Add harmonic_number and harmonic_to_psi

[maxima.git] / src / csimp2.lisp

;;; -*-  Mode: Lisp; Package: Maxima; Syntax: Common-Lisp; Base: 10 -*- ;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;     The data in this file contains enhancements.                   ;;;;;
;;;                                                                    ;;;;;
;;;  Copyright (c) 1984,1987 by William Schelter,University of Texas   ;;;;;
;;;     All rights reserved                                            ;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;     (c) Copyright 1982 Massachusetts Institute of Technology         ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

(in-package :maxima)

(macsyma-module csimp2)

(load-macsyma-macros rzmac)

(declare-top (special var sign))

(defmvar $gammalim 10000
  "Controls simplification of gamma for rational number arguments.")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;; Implementation of the plog function

(defun simpplog (x vestigial z)
  (declare (ignore vestigial))
  (prog (varlist dd check y)
     (oneargcheck x)
     (setq check x)
     (setq x (simpcheck (cadr x) z))
     (cond ((equal 0 x) (merror (intl:gettext "plog: plog(0) is undefined.")))
           ((among var x)       ;This is used in DEFINT. 1/19/81. -JIM
            (return (eqtest (list '(%plog) x) check))))
     (newvar x)
     (cond
       ((and (member '$%i varlist)
             (not (some #'(lambda (v)
                            (and (atom v) (not (eq v '$%i))))
                        varlist)))
        (setq dd (trisplit x))
        (cond ((setq z (patan (car dd) (cdr dd)))
               (return (add2* (simpln (list '(%log) 
                                            (simpexpt (list '(mexpt)
                                                            ($expand (list '(mplus)
                                                                           (list '(mexpt) (car dd) 2)
                                                                           (list '(mexpt) (cdr dd) 2)))
                                                            '((rat) 1 2)) 1 nil)) 1 t)
                              (list '(mtimes) z '$%i))))))
       ((and (free x '$%i) (eq ($sign x) '$pnz))
        (return (eqtest (list '(%plog) x) check)))
       ((and (equal ($imagpart x) 0) (setq y ($asksign x)))
        (cond ((eq y '$pos) (return (simpln (list '(%log) x) 1 t)))
              ((and plogabs (eq y '$neg))
               (return (simpln (list '(%log) (list '(mtimes) -1 x)) 1 nil)))
              ((eq y '$neg)
               (return (add2 %p%i
                             (simpln (list '(%log) (list '(mtimes) -1 x)) 1 nil))))
              (t (merror (intl:gettext "plog: plog(0) is undefined.")))))
       ((and (equal ($imagpart (setq z (div* x '$%i))) 0)
             (setq y ($asksign z)))
        (cond
          ((equal y '$zero) (merror (intl:gettext "plog: plog(0) is undefined.")))
          (t (cond ((eq y '$pos) (setq y 1))
                   ((eq y '$neg) (setq y -1)))
             (return (add2* (simpln (list '(%log)
                                          (list '(mtimes) y z)) 1 nil)
                            (list '(mtimes) y '((rat) 1 2) '$%i '$%pi)))))))
     (return (eqtest (list '(%plog) x) check))))

(defun patan (r i)
  (let (($numer $numer))
    (prog (a b var) 
       (setq i (simplifya i nil) r (simplifya r nil))
       (cond ((zerop1 r)
              (if (floatp i) (setq $numer t))
              (setq i ($asksign i))
              (cond ((equal i '$pos) (return (simplify half%pi)))
                    ((equal i '$neg)
                     (return (mul2 -1 (simplify half%pi))))
                    (t (merror (intl:gettext "plog: encountered atan(0/0).")))))
             ((zerop1 i)
              (cond ((floatp r) (setq $numer t)))
              (setq r ($asksign r))
              (cond ((equal r '$pos) (return 0))
                    ((equal r '$neg) (return (simplify '$%pi)))
                    (t (merror (intl:gettext "plog: encountered atan(0/0).")))))
             ((and (among '%cos r) (among '%sin i))
              ;; genvar and varlist, used by the rational function system,
              ;; are bound in order to prevent the symbol 'xz from leaking
              ;; out of this function.
              (let ((var 'xz) genvar varlist)
                (numden (div* r i))
                (cond ((and (eq (caar nn*) '%cos) (eq (caar dn*) '%sin))
                       (return (cadr nn*)))))))
       (setq a ($sign r) b ($sign i))
       (cond ((eq a '$pos) (setq a 1))
             ((eq a '$neg) (setq a -1))
             ((eq a '$zero) (setq a 0)))
       (cond ((eq b '$pos) (setq b 1))
             ((eq b '$neg) (setq b -1))
             ((eq a '$zero) (setq b 0)))
       (cond ((equal i 0)
              (return (if (equal a 1) 0 (simplify '$%pi))))
             ((equal r 0)
              (return (cond ((equal b 1) (simplify half%pi))
                            (t (mul2 '((rat simp) -1 2)
                                     (simplify '$%pi)))))))
       (setq r (simptimes (list '(mtimes) a b (div* i r)) 1 nil))
       (return (cond ((onep1 r)
                      (archk a b (list '(mtimes) '((rat) 1 4) '$%pi)))
                     ((alike1 r '((mexpt) 3 ((rat) 1 2)))
                      (archk a b (list '(mtimes) '((rat) 1 3) '$%pi)))
                     ((alike1 r '((mexpt) 3 ((rat) -1 2)))
                      (archk a b (list '(mtimes) '((rat) 1 6) '$%pi))))))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;; Implementation of the Binomial coefficient

;; Verb function for the Binomial coefficient
(defmfun $binomial (x y)
  (simplify (list '(%binomial) x y)))

;; Binomial has Mirror symmetry
(defprop %binomial t commutes-with-conjugate)

(defun simpbinocoef (x vestigial z)
  (declare (ignore vestigial))
  (twoargcheck x)
  (let ((u (simpcheck (cadr x) z))
        (v (simpcheck (caddr x) z))
        (y))
    (cond ((integerp v)
           (cond ((minusp v)
                  (if (and (integerp u) (minusp u) (< v u))
                      (bincomp u (- u v))
                      0))
                 ((or (zerop v) (equal u v)) 1)
                 ((and (integerp u) (not (minusp u)))
                  (bincomp u (min v (- u v))))
                 (t (bincomp u v))))
          ((integerp (setq y (sub u v)))
           (cond ((zerop1 y)
                  ;; u and v are equal, simplify not if argument can be negative
                  (if (member ($csign u) '($pnz $pn $neg $nz))
                      (eqtest (list '(%binomial) u v) x)
                      (bincomp u y)))
                 (t (bincomp u y))))
          ((complex-float-numerical-eval-p u v)
           ;; Numercial evaluation for real and complex floating point numbers.
           (let (($numer t) ($float t))
             ($rectform
               ($float 
                 ($makegamma (list '(%binomial) ($float u) ($float v)))))))
          ((complex-bigfloat-numerical-eval-p u v)
           ;; Numerical evaluation for real and complex bigfloat numbers.
           ($rectform
             ($bfloat
               ($makegamma (list '(%binomial) ($bfloat u) ($bfloat v))))))
          (t (eqtest (list '(%binomial) u v) x)))))

(defun bincomp (u v) 
  (cond ((minusp v) 0)
        ((zerop v) 1)
        ((mnump u) (binocomp u v))
        (t (muln (bincomp1 u v) nil)))) 

(defun bincomp1 (u v) 
  (if (equal v 1)
      (ncons u)
      (list* u (list '(mexpt) v -1) (bincomp1 (add2 -1 u) (1- v)))))

(defun binocomp (u v) 
  (prog (ans) 
     (setq ans 1)
     loop (if (zerop v) (return ans))
     (setq ans (timesk (timesk u ans) (simplify (list '(rat) 1 v))))
     (setq u (addk -1 u) v (1- v))
     (go loop)))

;;; gradient of binomial

(defprop %binomial 
                 ((a b)
                        ((mtimes) -1 ((%binomial) a b)
              ((mplus)
                 ((mtimes) -1
                 ((mqapply) (($psi array) 0) ((mplus) 1 a)))
                 ((mqapply) (($psi array) 0)
                 ((mplus) 1 a ((mtimes) -1 b)))))
                  
                    ((mtimes) -1 ((%binomial) a b)
               ((mplus)
                 ((mtimes) -1
                 ((mqapply) (($psi array) 0)
                 ((mplus) 1 a ((mtimes) -1 b))))
                 ((mqapply) (($psi array) 0) ((mplus) 1 b))))) grad)

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;; Implementation of the Beta function

(declare-top (special $gammalim))

(defmvar $beta_args_sum_to_integer nil)

;;; The Beta function has mirror symmetry
(defprop $beta t commutes-with-conjugate)

(defun simpbeta (x vestigial z &aux check)
  (declare (ignore vestigial))
  (twoargcheck x)
  (setq check x)
  (let ((u (simpcheck (cadr x) z)) (v (simpcheck (caddr x) z)))
    (cond ((or (zerop1 u) (zerop1 v))
           (if errorsw 
               (throw 'errorsw t) 
               (merror 
                 (intl:gettext "beta: expected nonzero arguments; found ~M, ~M")
                               u v)))

          ;; Check for numerical evaluation in float precision
          ((complex-float-numerical-eval-p u v)
           (cond
             ;; We use gamma(u)*gamma(v)/gamma(u+v) for numerical evaluation.
             ;; Therefore u, v or u+v can not be a negative integer or a
             ;; floating point representation of a negative integer.
             ((and (or (not (numberp u))
                       (> u 0)
                       (not (= (nth-value 1 (truncate u)) 0)))
              (and (or (not (numberp v))
                       (> v 0)
                       (not (= (nth-value 1 (truncate v)) 0)))
              (and (or (not (numberp (add u v)))
                       (> (add v u) 0)
                       (not (= (nth-value 1 ($truncate (add u v))) 0))))))
              ($rectform 
                (power ($float '$%e)
                       (add ($log_gamma ($float u))
                            ($log_gamma ($float v))
                            (mul -1 ($log_gamma ($float (add u v))))))))
             ((or (and (numberp u)
                       (> u 0)
                       (= (nth-value 1 (truncate u)) 0)
                       (not (and (mnump v)
                                 (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate v) v)) '$zero)
                                 (eq ($sign v) '$neg)
                                 (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)))
                       (setq u (truncate u)))
                  (and (numberp v)
                       (> v 0)
                       (= (nth-value 1 (truncate u)) 0)
                       (not (and (mnump u)
                                 (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate u) u)) '$zero)
                                 (eq ($sign u) '$neg)
                                 (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)))
                       (setq v (truncate v))))
              ;; One value is representing a negative integer, the other a
              ;; positive integer and the sum is negative. Expand.
              ($rectform ($float (beta-expand-integer u v))))
             (t
               (eqtest (list '($beta) u v) check))))

          ;; Check for numerical evaluation in bigfloat precision
          ((complex-bigfloat-numerical-eval-p u v)
           (let (($ratprint nil))
             (cond
               ((and (or (not (mnump u))
                         (eq ($sign u) '$pos)
                         (not (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate u) u)) '$zero)))
                     (or (not (mnump v))
                         (eq ($sign v) '$pos)
                         (not (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate v) v)) '$zero)))
                     (or (not (mnump (add u v)))
                         (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)
                         (not (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate (add u v))
                                              (add u v)))
                                  '$zero))))
                ($rectform 
                  (power ($bfloat'$%e)
                         (add ($log_gamma ($bfloat u))
                              ($log_gamma ($bfloat v))
                              (mul -1 ($log_gamma ($bfloat (add u v))))))))
               ((or (and (mnump u)
                         (eq ($sign u) '$pos)
                         (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate u) u)) '$zero)
                         (not (and (mnump v)
                              (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate v) v)) '$zero)
                              (eq ($sign v) '$neg)
                              (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)))
                         (setq u ($truncate u)))
                    (and (mnump v)
                         (eq ($sign v) '$pos)
                         (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate v) v)) '$zero)
                         (not (and (mnump u)
                              (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate u) u)) '$zero)
                              (eq ($sign u) '$neg)
                              (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)))
                         (setq v ($truncate v))))
                ($rectform ($bfloat (beta-expand-integer u v))))
               (t
                 (eqtest (list '($beta) u v) check)))))

          ((or (and (and (integerp u)
                         (plusp u))
                    (not (and (mnump v)
                              (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate v) v)) '$zero)
                              (eq ($sign v) '$neg)
                              (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos))))
               (and (and (integerp v) 
                         (plusp v))
                    (not (and (mnump u)
                              (eq ($sign (sub ($truncate u) u)) '$zero)
                              (eq ($sign u) '$neg)
                              (eq ($sign (add u v)) '$pos)))))
           ;; Expand for a positive integer. But not if the other argument is 
           ;; a negative integer and the sum of the integers is not negative.
           (beta-expand-integer u v))

;;; At this point both integers are negative. This code does not work for
;;; negative integers. The factorial function is not defined.
;         ((and (integerp u) (integerp v))
;          (mul2* (div* (list '(mfactorial) (1- u))
;                       (list '(mfactorial) (+ u v -1)))
;                 (list '(mfactorial) (1- v))))

          ((or (and (ratnump u) (ratnump v) (integerp (setq x (addk u v))))
               (and $beta_args_sum_to_integer
                    (integerp (setq x (expand1 (add2 u v) 1 1)))))
           (let ((w (if (symbolp v) v u)))
             (div* (mul2* '$%pi
                          (list '(%binomial)
                                (add2 (1- x) (neg w))
                                (1- x)))
                   `((%sin) ((mtimes) ,w $%pi)))))
          
          ((and $beta_expand (mplusp u) (integerp (cadr u)))
           ;; Expand beta(a+n,b) where n is an integer.
           (let ((n (cadr u))
                 (u (simplify (cons '(mplus) (cddr u)))))
             (beta-expand-add-integer n u v)))
          
          ((and $beta_expand (mplusp v) (integerp (cadr v)))
           ;; Expand beta(a,b+n) where n is an integer.
           (let ((n (cadr v))
                 (v (simplify (cons '(mplus) (cddr v)))))
             (beta-expand-add-integer n v u)))
                  
          (t (eqtest (list '($beta) u v) check)))))

(defun beta-expand-integer (u v)
  ;; One of the arguments is a positive integer. Do an expansion.
  ;; BUT for a negative integer as second argument the expansion is only
  ;; possible when the sum of the integers is negative too.
  ;; This routine expects that the calling routine has checked this.
  (let ((x (add u v)))
    (power
      (mul (sub x 1)
           (simplify
             (list '(%binomial)
                   (sub x 2)
                   (sub (if (and (integerp u) (plusp u)) u v) 1))))
      -1)))

(defun beta-expand-add-integer (n u v)
  (if (plusp n)
      (mul (simplify (list '($pochhammer) u n))
           (power (simplify (list '($pochhammer) (add u v) n)) -1)
           (simplify (list '($beta) u v)))
      (mul (simplify (list '($pochhammer) (add u v n) (- n)))
           (power (simplify (list '($pochhammer) (add u n) (- n))) -1)
           (simplify (list '($beta) u v)))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;; Implementation of the Gamma function

(defun simpgamma (x vestigial z)
  (declare (ignore vestigial))
  (oneargcheck x)
  (let ((j (simpcheck (cadr x) z)))
    (cond ((and (floatp j)
                (or (zerop j)
                    (and (< j 0)
                         (zerop (nth-value 1 (truncate j))))))
           (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: gamma(~:M) is undefined.") j))
          ((float-numerical-eval-p j) (gammafloat ($float j)))
          ((and ($bfloatp j)
                (or (zerop1 j)
                    (and (eq ($sign j) '$neg)
                         (zerop1 (sub j ($truncate j))))))
           (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: gamma(~:M) is undefined.") j))
          ((bigfloat-numerical-eval-p j) 
           ;; Adding 4 digits in the call to bffac. For $fpprec up to about 256
           ;; and an argument up to about 500.0 the accuracy of the result is
           ;; better than 10^(-$fpprec).
           (let ((z (bigfloat:to ($bfloat j))))
             (cond
               ((bigfloat:<= (bigfloat:abs z) (bigfloat:sqrt (bigfloat:epsilon z)))
                ;; For small z, use gamma(z) = gamma(z+1)/z = z!/z
                (div (mfuncall '$bffac
                               ($bfloat j)
                               (+ $fpprec 4))
                     ($bfloat j)))
               (t
                (let ((result (mfuncall '$bffac (m+ ($bfloat j) -1) (+ $fpprec 4))))
                  ;; bigfloatp will round the result to the correct fpprec
                  (bigfloatp result))))))
          ((complex-float-numerical-eval-p j)
           (complexify (gamma-lanczos (complex ($float ($realpart j))
                                               ($float ($imagpart j))))))
          ((complex-bigfloat-numerical-eval-p j)
           (let ((z (bigfloat:to ($bfloat j))))
             (cond
               ((bigfloat:<= (bigfloat:abs z)
                             (bigfloat:sqrt (bigfloat:epsilon z)))
                ;; For small z, use gamma(z) = gamma(z+1)/z = z!/z
                (to (bigfloat:/ (bigfloat:to (mfuncall '$cbffac 
                                                       (to z)
                                                       (+ $fpprec 4)))
                                z)))
               (t
                ;; Adding 4 digits in the call to cbffac. See comment above.
                (let ((result
                       (mfuncall '$cbffac 
                                 (add -1 ($bfloat ($realpart j)) 
                                      (mul '$%i ($bfloat ($imagpart j))))
                                 (+ $fpprec 4))))
                  (add (bigfloatp ($realpart result))
                       (mul '$%i (bigfloatp ($imagpart result)))))))))
          ((taylorize (mop x) (cadr x)))
          ((eq j '$inf) '$inf) ; Simplify to $inf to be more consistent.
          ((and $gamma_expand
                (mplusp j) 
                (integerp (cadr j)))
           ;; Expand gamma(z+n) for n an integer.
           (let ((n (cadr j))
                 (z (simplify (cons '(mplus) (cddr j)))))
             (cond 
               ((> n 0)
                (mul (simplify (list '($pochhammer) z n))
                     (simplify (list '(%gamma) z))))
               ((< n 0)
                (setq n (- n))
                (div (mul (power -1 n) (simplify (list '(%gamma) z)))
                     ;; We factor to get the order (z-1)*(z-2)*...
                     ;; and not (1-z)*(2-z)*... 
                     ($factor
                       (simplify (list '($pochhammer) (sub 1 z) n))))))))
          ((integerp j)
           (cond ((> j 0)
                  (cond ((<= j $factlim)
                         ;; Positive integer less than $factlim. Evaluate.
                         (simplify (list '(mfactorial) (1- j))))
                         ;; Positive integer greater $factlim. Noun form.
                        (t (eqtest (list '(%gamma) j) x))))
                 ;; Negative integer. Throw a Maxima error.
                 (errorsw (throw 'errorsw t))
                 (t (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: gamma(~:M) is undefined.") j))))
          ((alike1 j '((rat) 1 2))
           (list '(mexpt simp) '$%pi j))
          ((and (mnump j)
                (ratgreaterp $gammalim (simplify (list '(mabs) j)))
                (or (ratgreaterp j 1) (ratgreaterp 0 j)))
           ;; Expand for rational numbers less than $gammalim.
           (gammared j))
          (t (eqtest (list '(%gamma) j) x)))))

;; A sign function for gamma(x); when x > 0 return pos; when x < 0 or x > 0, return pn;
;;; otherwise, return pnz (that is, nothing known).
(defun gamma-sign (x)
   (let ((sgn ($csign (second x)))) ;; careful! x = ((%gamma) XXX)
                (setq sign
                          (cond ((eql sgn '$pos) '$pos)
                                    ((or (eql sgn '$neg) (eql sgn '$pn)) '$pn)
                                    (t '$pnz)))))

(putprop '%gamma 'gamma-sign 'sign-function)

(defun gamma (y) ;;; numerical evaluation for 0 < y < 1
  (prog (sum coefs)
     (setq coefs (list 0.035868343 -0.193527817 0.48219939
                       -0.75670407 0.91820685 -0.89705693
                       0.98820588 -0.57719165))
     (unless (atom y) (setq y (fpcofrat y)))
     (setq sum (car coefs) coefs (cdr coefs))
     loop (setq sum (+ (* sum y) (car coefs)))
     (when (setq coefs (cdr coefs)) (go loop))
     (return (+ (/ y) sum))))

(defun gammared (a)                     ;A is assumed to
  (prog (m q n)                         ;be '((RAT) M N)
     (cond ((floatp a) (return (gammafloat a))))
     (setq m (cadr a)                   ;Numerator
           n (caddr a)                  ;denominator
           q (abs (truncate m n)))              ;integer part
     (cond ((minusp m)
            (setq q (1+ q) m (+ m (* n q)))
            (return
              (simptimes (list '(mtimes)
                               (list '(mexpt) n q)
                               (simpgamma (list '(%gamma)
                                                (list '(rat) m n))
                                          1
                                          nil)
                               (list '(mexpt) (gammac m n q) -1))
                         1
                         nil))))
     (return (m* (gammac m n q)
                 (simpgamma (list '(%gamma)
                                  (list '(rat) (rem m n) n))
                            1 nil)
                 (m^ n (- q))))))

(defun gammac (m n q)
  (do ((ans 1))
      ((< q 1) ans)
    (setq q (1- q) m (- m n) ans (* m ans))))
 

;; This implementation is based on Lanczos convergent formula for the
;; gamma function for Re(z) > 0.  We can use the reflection formula
;;
;;    -z*Gamma(z)*Gamma(-z) = pi/sin(pi*z)
;;
;; to handle the case of Re(z) <= 0.
;;
;; See http://my.fit.edu/~gabdo/gamma.m for some matlab code to
;; compute this and http://my.fit.edu/~gabdo/gamma.txt for a nice
;; discussion of Lanczos method and an improvement of Lanczos method.
;;
;;
;; The document says this should give about 15 digits of accuracy for
;; double-precision IEEE floats.  The document also indicates how to
;; compute a new set of coefficients if you need more range or
;; accuracy.

(defun gamma-lanczos (z)
  (declare (type (complex flonum) z)
           (optimize (safety 3)))
  (let ((c (make-array 15 :element-type 'flonum
                       :initial-contents
                       '(0.99999999999999709182
                         57.156235665862923517
                         -59.597960355475491248
                         14.136097974741747174
                         -0.49191381609762019978
                         .33994649984811888699e-4
                         .46523628927048575665e-4
                         -.98374475304879564677e-4
                         .15808870322491248884e-3
                         -.21026444172410488319e-3
                         .21743961811521264320e-3
                         -.16431810653676389022e-3
                         .84418223983852743293e-4
                         -.26190838401581408670e-4
                         .36899182659531622704e-5))))
    (declare (type (simple-array flonum (15)) c))
    (cond
      ((minusp (realpart z))
       ;; Use the reflection formula
       ;; -z*Gamma(z)*Gamma(-z) = pi/sin(pi*z)
       ;; or
       ;; Gamma(z) = pi/z/sin(pi*z)/Gamma(-z)
       ;;
       ;; If z is a negative integer, Gamma(z) is infinity.  Should
       ;; we test for this?  Throw an error?
       ;; The test must be done by the calling routine.
       (/ (float pi)
          (* (- z) (sin (* (float pi) z))
             (gamma-lanczos (- z)))))
      ((<= (abs z) (sqrt +flonum-epsilon+))
       ;; For |z| small, use Gamma(z) = Gamma(z+1)/z
       (/ (gamma-lanczos (+ 1 z))
          z))
      (t
       (let* ((z (- z 1))
              (zh (+ z 1/2))
              (zgh (+ zh 607/128))
              (ss 
               (do ((sum 0.0)
                    (pp (1- (length c)) (1- pp)))
                   ((< pp 1)
                    sum)
                 (incf sum (/ (aref c pp) (+ z pp))))))
         (let ((result 
                ;; We check for an overflow. The last positive value in 
                ;; double-float precicsion for which Maxima can calculate 
                ;; gamma is ~171.6243 (CLISP 2.46 and GCL 2.6.8)
                (ignore-errors
                  (let ((zp (expt zgh (/ zh 2))))
                    (* (sqrt (float (* 2 pi)))
                       (+ ss (aref c 0))
                       (* (/ zp (exp zgh)) zp))))))
           (cond ((null result)
                  ;; No result. Overflow.
                  (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: overflow in GAMMA-LANCZOS.")))
                 ((or (float-nan-p (realpart result))
                      (float-inf-p (realpart result)))
                  ;; Result, but beyond extreme values. Overflow.
                  (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: overflow in GAMMA-LANCZOS.")))
                 (t result))))))))

(defun gammafloat (a)
  (let ((a (float a)))
    (cond ((minusp a)
           ;; Reflection formula to make it positive: gamma(x) =
           ;; %pi/sin(%pi*x)/x/gamma(-x)
           (/ (float (- pi))
              (* a (sin (* (float pi) a)))
              (gammafloat (- a))))
          ((<= a (sqrt +flonum-epsilon+))
           ;; Use gamma(x) = gamma(1+x)/x when x is very small
           (/ (gammafloat (+ 1 a))
              a))
          ((< a 10)
           (slatec::dgamma a))
          (t
           (let ((result
                  (let ((c (* (sqrt (* 2 (float pi)))
                              (exp (slatec::d9lgmc a)))))
                    (let ((v (expt a (- (* .5e0 a) 0.25e0))))
                      (* v
                         (/ v (exp a))
                         c)))))
             (if (or (float-nan-p result)
                     (float-inf-p result))
                 (merror (intl:gettext "gamma: overflow in GAMMAFLOAT."))
                 result))))))

(defmfun $zeromatrix (m n) ($ematrix m n 0 1 1))

(defmfun $ematrix (m n var i j)
  (prog (ans row) 
     (cond ((equal m 0) (return (ncons '($matrix simp))))
           ((and (equal n 0) (fixnump m) (> m 0))
            (return (cons '($matrix simp) (list-of-mlists m))))
           ((not (and (fixnump m) (fixnump n)
                      (fixnump i) (fixnump j)
                      (> m 0) (> n 0) (> i 0) (> j 0)))
            (merror (intl:gettext "ematrix: arguments must be positive integers; found ~M")
                    (list '(mlist simp) m n i j) )))
     loop (cond ((= m i) (setq row (onen j n var 0)) (go on))
                ((zerop m) (return (cons '($matrix) (mxc ans)))))
     (setq row nil)
     (do ((n n (1- n))) ((zerop n)) (setq row (cons 0 row)))
     on   (setq ans (cons row ans) m (1- m))
     (go loop)))

(defun list-of-mlists (n)
  (do ((n n (1- n))
       (l nil (cons (ncons '(mlist simp)) l)))
      ((= n 0) l)))

(defmfun $coefmatrix (eql varl) (coefmatrix eql varl nil))

(defmfun $augcoefmatrix (eql varl) (coefmatrix eql varl t))

(defun coefmatrix (eql varl ind)
  (prog (ans row a b elem)
     (if (not ($listp eql)) (improper-arg-err eql '$coefmatrix))
     (if (not ($listp varl)) (improper-arg-err varl '$coefmatrix))
     (dolist (v (cdr varl))
       (if (and (not (atom v)) (member (caar v) '(mplus mtimes) :test #'eq))
           (merror (intl:gettext "coefmatrix: variables cannot be '+' or '*' expressions; found ~M") v)))
     (setq eql (nreverse (mapcar #'meqhk (cdr eql)))
           varl (reverse (cdr varl)))
     loop1(if (null eql) (return (cons '($matrix) (mxc ans))))
     (setq a (car eql) eql (cdr eql) row nil)
     (if ind (setq row (cons (const1 a varl) row)))
     (setq b varl)
     loop2(setq elem (ratcoef a (car b)))
     (setq row (cons (if $ratmx elem (ratdisrep elem)) row))
     (if (setq b (cdr b)) (go loop2))
     (setq ans (cons row ans))
     (go loop1)))

(defun const1 (e varl)
  (dolist (v varl) (setq e (maxima-substitute 0 v e))) e)

(defmfun $entermatrix (rows columns)
  (prog (row column vector matrix sym symvector)
     (cond ((or (not (fixnump rows))
                (not (fixnump columns)))
            (merror (intl:gettext "entermatrix: arguments must be integers; found ~M, ~M") rows columns)))
     (setq row 0)
     (unless (= rows columns) (setq sym nil) (go oloop))
     quest (format t "~%Is the matrix  1. Diagonal  2. Symmetric  3. Antisymmetric  4. General~%")
     (setq sym (retrieve "Answer 1, 2, 3 or 4 : " nil))
     (unless (member sym '(1 2 3 4)) (go quest))
     oloop (cond ((> (incf row) rows)
                 (format t "~%Matrix entered.~%")
                 (return (cons '($matrix) (mxc matrix)))))
     (cond ((equal sym 1)
            (setq column row)
            (let ((prompt (format nil "Row ~a Column ~a: " row column)))
              (setq matrix
                    (nconc matrix
                           (ncons (onen row columns 
                                        (meval (retrieve prompt nil)) 0)))))
            (go oloop))
           ((equal sym 2)
            (setq column (1- row))
            (cond ((equal row 1) (go iloop)))
            (setq symvector 
                  (cons (nthcdr column vector) symvector)
                  vector (nreverse (mapcar 'car symvector))
                  symvector (mapcar 'cdr symvector))
            (go iloop))
           ((equal sym 3)
            (setq column row)
            (cond ((equal row 1) (setq vector (ncons 0)) (go iloop)))
            (setq symvector
                  (cons (mapcar #'neg (nthcdr (1- column) vector))
                        symvector)
                  vector (nreconc (mapcar 'car symvector) (ncons 0))
                  symvector (mapcar 'cdr symvector))
            (go iloop)))                
     (setq column 0 vector nil)
     iloop (cond ((> (incf column) columns)
                 (setq matrix (nconc matrix (ncons vector)))
                 (go oloop)))
     (let ((prompt (format nil "Row ~a Column ~a: " row column)))
       (setq vector (nconc vector (ncons (meval (retrieve prompt nil))))))
     (go iloop)))

(declare-top (special sn* sd* rsn*))

(defmfun $xthru (e)
  (cond ((atom e) e)
        ((mtimesp e) (muln (mapcar '$xthru (cdr e)) nil))
        ((mplusp e) (simplify (comdenom (mapcar '$xthru (cdr e)) t)))
        ((mexptp e) (power ($xthru (cadr e)) (caddr e)))
        ((mbagp e) (cons (car e) (mapcar '$xthru (cdr e))))
        (t e))) 

(defun comdenom (l ind) 
  (prog (n d) 
     (prodnumden (car l))
     (setq n (m*l sn*) sn* nil)
     (setq d (m*l sd*) sd* nil)
     loop       (setq l (cdr l))
     (cond ((null l)
            (return (cond (ind (div* (cond (rsn* ($ratsimp n))
                                           (t n))
                                     d))
                          (t (list n d))))))
     (prodnumden (car l))
     (setq d (comdenom1 n d (m*l sn*) (m*l sd*)))
     (setq n (car d))
     (setq d (cadr d))
     (go loop)))

(defun prodnumden (e) 
  (cond ((atom e) (prodnd (list e)))
        ((eq (caar e) 'mtimes) (prodnd (cdr e)))
        (t (prodnd (list e)))))

(defun prodnd (l) 
  (prog (e) 
     (setq l (reverse l))
     (setq sn* nil sd* nil)
     loop (cond ((null l) (return nil)))
     (setq e (car l))
     (cond ((atom e) (setq sn* (cons e sn*)))
           ((ratnump e)
            (cond ((not (equal 1 (cadr e)))
                   (setq sn* (cons (cadr e) sn*))))
            (setq sd* (cons (caddr e) sd*)))
           ((and (eq (caar e) 'mexpt)
                 (mnegp (caddr e)))
            (setq sd* (cons (power (cadr e)
                                   (timesk -1 (caddr e)))
                            sd*)))
           (t (setq sn* (cons e sn*))))
     (setq l (cdr l))
     (go loop)))

(defun comdenom1 (a b c d) 
  (prog (b1 c1) 
     (prodnumden (div* b d))
     (setq b1 (m*l sn*) sn* nil)
     (setq c1 (m*l sd*) sd* nil)
     (return
       (list (add2 (m* a c1) (m* c b1))
             (mul2 d b1)))))

(declare-top (special ax
                      *mosesflag))

(defun xrutout (ax n m varl ind)
  (let (($linsolve_params (and $backsubst $linsolve_params)))
    (prog (ix imin ans zz m-1 sol tim chk zzz)
       (setq ax (get-array-pointer ax) tim 0)
       (if $linsolve_params (setq $%rnum_list (list '(mlist))))
       (setq imin (min (setq m-1 (1- m)) n))
       (setq ix (max imin (length varl)))
       loop (if (zerop ix) (if ind (go out) (return (cons '(mlist) zz))))
       (when (or (> ix imin) (equal (car (aref ax ix ix)) 0))
         (setf (aref ax 0 ix)
                (rform (if $linsolve_params (make-param) (ith varl ix))))
         (if $linsolve_params (go saval) (go next)))
       (setq ans (aref ax ix m))
       (setf (aref ax ix m) nil)
       (do ((j (1+ ix) (1+ j)))
           ((> j m-1))
         (setq ans (ratdif ans (rattimes (aref ax ix j) (aref ax 0 j) t)))
         (setf (aref ax ix j) nil))
       (setf (aref ax 0 ix) (ratquotient ans (aref ax ix ix)))
       (setf (aref ax ix ix) nil)
       (setq ans nil)
       saval (push (cond (*mosesflag (aref ax 0 ix)) 
                         (t (list (if $globalsolve '(msetq) '(mequal))
                                  (ith varl ix)
                                  (simplify (rdis (aref ax 0 ix))))))
                   zz)
       (if (not $backsubst)
           (setf (aref ax 0 ix) (rform (ith varl ix))))
       (and $globalsolve (meval (car zz)))
       next (decf ix)
       (go loop)
       out
       (cond ($dispflag (mtell (intl:gettext "Solution:~%"))))
       (setq sol (list '(mlist)) chk (checklabel $linechar))
       (do ((ll zz (cdr ll)))
           ((null ll))
         (setq zzz (car ll))
         (setq zzz (list '(mlabel)
                         (progn
                           (if chk
                               (setq chk nil)
                               (incf $linenum))
                           (let (($nolabels nil))
                             (makelabel $linechar))
                           *linelabel*)
                         (setf (symbol-value *linelabel*) zzz)))
         (nconc sol (ncons *linelabel*))
         (cond ($dispflag
                (setq tim (get-internal-run-time))
                (mtell-open "~%~M" zzz)
                (timeorg tim))
               (t
                (putprop *linelabel* t 'nodisp))))
       (return sol))))