1 /* Copyright (C) 2007 Viktor T. Toth <http://www.vttoth.com/>
3 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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9 * useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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11 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13 * Deriving the Friedmann-equations of cosmology
16 ("Deriving the Friedmann-equations of cosmology" )$
17 if get('ctensor,'version)=false then load(ctensor);
18 ("We start with the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric")$
19 ("This metric describes a homogeneous, isotropic universe.")$
20 ("Our coordinate system is spherical:")$
24 lg[2,2]:-a^2/(1-k*r^2);
26 lg[4,4]:-a^2*r^2*sin(u)^2;
29 ("Let us review the contravariant and covariant metric tensor:")$
32 ("And let us calculate the Einstein tensor.")$
37 ("The Weyl tensor is null. No gravitational waves in this metric!")$
39 ("The energy-momentum tensor is that of an ideal fluid with")$
40 ("energy density e and pressure p:")$
44 ("The Einstein field equations are reduced to two differential equations:")$
45 expand(ein[1,1]/3=(8*%pi*G*T[1,1]+L)/3);
46 expand(ein[2,2]-ein[1,1]/3)/2=factor(8*%pi*G*(T[2,2]-T[1,1]/3)/2)+(L-L/3)/2;
47 ("These two are known as the Friedmann equations of cosmology.")$
48 ("The size of the universe is proportional to the scale factor a;")$
49 ("L (Lambda) is the infamous cosmological constant; k (=0, +1, or -1)")$
50 ("determines the curvature (flat, closed, or open universe, respectively.)")$
51 /* End of demo -- comment line needed by MAXIMA to resume demo menu */