinFunctionKind::DumpDebugObjects
,
283 "__dump_jit_debug_objects",
284 "Dump __jit_debug_descriptor in-memory debug "
285 "objects as tool output")),
288 ExitOnError ExitOnErr
;
291 LLVM_ATTRIBUTE_USED
void linkComponents() {
292 errs() << (void *)&llvm_orc_registerEHFrameSectionWrapper
293 << (void *)&llvm_orc_deregisterEHFrameSectionWrapper
294 << (void *)&llvm_orc_registerJITLoaderGDBWrapper
295 << (void *)&llvm_orc_registerJITLoaderGDBAllocAction
;
298 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
301 // This object cache implementation writes cached objects to disk to the
302 // directory specified by CacheDir, using a filename provided in the module
303 // descriptor. The cache tries to load a saved object using that path if the
304 // file exists. CacheDir defaults to "", in which case objects are cached
305 // alongside their originating bitcodes.
307 class LLIObjectCache
: public ObjectCache
{
309 LLIObjectCache(const std::string
& CacheDir
) : CacheDir(CacheDir
) {
310 // Add trailing '/' to cache dir if necessary.
311 if (!this->CacheDir
.empty() &&
312 this->CacheDir
[this->CacheDir
.size() - 1] != '/')
313 this->CacheDir
+= '/';
315 ~LLIObjectCache() override
{}
317 void notifyObjectCompiled(const Module
*M
, MemoryBufferRef Obj
) override
{
318 const std::string
&ModuleID
= M
->getModuleIdentifier();
319 std::string CacheName
;
320 if (!getCacheFilename(ModuleID
, CacheName
))
322 if (!CacheDir
.empty()) { // Create user-defined cache dir.
323 SmallString
<128> dir(sys::path::parent_path(CacheName
));
324 sys::fs::create_directories(Twine(dir
));
328 raw_fd_ostream
outfile(CacheName
, EC
, sys::fs::OF_None
);
329 outfile
.write(Obj
.getBufferStart(), Obj
.getBufferSize());
333 std::unique_ptr
<MemoryBuffer
> getObject(const Module
* M
) override
{
334 const std::string
&ModuleID
= M
->getModuleIdentifier();
335 std::string CacheName
;
336 if (!getCacheFilename(ModuleID
, CacheName
))
338 // Load the object from the cache filename
339 ErrorOr
<std::unique_ptr
<MemoryBuffer
>> IRObjectBuffer
=
340 MemoryBuffer::getFile(CacheName
, /*IsText=*/false,
341 /*RequiresNullTerminator=*/false);
342 // If the file isn't there, that's OK.
345 // MCJIT will want to write into this buffer, and we don't want that
346 // because the file has probably just been mmapped. Instead we make
347 // a copy. The filed-based buffer will be released when it goes
349 return MemoryBuffer::getMemBufferCopy(IRObjectBuffer
.get()->getBuffer());
353 std::string CacheDir
;
355 bool getCacheFilename(const std::string
&ModID
, std::string
&CacheName
) {
356 std::string
Prefix("file:");
357 size_t PrefixLength
= Prefix
.length();
358 if (ModID
.substr(0, PrefixLength
) != Prefix
)
361 std::string CacheSubdir
= ModID
.substr(PrefixLength
);
362 // Transform "X:\foo" => "/X\foo" for convenience on Windows.
363 if (is_style_windows(llvm::sys::path::Style::native
) &&
364 isalpha(CacheSubdir
[0]) && CacheSubdir
[1] == ':') {
365 CacheSubdir
[1] = CacheSubdir
[0];
366 CacheSubdir
[0] = '/';
369 CacheName
= CacheDir
+ CacheSubdir
;
370 size_t pos
= CacheName
.rfind('.');
371 CacheName
.replace(pos
, CacheName
.length() - pos
, ".o");
376 // On Mingw and Cygwin, an external symbol named '__main' is called from the
377 // generated 'main' function to allow static initialization. To avoid linking
378 // problems with remote targets (because lli's remote target support does not
379 // currently handle external linking) we add a secondary module which defines
380 // an empty '__main' function.
381 static void addCygMingExtraModule(ExecutionEngine
&EE
, LLVMContext
&Context
,
382 StringRef TargetTripleStr
) {
383 IRBuilder
<> Builder(Context
);
384 Triple
TargetTriple(TargetTripleStr
);
386 // Create a new module.
387 std::unique_ptr
<Module
> M
= std::make_unique
<Module
>("CygMingHelper", Context
);
388 M
->setTargetTriple(TargetTripleStr
);
390 // Create an empty function named "__main".
392 if (TargetTriple
.isArch64Bit())
393 ReturnTy
= Type::getInt64Ty(Context
);
395 ReturnTy
= Type::getInt32Ty(Context
);
397 Function::Create(FunctionType::get(ReturnTy
, {}, false),
398 GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage
, "__main", M
.get());
400 BasicBlock
*BB
= BasicBlock::Create(Context
, "__main", Result
);
401 Builder
.SetInsertPoint(BB
);
402 Value
*ReturnVal
= ConstantInt::get(ReturnTy
, 0);
403 Builder
.CreateRet(ReturnVal
);
405 // Add this new module to the ExecutionEngine.
406 EE
.addModule(std::move(M
));
409 CodeGenOptLevel
getOptLevel() {
410 if (auto Level
= CodeGenOpt::parseLevel(OptLevel
))
412 WithColor::error(errs(), "lli") << "invalid optimization level.\n";
416 [[noreturn
]] static void reportError(SMDiagnostic Err
, const char *ProgName
) {
417 Err
.print(ProgName
, errs());
422 int runOrcJIT(const char *ProgName
);
423 void disallowOrcOptions();
424 Expected
<std::unique_ptr
<orc::ExecutorProcessControl
>> launchRemote();
426 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
427 // main Driver function
429 int main(int argc
, char **argv
, char * const *envp
) {
430 InitLLVM
X(argc
, argv
);
433 ExitOnErr
.setBanner(std::string(argv
[0]) + ": ");
435 // If we have a native target, initialize it to ensure it is linked in and
436 // usable by the JIT.
437 InitializeNativeTarget();
438 InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter();
439 InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser();
441 cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc
, argv
,
442 "llvm interpreter & dynamic compiler\n");
444 // If the user doesn't want core files, disable them.
445 if (DisableCoreFiles
)
446 sys::Process::PreventCoreFiles();
448 ExitOnErr(loadDylibs());
450 if (EntryFunc
.empty()) {
451 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
452 << "--entry-function name cannot be empty\n";
456 if (UseJITKind
== JITKind::MCJIT
)
457 disallowOrcOptions();
459 return runOrcJIT(argv
[0]);
461 // Old lli implementation based on ExecutionEngine and MCJIT.
464 // Load the bitcode...
466 std::unique_ptr
<Module
> Owner
= parseIRFile(InputFile
, Err
, Context
);
467 Module
*Mod
= Owner
.get();
469 reportError(Err
, argv
[0]);
471 if (EnableCacheManager
) {
472 std::string
CacheName("file:");
473 CacheName
.append(InputFile
);
474 Mod
->setModuleIdentifier(CacheName
);
477 // If not jitting lazily, load the whole bitcode file eagerly too.
478 if (NoLazyCompilation
) {
479 // Use *argv instead of argv[0] to work around a wrong GCC warning.
480 ExitOnError
ExitOnErr(std::string(*argv
) +
481 ": bitcode didn't read correctly: ");
482 ExitOnErr(Mod
->materializeAll());
485 std::string ErrorMsg
;
486 EngineBuilder
builder(std::move(Owner
));
487 builder
.setMArch(codegen::getMArch());
488 builder
.setMCPU(codegen::getCPUStr());
489 builder
.setMAttrs(codegen::getFeatureList());
490 if (auto RM
= codegen::getExplicitRelocModel())
491 builder
.setRelocationModel(*RM
);
492 if (auto CM
= codegen::getExplicitCodeModel())
493 builder
.setCodeModel(*CM
);
494 builder
.setErrorStr(&ErrorMsg
);
495 builder
.setEngineKind(ForceInterpreter
496 ? EngineKind::Interpreter
499 // If we are supposed to override the target triple, do so now.
500 if (!TargetTriple
.empty())
501 Mod
->setTargetTriple(Triple::normalize(TargetTriple
));
503 // Enable MCJIT if desired.
504 RTDyldMemoryManager
*RTDyldMM
= nullptr;
505 if (!ForceInterpreter
) {
507 RTDyldMM
= new ForwardingMemoryManager();
509 RTDyldMM
= new SectionMemoryManager();
511 // Deliberately construct a temp std::unique_ptr to pass in. Do not null out
512 // RTDyldMM: We still use it below, even though we don't own it.
513 builder
.setMCJITMemoryManager(
514 std::unique_ptr
<RTDyldMemoryManager
>(RTDyldMM
));
515 } else if (RemoteMCJIT
) {
516 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
517 << "remote process execution does not work with the interpreter.\n";
521 builder
.setOptLevel(getOptLevel());
523 TargetOptions Options
=
524 codegen::InitTargetOptionsFromCodeGenFlags(Triple(TargetTriple
));
525 if (codegen::getFloatABIForCalls() != FloatABI::Default
)
526 Options
.FloatABIType
= codegen::getFloatABIForCalls();
528 builder
.setTargetOptions(Options
);
530 std::unique_ptr
<ExecutionEngine
> EE(builder
.create());
532 if (!ErrorMsg
.empty())
533 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
534 << "error creating EE: " << ErrorMsg
<< "\n";
536 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0]) << "unknown error creating EE!\n";
540 std::unique_ptr
<LLIObjectCache
> CacheManager
;
541 if (EnableCacheManager
) {
542 CacheManager
.reset(new LLIObjectCache(ObjectCacheDir
));
543 EE
->setObjectCache(CacheManager
.get());
546 // Load any additional modules specified on the command line.
547 for (unsigned i
= 0, e
= ExtraModules
.size(); i
!= e
; ++i
) {
548 std::unique_ptr
<Module
> XMod
= parseIRFile(ExtraModules
[i
], Err
, Context
);
550 reportError(Err
, argv
[0]);
551 if (EnableCacheManager
) {
552 std::string
CacheName("file:");
553 CacheName
.append(ExtraModules
[i
]);
554 XMod
->setModuleIdentifier(CacheName
);
556 EE
->addModule(std::move(XMod
));
559 for (unsigned i
= 0, e
= ExtraObjects
.size(); i
!= e
; ++i
) {
560 Expected
<object::OwningBinary
<object::ObjectFile
>> Obj
=
561 object::ObjectFile::createObjectFile(ExtraObjects
[i
]);
563 // TODO: Actually report errors helpfully.
564 consumeError(Obj
.takeError());
565 reportError(Err
, argv
[0]);
567 object::OwningBinary
<object::ObjectFile
> &O
= Obj
.get();
568 EE
->addObjectFile(std::move(O
));
571 for (unsigned i
= 0, e
= ExtraArchives
.size(); i
!= e
; ++i
) {
572 ErrorOr
<std::unique_ptr
<MemoryBuffer
>> ArBufOrErr
=
573 MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(ExtraArchives
[i
]);
575 reportError(Err
, argv
[0]);
576 std::unique_ptr
<MemoryBuffer
> &ArBuf
= ArBufOrErr
.get();
578 Expected
<std::unique_ptr
<object::Archive
>> ArOrErr
=
579 object::Archive::create(ArBuf
->getMemBufferRef());
582 raw_string_ostream
OS(Buf
);
583 logAllUnhandledErrors(ArOrErr
.takeError(), OS
);
588 std::unique_ptr
<object::Archive
> &Ar
= ArOrErr
.get();
590 object::OwningBinary
<object::Archive
> OB(std::move(Ar
), std::move(ArBuf
));
592 EE
->addArchive(std::move(OB
));
595 // If the target is Cygwin/MingW and we are generating remote code, we
596 // need an extra module to help out with linking.
597 if (RemoteMCJIT
&& Triple(Mod
->getTargetTriple()).isOSCygMing()) {
598 addCygMingExtraModule(*EE
, Context
, Mod
->getTargetTriple());
601 // The following functions have no effect if their respective profiling
602 // support wasn't enabled in the build configuration.
603 EE
->RegisterJITEventListener(
604 JITEventListener::createOProfileJITEventListener());
605 EE
->RegisterJITEventListener(
606 JITEventListener::createIntelJITEventListener());
608 EE
->RegisterJITEventListener(
609 JITEventListener::createPerfJITEventListener());
611 if (!NoLazyCompilation
&& RemoteMCJIT
) {
612 WithColor::warning(errs(), argv
[0])
613 << "remote mcjit does not support lazy compilation\n";
614 NoLazyCompilation
= true;
616 EE
->DisableLazyCompilation(NoLazyCompilation
);
618 // If the user specifically requested an argv[0] to pass into the program,
620 if (!FakeArgv0
.empty()) {
621 InputFile
= static_cast<std::string
>(FakeArgv0
);
623 // Otherwise, if there is a .bc suffix on the executable strip it off, it
624 // might confuse the program.
625 if (StringRef(InputFile
).endswith(".bc"))
626 InputFile
.erase(InputFile
.length() - 3);
629 // Add the module's name to the start of the vector of arguments to main().
630 InputArgv
.insert(InputArgv
.begin(), InputFile
);
632 // Call the main function from M as if its signature were:
633 // int main (int argc, char **argv, const char **envp)
634 // using the contents of Args to determine argc & argv, and the contents of
635 // EnvVars to determine envp.
637 Function
*EntryFn
= Mod
->getFunction(EntryFunc
);
639 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
640 << '\'' << EntryFunc
<< "\' function not found in module.\n";
644 // Reset errno to zero on entry to main.
649 // Sanity check use of remote-jit: LLI currently only supports use of the
650 // remote JIT on Unix platforms.
653 WithColor::warning(errs(), argv
[0])
654 << "host does not support external remote targets.\n";
655 WithColor::note() << "defaulting to local execution\n";
658 if (ChildExecPath
.empty()) {
659 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
660 << "-remote-mcjit requires -mcjit-remote-process.\n";
662 } else if (!sys::fs::can_execute(ChildExecPath
)) {
663 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
664 << "unable to find usable child executable: '" << ChildExecPath
672 // If the program doesn't explicitly call exit, we will need the Exit
673 // function later on to make an explicit call, so get the function now.
674 FunctionCallee Exit
= Mod
->getOrInsertFunction(
675 "exit", Type::getVoidTy(Context
), Type::getInt32Ty(Context
));
677 // Run static constructors.
678 if (!ForceInterpreter
) {
679 // Give MCJIT a chance to apply relocations and set page permissions.
680 EE
->finalizeObject();
682 EE
->runStaticConstructorsDestructors(false);
684 // Trigger compilation separately so code regions that need to be
685 // invalidated will be known.
686 (void)EE
->getPointerToFunction(EntryFn
);
687 // Clear instruction cache before code will be executed.
689 static_cast<SectionMemoryManager
*>(RTDyldMM
)->invalidateInstructionCache();
692 Result
= EE
->runFunctionAsMain(EntryFn
, InputArgv
, envp
);
694 // Run static destructors.
695 EE
->runStaticConstructorsDestructors(true);
697 // If the program didn't call exit explicitly, we should call it now.
698 // This ensures that any atexit handlers get called correctly.
699 if (Function
*ExitF
=
700 dyn_cast
<Function
>(Exit
.getCallee()->stripPointerCasts())) {
701 if (ExitF
->getFunctionType() == Exit
.getFunctionType()) {
702 std::vector
<GenericValue
> Args
;
703 GenericValue ResultGV
;
704 ResultGV
.IntVal
= APInt(32, Result
);
705 Args
.push_back(ResultGV
);
706 EE
->runFunction(ExitF
, Args
);
707 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0])
708 << "exit(" << Result
<< ") returned!\n";
712 WithColor::error(errs(), argv
[0]) << "exit defined with wrong prototype!\n";
715 // else == "if (RemoteMCJIT)"
716 std::unique_ptr
<orc::ExecutorProcessControl
> EPC
= ExitOnErr(launchRemote());
718 // Remote target MCJIT doesn't (yet) support static constructors. No reason
719 // it couldn't. This is a limitation of the LLI implementation, not the
720 // MCJIT itself. FIXME.
722 // Create a remote memory manager.
723 auto RemoteMM
= ExitOnErr(
724 orc::EPCGenericRTDyldMemoryManager::CreateWithDefaultBootstrapSymbols(
727 // Forward MCJIT's memory manager calls to the remote memory manager.
728 static_cast<ForwardingMemoryManager
*>(RTDyldMM
)->setMemMgr(
729 std::move(RemoteMM
));
731 // Forward MCJIT's symbol resolution calls to the remote.
732 static_cast<ForwardingMemoryManager
*>(RTDyldMM
)->setResolver(
733 ExitOnErr(RemoteResolver::Create(*EPC
)));
734 // Grab the target address of the JIT'd main function on the remote and call
736 // FIXME: argv and envp handling.
738 orc::ExecutorAddr(EE
->getFunctionAddress(EntryFn
->getName().str()));
739 EE
->finalizeObject();
740 LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Executing '" << EntryFn
->getName() << "' at 0x"
741 << format("%llx", Entry
.getValue()) << "\n");
742 Result
= ExitOnErr(EPC
->runAsMain(Entry
, {}));
744 // Like static constructors, the remote target MCJIT support doesn't handle
745 // this yet. It could. FIXME.
747 // Delete the EE - we need to tear it down *before* we terminate the session
748 // with the remote, otherwise it'll crash when it tries to release resources
749 // on a remote that has already been disconnected.
752 // Signal the remote target that we're done JITing.
753 ExitOnErr(EPC
->disconnect());
759 static std::function
<void(Module
&)> createDebugDumper() {
760 switch (OrcDumpKind
) {
761 case DumpKind::NoDump
:
762 return [](Module
&M
) {};
764 case DumpKind::DumpFuncsToStdOut
:
765 return [](Module
&M
) {
768 for (const auto &F
: M
) {
769 if (F
.isDeclaration())
773 std::string
Name(std::string(F
.getName()));
774 printf("%s ", Name
.c_str());
782 case DumpKind::DumpModsToStdOut
:
783 return [](Module
&M
) {
784 outs() << "----- Module Start -----\n" << M
<< "----- Module End -----\n";
787 case DumpKind::DumpModsToDisk
:
788 return [](Module
&M
) {
790 raw_fd_ostream
Out(M
.getModuleIdentifier() + ".ll", EC
,
791 sys::fs::OF_TextWithCRLF
);
793 errs() << "Couldn't open " << M
.getModuleIdentifier()
794 << " for dumping.\nError:" << EC
.message() << "\n";
800 llvm_unreachable("Unknown DumpKind");
804 for (const auto &Dylib
: Dylibs
) {
806 if (sys::DynamicLibrary::LoadLibraryPermanently(Dylib
.c_str(), &ErrMsg
))
807 return make_error
<StringError
>(ErrMsg
, inconvertibleErrorCode());
810 return Error::success();
813 static void exitOnLazyCallThroughFailure() { exit(1); }
815 Expected
<orc::ThreadSafeModule
>
816 loadModule(StringRef Path
, orc::ThreadSafeContext TSCtx
) {
818 auto M
= parseIRFile(Path
, Err
, *TSCtx
.getContext());
822 raw_string_ostream
ErrMsgStream(ErrMsg
);
823 Err
.print("lli", ErrMsgStream
);
825 return make_error
<StringError
>(std::move(ErrMsg
), inconvertibleErrorCode());
828 if (EnableCacheManager
)
829 M
->setModuleIdentifier("file:" + M
->getModuleIdentifier());
831 return orc::ThreadSafeModule(std::move(M
), std::move(TSCtx
));
834 int mingw_noop_main(void) {
835 // Cygwin and MinGW insert calls from the main function to the runtime
836 // function __main. The __main function is responsible for setting up main's
837 // environment (e.g. running static constructors), however this is not needed
838 // when running under lli: the executor process will have run non-JIT ctors,
839 // and ORC will take care of running JIT'd ctors. To avoid a missing symbol
840 // error we just implement __main as a no-op.
842 // FIXME: Move this to ORC-RT (and the ORC-RT substitution library once it
843 // exists). That will allow it to work out-of-process, and for all
844 // ORC tools (the problem isn't lli specific).
848 // Try to enable debugger support for the given instance.
849 // This alway returns success, but prints a warning if it's not able to enable
851 Error
tryEnableDebugSupport(orc::LLJIT
&J
) {
852 if (auto Err
= enableDebuggerSupport(J
)) {
853 [[maybe_unused
]] std::string ErrMsg
= toString(std::move(Err
));
854 LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "lli: " << ErrMsg
<< "\n");
856 return Error::success();
859 int runOrcJIT(const char *ProgName
) {
860 // Start setting up the JIT environment.
862 // Parse the main module.
863 orc::ThreadSafeContext
TSCtx(std::make_unique
<LLVMContext
>());
864 auto MainModule
= ExitOnErr(loadModule(InputFile
, TSCtx
));
866 // Get TargetTriple and DataLayout from the main module if they're explicitly
868 std::optional
<Triple
> TT
;
869 std::optional
<DataLayout
> DL
;
870 MainModule
.withModuleDo([&](Module
&M
) {
871 if (!M
.getTargetTriple().empty())
872 TT
= Triple(M
.getTargetTriple());
873 if (!M
.getDataLayout().isDefault())
874 DL
= M
.getDataLayout();
877 orc::LLLazyJITBuilder Builder
;
879 Builder
.setJITTargetMachineBuilder(
880 TT
? orc::JITTargetMachineBuilder(*TT
)
881 : ExitOnErr(orc::JITTargetMachineBuilder::detectHost()));
883 TT
= Builder
.getJITTargetMachineBuilder()->getTargetTriple();
885 Builder
.setDataLayout(DL
);
887 if (!codegen::getMArch().empty())
888 Builder
.getJITTargetMachineBuilder()->getTargetTriple().setArchName(
889 codegen::getMArch());
891 Builder
.getJITTargetMachineBuilder()
892 ->setCPU(codegen::getCPUStr())
893 .addFeatures(codegen::getFeatureList())
894 .setRelocationModel(codegen::getExplicitRelocModel())
895 .setCodeModel(codegen::getExplicitCodeModel());
897 // Link process symbols unless NoProcessSymbols is set.
898 Builder
.setLinkProcessSymbolsByDefault(!NoProcessSymbols
);
900 // FIXME: Setting a dummy call-through manager in non-lazy mode prevents the
901 // JIT builder to instantiate a default (which would fail with an error for
902 // unsupported architectures).
903 if (UseJITKind
!= JITKind::OrcLazy
) {
904 auto ES
= std::make_unique
<orc::ExecutionSession
>(
905 ExitOnErr(orc::SelfExecutorProcessControl::Create()));
906 Builder
.setLazyCallthroughManager(
907 std::make_unique
<orc::LazyCallThroughManager
>(*ES
, orc::ExecutorAddr(),
909 Builder
.setExecutionSession(std::move(ES
));
912 Builder
.setLazyCompileFailureAddr(
913 orc::ExecutorAddr::fromPtr(exitOnLazyCallThroughFailure
));
914 Builder
.setNumCompileThreads(LazyJITCompileThreads
);
916 // If the object cache is enabled then set a custom compile function
917 // creator to use the cache.
918 std::unique_ptr
<LLIObjectCache
> CacheManager
;
919 if (EnableCacheManager
) {
921 CacheManager
= std::make_unique
<LLIObjectCache
>(ObjectCacheDir
);
923 Builder
.setCompileFunctionCreator(
924 [&](orc::JITTargetMachineBuilder JTMB
)
925 -> Expected
<std::unique_ptr
<orc::IRCompileLayer::IRCompiler
>> {
926 if (LazyJITCompileThreads
> 0)
927 return std::make_unique
<orc::ConcurrentIRCompiler
>(std::move(JTMB
),
930 auto TM
= JTMB
.createTargetMachine();
932 return TM
.takeError();
934 return std::make_unique
<orc::TMOwningSimpleCompiler
>(std::move(*TM
),
939 // Enable debugging of JIT'd code (only works on JITLink for ELF and MachO).
940 Builder
.setPrePlatformSetup(tryEnableDebugSupport
);
942 // Set up LLJIT platform.
943 LLJITPlatform P
= Platform
;
944 if (P
== LLJITPlatform::Auto
)
945 P
= OrcRuntime
.empty() ? LLJITPlatform::GenericIR
946 : LLJITPlatform::ExecutorNative
;
949 case LLJITPlatform::ExecutorNative
: {
950 Builder
.setPlatformSetUp(orc::ExecutorNativePlatform(OrcRuntime
));
953 case LLJITPlatform::GenericIR
:
954 // Nothing to do: LLJITBuilder will use this by default.
956 case LLJITPlatform::Inactive
:
957 Builder
.setPlatformSetUp(orc::setUpInactivePlatform
);
960 llvm_unreachable("Unrecognized platform value");
963 std::unique_ptr
<orc::ExecutorProcessControl
> EPC
= nullptr;
964 if (JITLinker
== JITLinkerKind::JITLink
) {
965 EPC
= ExitOnErr(orc::SelfExecutorProcessControl::Create(
966 std::make_shared
<orc::SymbolStringPool
>()));
968 Builder
.setObjectLinkingLayerCreator([&EPC
, &P
](orc::ExecutionSession
&ES
,
970 auto L
= std::make_unique
<orc::ObjectLinkingLayer
>(ES
, EPC
->getMemMgr());
971 if (P
!= LLJITPlatform::ExecutorNative
)
972 L
->addPlugin(std::make_unique
<orc::EHFrameRegistrationPlugin
>(
973 ES
, ExitOnErr(orc::EPCEHFrameRegistrar::Create(ES
))));
978 auto J
= ExitOnErr(Builder
.create());
980 auto *ObjLayer
= &J
->getObjLinkingLayer();
981 if (auto *RTDyldObjLayer
= dyn_cast
<orc::RTDyldObjectLinkingLayer
>(ObjLayer
)) {
982 RTDyldObjLayer
->registerJITEventListener(
983 *JITEventListener::createGDBRegistrationListener());
984 #if LLVM_USE_OPROFILE
985 RTDyldObjLayer
->registerJITEventListener(
986 *JITEventListener::createOProfileJITEventListener());
988 #if LLVM_USE_INTEL_JITEVENTS
989 RTDyldObjLayer
->registerJITEventListener(
990 *JITEventListener::createIntelJITEventListener());
993 RTDyldObjLayer
->registerJITEventListener(
994 *JITEventListener::createPerfJITEventListener());
999 J
->setPartitionFunction(orc::CompileOnDemandLayer::compileWholeModule
);
1001 auto Dump
= createDebugDumper();
1003 J
->getIRTransformLayer().setTransform(
1004 [&](orc::ThreadSafeModule TSM
,
1005 const orc::MaterializationResponsibility
&R
) {
1006 TSM
.withModuleDo([&](Module
&M
) {
1007 if (verifyModule(M
, &dbgs())) {
1008 dbgs() << "Bad module: " << &M
<< "\n";
1016 if (GenerateBuiltinFunctions
.size() > 0) {
1017 // Add LLI builtins.
1018 orc::MangleAndInterner
Mangle(J
->getExecutionSession(), J
->getDataLayout());
1019 J
->getMainJITDylib().addGenerator(
1020 std::make_unique
<LLIBuiltinFunctionGenerator
>(GenerateBuiltinFunctions
,
1024 // If this is a Mingw or Cygwin executor then we need to alias __main to
1025 // orc_rt_int_void_return_0.
1026 if (J
->getTargetTriple().isOSCygMing())
1027 ExitOnErr(J
->getProcessSymbolsJITDylib()->define(
1028 orc::absoluteSymbols({{J
->mangleAndIntern("__main"),
1029 {orc::ExecutorAddr::fromPtr(mingw_noop_main
),
1030 JITSymbolFlags::Exported
}}})));
1032 // Regular modules are greedy: They materialize as a whole and trigger
1033 // materialization for all required symbols recursively. Lazy modules go
1034 // through partitioning and they replace outgoing calls with reexport stubs
1035 // that resolve on call-through.
1036 auto AddModule
= [&](orc::JITDylib
&JD
, orc::ThreadSafeModule M
) {
1037 return UseJITKind
== JITKind::OrcLazy
? J
->addLazyIRModule(JD
, std::move(M
))
1038 : J
->addIRModule(JD
, std::move(M
));
1041 // Add the main module.
1042 ExitOnErr(AddModule(J
->getMainJITDylib(), std::move(MainModule
)));
1044 // Create JITDylibs and add any extra modules.
1046 // Create JITDylibs, keep a map from argument index to dylib. We will use
1047 // -extra-module argument indexes to determine what dylib to use for each
1049 std::map
<unsigned, orc::JITDylib
*> IdxToDylib
;
1050 IdxToDylib
[0] = &J
->getMainJITDylib();
1051 for (auto JDItr
= JITDylibs
.begin(), JDEnd
= JITDylibs
.end();
1052 JDItr
!= JDEnd
; ++JDItr
) {
1053 orc::JITDylib
*JD
= J
->getJITDylibByName(*JDItr
);
1055 JD
= &ExitOnErr(J
->createJITDylib(*JDItr
));
1056 J
->getMainJITDylib().addToLinkOrder(*JD
);
1057 JD
->addToLinkOrder(J
->getMainJITDylib());
1059 IdxToDylib
[JITDylibs
.getPosition(JDItr
- JITDylibs
.begin())] = JD
;
1062 for (auto EMItr
= ExtraModules
.begin(), EMEnd
= ExtraModules
.end();
1063 EMItr
!= EMEnd
; ++EMItr
) {
1064 auto M
= ExitOnErr(loadModule(*EMItr
, TSCtx
));
1066 auto EMIdx
= ExtraModules
.getPosition(EMItr
- ExtraModules
.begin());
1067 assert(EMIdx
!= 0 && "ExtraModule should have index > 0");
1068 auto JDItr
= std::prev(IdxToDylib
.lower_bound(EMIdx
));
1069 auto &JD
= *JDItr
->second
;
1070 ExitOnErr(AddModule(JD
, std::move(M
)));
1073 for (auto EAItr
= ExtraArchives
.begin(), EAEnd
= ExtraArchives
.end();
1074 EAItr
!= EAEnd
; ++EAItr
) {
1075 auto EAIdx
= ExtraArchives
.getPosition(EAItr
- ExtraArchives
.begin());
1076 assert(EAIdx
!= 0 && "ExtraArchive should have index > 0");
1077 auto JDItr
= std::prev(IdxToDylib
.lower_bound(EAIdx
));
1078 auto &JD
= *JDItr
->second
;
1079 ExitOnErr(J
->linkStaticLibraryInto(JD
, EAItr
->c_str()));
1084 for (auto &ObjPath
: ExtraObjects
) {
1085 auto Obj
= ExitOnErr(errorOrToExpected(MemoryBuffer::getFile(ObjPath
)));
1086 ExitOnErr(J
->addObjectFile(std::move(Obj
)));
1089 // Run any static constructors.
1090 ExitOnErr(J
->initialize(J
->getMainJITDylib()));
1092 // Run any -thread-entry points.
1093 std::vector
<std::thread
> AltEntryThreads
;
1094 for (auto &ThreadEntryPoint
: ThreadEntryPoints
) {
1095 auto EntryPointSym
= ExitOnErr(J
->lookup(ThreadEntryPoint
));
1096 typedef void (*EntryPointPtr
)();
1097 auto EntryPoint
= EntryPointSym
.toPtr
<EntryPointPtr
>();
1098 AltEntryThreads
.push_back(std::thread([EntryPoint
]() { EntryPoint(); }));
1101 // Resolve and run the main function.
1102 auto MainAddr
= ExitOnErr(J
->lookup(EntryFunc
));
1106 // ExecutorProcessControl-based execution with JITLink.
1107 Result
= ExitOnErr(EPC
->runAsMain(MainAddr
, InputArgv
));
1109 // Manual in-process execution with RuntimeDyld.
1110 using MainFnTy
= int(int, char *[]);
1111 auto MainFn
= MainAddr
.toPtr
<MainFnTy
*>();
1112 Result
= orc::runAsMain(MainFn
, InputArgv
, StringRef(InputFile
));
1115 // Wait for -entry-point threads.
1116 for (auto &AltEntryThread
: AltEntryThreads
)
1117 AltEntryThread
.join();
1120 ExitOnErr(J
->deinitialize(J
->getMainJITDylib()));
1125 void disallowOrcOptions() {
1126 // Make sure nobody used an orc-lazy specific option accidentally.
1128 if (LazyJITCompileThreads
!= 0) {
1129 errs() << "-compile-threads requires -jit-kind=orc-lazy\n";
1133 if (!ThreadEntryPoints
.empty()) {
1134 errs() << "-thread-entry requires -jit-kind=orc-lazy\n";
1138 if (PerModuleLazy
) {
1139 errs() << "-per-module-lazy requires -jit-kind=orc-lazy\n";
1144 Expected
<std::unique_ptr
<orc::ExecutorProcessControl
>> launchRemote() {
1145 #ifndef LLVM_ON_UNIX
1146 llvm_unreachable("launchRemote not supported on non-Unix platforms");
1151 // Create two pipes.
1152 if (pipe(PipeFD
[0]) != 0 || pipe(PipeFD
[1]) != 0)
1153 perror("Error creating pipe: ");
1157 if (ChildPID
== 0) {
1160 // Close the parent ends of the pipes
1161 close(PipeFD
[0][1]);
1162 close(PipeFD
[1][0]);
1165 // Execute the child process.
1166 std::unique_ptr
<char[]> ChildPath
, ChildIn
, ChildOut
;
1168 ChildPath
.reset(new char[ChildExecPath
.size() + 1]);
1169 std::copy(ChildExecPath
.begin(), ChildExecPath
.end(), &ChildPath
[0]);
1170 ChildPath
[ChildExecPath
.size()] = '\0';
1171 std::string ChildInStr
= utostr(PipeFD
[0][0]);
1172 ChildIn
.reset(new char[ChildInStr
.size() + 1]);
1173 std::copy(ChildInStr
.begin(), ChildInStr
.end(), &ChildIn
[0]);
1174 ChildIn
[ChildInStr
.size()] = '\0';
1175 std::string ChildOutStr
= utostr(PipeFD
[1][1]);
1176 ChildOut
.reset(new char[ChildOutStr
.size() + 1]);
1177 std::copy(ChildOutStr
.begin(), ChildOutStr
.end(), &ChildOut
[0]);
1178 ChildOut
[ChildOutStr
.size()] = '\0';
1181 char * const args
[] = { &ChildPath
[0], &ChildIn
[0], &ChildOut
[0], nullptr };
1182 int rc
= execv(ChildExecPath
.c_str(), args
);
1184 perror("Error executing child process: ");
1185 llvm_unreachable("Error executing child process");
1187 // else we're the parent...
1189 // Close the child ends of the pipes
1190 close(PipeFD
[0][0]);
1191 close(PipeFD
[1][1]);
1193 // Return a SimpleRemoteEPC instance connected to our end of the pipes.
1194 return orc::SimpleRemoteEPC::Create
<orc::FDSimpleRemoteEPCTransport
>(
1195 std::make_unique
<llvm::orc::InPlaceTaskDispatcher
>(),
1196 llvm::orc::SimpleRemoteEPC::Setup(), PipeFD
[1][0], PipeFD
[0][1]);
1200 // For MinGW environments, manually export the __chkstk function from the lli
1203 // Normally, this function is provided by compiler-rt builtins or libgcc.
1204 // It is named "_alloca" on i386, "___chkstk_ms" on x86_64, and "__chkstk" on
1205 // arm/aarch64. In MSVC configurations, it's named "__chkstk" in all
1208 // When Orc tries to resolve symbols at runtime, this succeeds in MSVC
1209 // configurations, somewhat by accident/luck; kernelbase.dll does export a
1210 // symbol named "__chkstk" which gets found by Orc, even if regular applications
1211 // never link against that function from that DLL (it's linked in statically
1212 // from a compiler support library).
1214 // The MinGW specific symbol names aren't available in that DLL though.
1215 // Therefore, manually export the relevant symbol from lli, to let it be
1216 // found at runtime during tests.
1218 // For real JIT uses, the real compiler support libraries should be linked
1219 // in, somehow; this is a workaround to let tests pass.
1221 // We need to make sure that this symbol actually is linked in when we
1222 // try to export it; if no functions allocate a large enough stack area,
1223 // nothing would reference it. Therefore, manually declare it and add a
1224 // reference to it. (Note, the declarations of _alloca/___chkstk_ms/__chkstk
1225 // are somewhat bogus, these functions use a different custom calling
1228 // TODO: Move this into libORC at some point, see
1229 // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/56603.
1231 // This is a MinGW version of #pragma comment(linker, "...") that doesn't
1232 // require compiling with -fms-extensions.
1233 #if defined(__i386__)
1235 extern "C" void _alloca(void);
1236 static __attribute__((used
)) void (*const ref_func
)(void) = _alloca
;
1237 static __attribute__((section(".drectve"), used
)) const char export_chkstk
[] =
1239 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
1240 extern "C" void ___chkstk_ms(void);
1241 static __attribute__((used
)) void (*const ref_func
)(void) = ___chkstk_ms
;
1242 static __attribute__((section(".drectve"), used
)) const char export_chkstk
[] =
1243 "-export:___chkstk_ms";
1245 extern "C" void __chkstk(void);
1246 static __attribute__((used
)) void (*const ref_func
)(void) = __chkstk
;
1247 static __attribute__((section(".drectve"), used
)) const char export_chkstk
[] =