Merge branch 'master' into systemz
[llvm/systemz.git] / tools / bugpoint / CrashDebugger.cpp
blob34efdc119d71c160778c2f97fa991c5dd16b1bc9
1 //===- CrashDebugger.cpp - Debug compilation crashes ----------------------===//
2 //
3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
4 //
5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
7 //
8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
9 //
10 // This file defines the bugpoint internals that narrow down compilation crashes
12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
14 #include "BugDriver.h"
15 #include "ToolRunner.h"
16 #include "ListReducer.h"
17 #include "llvm/Constants.h"
18 #include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
19 #include "llvm/Instructions.h"
20 #include "llvm/Module.h"
21 #include "llvm/Pass.h"
22 #include "llvm/PassManager.h"
23 #include "llvm/ValueSymbolTable.h"
24 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
25 #include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
26 #include "llvm/Support/CFG.h"
27 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
28 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/Cloning.h"
29 #include "llvm/Support/FileUtilities.h"
30 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
31 #include <iostream>
32 #include <fstream>
33 #include <set>
34 using namespace llvm;
36 namespace {
37 cl::opt<bool>
38 KeepMain("keep-main",
39 cl::desc("Force function reduction to keep main"),
40 cl::init(false));
41 cl::opt<bool>
42 NoGlobalRM ("disable-global-remove",
43 cl::desc("Do not remove global variables"),
44 cl::init(false));
47 namespace llvm {
48 class ReducePassList : public ListReducer<const PassInfo*> {
49 BugDriver &BD;
50 public:
51 ReducePassList(BugDriver &bd) : BD(bd) {}
53 // doTest - Return true iff running the "removed" passes succeeds, and
54 // running the "Kept" passes fail when run on the output of the "removed"
55 // passes. If we return true, we update the current module of bugpoint.
57 virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<const PassInfo*> &Removed,
58 std::vector<const PassInfo*> &Kept);
62 ReducePassList::TestResult
63 ReducePassList::doTest(std::vector<const PassInfo*> &Prefix,
64 std::vector<const PassInfo*> &Suffix) {
65 sys::Path PrefixOutput;
66 Module *OrigProgram = 0;
67 if (!Prefix.empty()) {
68 std::cout << "Checking to see if these passes crash: "
69 << getPassesString(Prefix) << ": ";
70 std::string PfxOutput;
71 if (BD.runPasses(Prefix, PfxOutput))
72 return KeepPrefix;
74 PrefixOutput.set(PfxOutput);
75 OrigProgram = BD.Program;
77 BD.Program = ParseInputFile(PrefixOutput.toString(), BD.getContext());
78 if (BD.Program == 0) {
79 errs() << BD.getToolName() << ": Error reading bitcode file '"
80 << PrefixOutput << "'!\n";
81 exit(1);
83 PrefixOutput.eraseFromDisk();
86 std::cout << "Checking to see if these passes crash: "
87 << getPassesString(Suffix) << ": ";
89 if (BD.runPasses(Suffix)) {
90 delete OrigProgram; // The suffix crashes alone...
91 return KeepSuffix;
94 // Nothing failed, restore state...
95 if (OrigProgram) {
96 delete BD.Program;
97 BD.Program = OrigProgram;
99 return NoFailure;
102 namespace {
103 /// ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables - This works by removing the global
104 /// variable's initializer and seeing if the program still crashes. If it
105 /// does, then we keep that program and try again.
107 class ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables : public ListReducer<GlobalVariable*> {
108 BugDriver &BD;
109 bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, Module *);
110 public:
111 ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables(BugDriver &bd,
112 bool (*testFn)(BugDriver&, Module*))
113 : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
115 virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<GlobalVariable*>& Prefix,
116 std::vector<GlobalVariable*>& Kept) {
117 if (!Kept.empty() && TestGlobalVariables(Kept))
118 return KeepSuffix;
120 if (!Prefix.empty() && TestGlobalVariables(Prefix))
121 return KeepPrefix;
123 return NoFailure;
126 bool TestGlobalVariables(std::vector<GlobalVariable*>& GVs);
130 bool
131 ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables::TestGlobalVariables(
132 std::vector<GlobalVariable*>& GVs) {
133 // Clone the program to try hacking it apart...
134 DenseMap<const Value*, Value*> ValueMap;
135 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram(), ValueMap);
137 // Convert list to set for fast lookup...
138 std::set<GlobalVariable*> GVSet;
140 for (unsigned i = 0, e = GVs.size(); i != e; ++i) {
141 GlobalVariable* CMGV = cast<GlobalVariable>(ValueMap[GVs[i]]);
142 assert(CMGV && "Global Variable not in module?!");
143 GVSet.insert(CMGV);
146 std::cout << "Checking for crash with only these global variables: ";
147 PrintGlobalVariableList(GVs);
148 std::cout << ": ";
150 // Loop over and delete any global variables which we aren't supposed to be
151 // playing with...
152 for (Module::global_iterator I = M->global_begin(), E = M->global_end();
153 I != E; ++I)
154 if (I->hasInitializer() && !GVSet.count(I)) {
155 I->setInitializer(0);
156 I->setLinkage(GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage);
159 // Try running the hacked up program...
160 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
161 BD.setNewProgram(M); // It crashed, keep the trimmed version...
163 // Make sure to use global variable pointers that point into the now-current
164 // module.
165 GVs.assign(GVSet.begin(), GVSet.end());
166 return true;
169 delete M;
170 return false;
173 namespace llvm {
174 /// ReduceCrashingFunctions reducer - This works by removing functions and
175 /// seeing if the program still crashes. If it does, then keep the newer,
176 /// smaller program.
178 class ReduceCrashingFunctions : public ListReducer<Function*> {
179 BugDriver &BD;
180 bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, Module *);
181 public:
182 ReduceCrashingFunctions(BugDriver &bd,
183 bool (*testFn)(BugDriver &, Module *))
184 : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
186 virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<Function*> &Prefix,
187 std::vector<Function*> &Kept) {
188 if (!Kept.empty() && TestFuncs(Kept))
189 return KeepSuffix;
190 if (!Prefix.empty() && TestFuncs(Prefix))
191 return KeepPrefix;
192 return NoFailure;
195 bool TestFuncs(std::vector<Function*> &Prefix);
199 bool ReduceCrashingFunctions::TestFuncs(std::vector<Function*> &Funcs) {
201 //if main isn't present, claim there is no problem
202 if (KeepMain && find(Funcs.begin(), Funcs.end(),
203 BD.getProgram()->getFunction("main")) == Funcs.end())
204 return false;
206 // Clone the program to try hacking it apart...
207 DenseMap<const Value*, Value*> ValueMap;
208 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram(), ValueMap);
210 // Convert list to set for fast lookup...
211 std::set<Function*> Functions;
212 for (unsigned i = 0, e = Funcs.size(); i != e; ++i) {
213 Function *CMF = cast<Function>(ValueMap[Funcs[i]]);
214 assert(CMF && "Function not in module?!");
215 assert(CMF->getFunctionType() == Funcs[i]->getFunctionType() && "wrong ty");
216 assert(CMF->getName() == Funcs[i]->getName() && "wrong name");
217 Functions.insert(CMF);
220 std::cout << "Checking for crash with only these functions: ";
221 PrintFunctionList(Funcs);
222 std::cout << ": ";
224 // Loop over and delete any functions which we aren't supposed to be playing
225 // with...
226 for (Module::iterator I = M->begin(), E = M->end(); I != E; ++I)
227 if (!I->isDeclaration() && !Functions.count(I))
228 DeleteFunctionBody(I);
230 // Try running the hacked up program...
231 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
232 BD.setNewProgram(M); // It crashed, keep the trimmed version...
234 // Make sure to use function pointers that point into the now-current
235 // module.
236 Funcs.assign(Functions.begin(), Functions.end());
237 return true;
239 delete M;
240 return false;
244 namespace {
245 /// ReduceCrashingBlocks reducer - This works by setting the terminators of
246 /// all terminators except the specified basic blocks to a 'ret' instruction,
247 /// then running the simplify-cfg pass. This has the effect of chopping up
248 /// the CFG really fast which can reduce large functions quickly.
250 class ReduceCrashingBlocks : public ListReducer<const BasicBlock*> {
251 BugDriver &BD;
252 bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, Module *);
253 public:
254 ReduceCrashingBlocks(BugDriver &bd, bool (*testFn)(BugDriver &, Module *))
255 : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
257 virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock*> &Prefix,
258 std::vector<const BasicBlock*> &Kept) {
259 if (!Kept.empty() && TestBlocks(Kept))
260 return KeepSuffix;
261 if (!Prefix.empty() && TestBlocks(Prefix))
262 return KeepPrefix;
263 return NoFailure;
266 bool TestBlocks(std::vector<const BasicBlock*> &Prefix);
270 bool ReduceCrashingBlocks::TestBlocks(std::vector<const BasicBlock*> &BBs) {
271 // Clone the program to try hacking it apart...
272 DenseMap<const Value*, Value*> ValueMap;
273 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram(), ValueMap);
275 // Convert list to set for fast lookup...
276 SmallPtrSet<BasicBlock*, 8> Blocks;
277 for (unsigned i = 0, e = BBs.size(); i != e; ++i)
278 Blocks.insert(cast<BasicBlock>(ValueMap[BBs[i]]));
280 std::cout << "Checking for crash with only these blocks:";
281 unsigned NumPrint = Blocks.size();
282 if (NumPrint > 10) NumPrint = 10;
283 for (unsigned i = 0, e = NumPrint; i != e; ++i)
284 std::cout << " " << BBs[i]->getName();
285 if (NumPrint < Blocks.size())
286 std::cout << "... <" << Blocks.size() << " total>";
287 std::cout << ": ";
289 // Loop over and delete any hack up any blocks that are not listed...
290 for (Module::iterator I = M->begin(), E = M->end(); I != E; ++I)
291 for (Function::iterator BB = I->begin(), E = I->end(); BB != E; ++BB)
292 if (!Blocks.count(BB) && BB->getTerminator()->getNumSuccessors()) {
293 // Loop over all of the successors of this block, deleting any PHI nodes
294 // that might include it.
295 for (succ_iterator SI = succ_begin(BB), E = succ_end(BB); SI != E; ++SI)
296 (*SI)->removePredecessor(BB);
298 TerminatorInst *BBTerm = BB->getTerminator();
300 if (isa<StructType>(BBTerm->getType()))
301 BBTerm->replaceAllUsesWith(UndefValue::get(BBTerm->getType()));
302 else if (BB->getTerminator()->getType() != Type::VoidTy)
303 BBTerm->replaceAllUsesWith(
304 BD.getContext().getNullValue(BBTerm->getType()));
306 // Replace the old terminator instruction.
307 BB->getInstList().pop_back();
308 new UnreachableInst(BB);
311 // The CFG Simplifier pass may delete one of the basic blocks we are
312 // interested in. If it does we need to take the block out of the list. Make
313 // a "persistent mapping" by turning basic blocks into <function, name> pairs.
314 // This won't work well if blocks are unnamed, but that is just the risk we
315 // have to take.
316 std::vector<std::pair<Function*, std::string> > BlockInfo;
318 for (SmallPtrSet<BasicBlock*, 8>::iterator I = Blocks.begin(),
319 E = Blocks.end(); I != E; ++I)
320 BlockInfo.push_back(std::make_pair((*I)->getParent(), (*I)->getName()));
322 // Now run the CFG simplify pass on the function...
323 PassManager Passes;
324 Passes.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
325 Passes.add(createVerifierPass());
326 Passes.run(*M);
328 // Try running on the hacked up program...
329 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
330 BD.setNewProgram(M); // It crashed, keep the trimmed version...
332 // Make sure to use basic block pointers that point into the now-current
333 // module, and that they don't include any deleted blocks.
334 BBs.clear();
335 for (unsigned i = 0, e = BlockInfo.size(); i != e; ++i) {
336 ValueSymbolTable &ST = BlockInfo[i].first->getValueSymbolTable();
337 Value* V = ST.lookup(BlockInfo[i].second);
338 if (V && V->getType() == Type::LabelTy)
339 BBs.push_back(cast<BasicBlock>(V));
341 return true;
343 delete M; // It didn't crash, try something else.
344 return false;
347 namespace {
348 /// ReduceCrashingInstructions reducer - This works by removing the specified
349 /// non-terminator instructions and replacing them with undef.
351 class ReduceCrashingInstructions : public ListReducer<const Instruction*> {
352 BugDriver &BD;
353 bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, Module *);
354 public:
355 ReduceCrashingInstructions(BugDriver &bd, bool (*testFn)(BugDriver &,
356 Module *))
357 : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
359 virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<const Instruction*> &Prefix,
360 std::vector<const Instruction*> &Kept) {
361 if (!Kept.empty() && TestInsts(Kept))
362 return KeepSuffix;
363 if (!Prefix.empty() && TestInsts(Prefix))
364 return KeepPrefix;
365 return NoFailure;
368 bool TestInsts(std::vector<const Instruction*> &Prefix);
372 bool ReduceCrashingInstructions::TestInsts(std::vector<const Instruction*>
373 &Insts) {
374 // Clone the program to try hacking it apart...
375 DenseMap<const Value*, Value*> ValueMap;
376 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram(), ValueMap);
378 // Convert list to set for fast lookup...
379 SmallPtrSet<Instruction*, 64> Instructions;
380 for (unsigned i = 0, e = Insts.size(); i != e; ++i) {
381 assert(!isa<TerminatorInst>(Insts[i]));
382 Instructions.insert(cast<Instruction>(ValueMap[Insts[i]]));
385 std::cout << "Checking for crash with only " << Instructions.size();
386 if (Instructions.size() == 1)
387 std::cout << " instruction: ";
388 else
389 std::cout << " instructions: ";
391 for (Module::iterator MI = M->begin(), ME = M->end(); MI != ME; ++MI)
392 for (Function::iterator FI = MI->begin(), FE = MI->end(); FI != FE; ++FI)
393 for (BasicBlock::iterator I = FI->begin(), E = FI->end(); I != E;) {
394 Instruction *Inst = I++;
395 if (!Instructions.count(Inst) && !isa<TerminatorInst>(Inst)) {
396 if (Inst->getType() != Type::VoidTy)
397 Inst->replaceAllUsesWith(UndefValue::get(Inst->getType()));
398 Inst->eraseFromParent();
402 // Verify that this is still valid.
403 PassManager Passes;
404 Passes.add(createVerifierPass());
405 Passes.run(*M);
407 // Try running on the hacked up program...
408 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
409 BD.setNewProgram(M); // It crashed, keep the trimmed version...
411 // Make sure to use instruction pointers that point into the now-current
412 // module, and that they don't include any deleted blocks.
413 Insts.clear();
414 for (SmallPtrSet<Instruction*, 64>::const_iterator I = Instructions.begin(),
415 E = Instructions.end(); I != E; ++I)
416 Insts.push_back(*I);
417 return true;
419 delete M; // It didn't crash, try something else.
420 return false;
423 /// DebugACrash - Given a predicate that determines whether a component crashes
424 /// on a program, try to destructively reduce the program while still keeping
425 /// the predicate true.
426 static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD, bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, Module *)) {
427 // See if we can get away with nuking some of the global variable initializers
428 // in the program...
429 if (!NoGlobalRM &&
430 BD.getProgram()->global_begin() != BD.getProgram()->global_end()) {
431 // Now try to reduce the number of global variable initializers in the
432 // module to something small.
433 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram());
434 bool DeletedInit = false;
436 for (Module::global_iterator I = M->global_begin(), E = M->global_end();
437 I != E; ++I)
438 if (I->hasInitializer()) {
439 I->setInitializer(0);
440 I->setLinkage(GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage);
441 DeletedInit = true;
444 if (!DeletedInit) {
445 delete M; // No change made...
446 } else {
447 // See if the program still causes a crash...
448 std::cout << "\nChecking to see if we can delete global inits: ";
450 if (TestFn(BD, M)) { // Still crashes?
451 BD.setNewProgram(M);
452 std::cout << "\n*** Able to remove all global initializers!\n";
453 } else { // No longer crashes?
454 std::cout << " - Removing all global inits hides problem!\n";
455 delete M;
457 std::vector<GlobalVariable*> GVs;
459 for (Module::global_iterator I = BD.getProgram()->global_begin(),
460 E = BD.getProgram()->global_end(); I != E; ++I)
461 if (I->hasInitializer())
462 GVs.push_back(I);
464 if (GVs.size() > 1 && !BugpointIsInterrupted) {
465 std::cout << "\n*** Attempting to reduce the number of global "
466 << "variables in the testcase\n";
468 unsigned OldSize = GVs.size();
469 ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables(BD, TestFn).reduceList(GVs);
471 if (GVs.size() < OldSize)
472 BD.EmitProgressBitcode("reduced-global-variables");
478 // Now try to reduce the number of functions in the module to something small.
479 std::vector<Function*> Functions;
480 for (Module::iterator I = BD.getProgram()->begin(),
481 E = BD.getProgram()->end(); I != E; ++I)
482 if (!I->isDeclaration())
483 Functions.push_back(I);
485 if (Functions.size() > 1 && !BugpointIsInterrupted) {
486 std::cout << "\n*** Attempting to reduce the number of functions "
487 "in the testcase\n";
489 unsigned OldSize = Functions.size();
490 ReduceCrashingFunctions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Functions);
492 if (Functions.size() < OldSize)
493 BD.EmitProgressBitcode("reduced-function");
496 // Attempt to delete entire basic blocks at a time to speed up
497 // convergence... this actually works by setting the terminator of the blocks
498 // to a return instruction then running simplifycfg, which can potentially
499 // shrinks the code dramatically quickly
501 if (!DisableSimplifyCFG && !BugpointIsInterrupted) {
502 std::vector<const BasicBlock*> Blocks;
503 for (Module::const_iterator I = BD.getProgram()->begin(),
504 E = BD.getProgram()->end(); I != E; ++I)
505 for (Function::const_iterator FI = I->begin(), E = I->end(); FI !=E; ++FI)
506 Blocks.push_back(FI);
507 unsigned OldSize = Blocks.size();
508 ReduceCrashingBlocks(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Blocks);
509 if (Blocks.size() < OldSize)
510 BD.EmitProgressBitcode("reduced-blocks");
513 // Attempt to delete instructions using bisection. This should help out nasty
514 // cases with large basic blocks where the problem is at one end.
515 if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
516 std::vector<const Instruction*> Insts;
517 for (Module::const_iterator MI = BD.getProgram()->begin(),
518 ME = BD.getProgram()->end(); MI != ME; ++MI)
519 for (Function::const_iterator FI = MI->begin(), FE = MI->end(); FI != FE;
520 ++FI)
521 for (BasicBlock::const_iterator I = FI->begin(), E = FI->end();
522 I != E; ++I)
523 if (!isa<TerminatorInst>(I))
524 Insts.push_back(I);
526 ReduceCrashingInstructions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Insts);
529 // FIXME: This should use the list reducer to converge faster by deleting
530 // larger chunks of instructions at a time!
531 unsigned Simplification = 2;
532 do {
533 if (BugpointIsInterrupted) break;
534 --Simplification;
535 std::cout << "\n*** Attempting to reduce testcase by deleting instruc"
536 << "tions: Simplification Level #" << Simplification << '\n';
538 // Now that we have deleted the functions that are unnecessary for the
539 // program, try to remove instructions that are not necessary to cause the
540 // crash. To do this, we loop through all of the instructions in the
541 // remaining functions, deleting them (replacing any values produced with
542 // nulls), and then running ADCE and SimplifyCFG. If the transformed input
543 // still triggers failure, keep deleting until we cannot trigger failure
544 // anymore.
546 unsigned InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting = 0;
547 TryAgain:
549 // Loop over all of the (non-terminator) instructions remaining in the
550 // function, attempting to delete them.
551 unsigned CurInstructionNum = 0;
552 for (Module::const_iterator FI = BD.getProgram()->begin(),
553 E = BD.getProgram()->end(); FI != E; ++FI)
554 if (!FI->isDeclaration())
555 for (Function::const_iterator BI = FI->begin(), E = FI->end(); BI != E;
556 ++BI)
557 for (BasicBlock::const_iterator I = BI->begin(), E = --BI->end();
558 I != E; ++I, ++CurInstructionNum)
559 if (InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting) {
560 --InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting;
561 } else {
562 if (BugpointIsInterrupted) goto ExitLoops;
564 std::cout << "Checking instruction: " << *I;
565 Module *M = BD.deleteInstructionFromProgram(I, Simplification);
567 // Find out if the pass still crashes on this pass...
568 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
569 // Yup, it does, we delete the old module, and continue trying
570 // to reduce the testcase...
571 BD.setNewProgram(M);
572 InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting = CurInstructionNum;
573 goto TryAgain; // I wish I had a multi-level break here!
576 // This pass didn't crash without this instruction, try the next
577 // one.
578 delete M;
581 if (InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting) {
582 InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting = 0;
583 goto TryAgain;
586 } while (Simplification);
587 ExitLoops:
589 // Try to clean up the testcase by running funcresolve and globaldce...
590 if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
591 std::cout << "\n*** Attempting to perform final cleanups: ";
592 Module *M = CloneModule(BD.getProgram());
593 M = BD.performFinalCleanups(M, true);
595 // Find out if the pass still crashes on the cleaned up program...
596 if (TestFn(BD, M)) {
597 BD.setNewProgram(M); // Yup, it does, keep the reduced version...
598 } else {
599 delete M;
603 BD.EmitProgressBitcode("reduced-simplified");
605 return false;
608 static bool TestForOptimizerCrash(BugDriver &BD, Module *M) {
609 return BD.runPasses(M);
612 /// debugOptimizerCrash - This method is called when some pass crashes on input.
613 /// It attempts to prune down the testcase to something reasonable, and figure
614 /// out exactly which pass is crashing.
616 bool BugDriver::debugOptimizerCrash(const std::string &ID) {
617 std::cout << "\n*** Debugging optimizer crash!\n";
619 // Reduce the list of passes which causes the optimizer to crash...
620 if (!BugpointIsInterrupted)
621 ReducePassList(*this).reduceList(PassesToRun);
623 std::cout << "\n*** Found crashing pass"
624 << (PassesToRun.size() == 1 ? ": " : "es: ")
625 << getPassesString(PassesToRun) << '\n';
627 EmitProgressBitcode(ID);
629 return DebugACrash(*this, TestForOptimizerCrash);
632 static bool TestForCodeGenCrash(BugDriver &BD, Module *M) {
633 try {
634 BD.compileProgram(M);
635 errs() << '\n';
636 return false;
637 } catch (ToolExecutionError &) {
638 errs() << "<crash>\n";
639 return true; // Tool is still crashing.
643 /// debugCodeGeneratorCrash - This method is called when the code generator
644 /// crashes on an input. It attempts to reduce the input as much as possible
645 /// while still causing the code generator to crash.
646 bool BugDriver::debugCodeGeneratorCrash() {
647 errs() << "*** Debugging code generator crash!\n";
649 return DebugACrash(*this, TestForCodeGenCrash);