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55 host \- look up host names using domain server
57 host [-l] [-v] [-w] [-r] [-d] [-t querytype] [-a] host [ server ]
60 looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets this information
61 from a set of interconnected servers that are spread across the
62 country. By default, it simply converts between host names and
63 Internet addresses. However with the -t or -a options, it can be used
64 to find all of the information about this host that is maintained
67 The arguments can be either host names or host numbers. The program
68 first attempts to interpret them as host numbers. If this fails,
69 it will treat them as host names. A host number consists of
70 first decimal numbers separated by dots, e.g. 128.6.4.194
72 consists of names separated by dots, e.g. topaz.rutgers.edu.
73 Unless the name ends in a dot, the local domain
74 is automatically tacked on the end. Thus a Rutgers user can say
75 "host topaz", and it will actually look up "topaz.rutgers.edu".
76 If this fails, the name is tried unchanged (in this case, "topaz").
77 This same convention is used for mail and other network utilities.
78 The actual suffix to tack on the end is obtained
79 by looking at the results of a "hostname" call, and using everything
80 starting at the first dot. (See below for a description of
81 how to customize the host name lookup.)
83 The first argument is the host name you want to look up.
84 If this is a number, an "inverse query" is done, i.e. the domain
85 system looks in a separate set of databases used to convert numbers
88 The second argument is optional. It
89 allows you to specify a particular server to query. If you don't
90 specify this argument, the default server (normally the local machine)
93 If a name is specified, you may see output of three different kinds.
94 Here is an example that shows all of them:
98 sun4.rutgers.edu is a nickname for ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
100 ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.5.46
102 ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.4.4
104 ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU mail is handled by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU
106 The user has typed the command "host sun4". The first line indicates
107 that the name "sun4.rutgers.edu" is actually a nickname. The official
108 host name is "ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU'. The next two lines show the
109 address. If a system has more than one network interface, there
110 will be a separate address for each. The last line indicates
111 that ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU does not receive its own mail. Mail for
112 it is taken by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU. There may be more than one
113 such line, since some systems have more than one other system
114 that will handle mail for them. Technically, every system that
115 can receive mail is supposed to have an entry of this kind. If
116 the system receives its own mail, there should be an entry
117 the mentions the system itself, for example
118 "XXX mail is handled by XXX". However many systems that receive
119 their own mail do not bother to mention that fact. If a system
120 has a "mail is handled by" entry, but no address, this indicates
121 that it is not really part of the Internet, but a system that is
122 on the network will forward mail to it. Systems on Usenet, Bitnet,
123 and a number of other networks have entries of this kind.
125 There are a number of options that can be used before the
126 host name. Most of these options are meaningful only to the
127 staff who have to maintain the domain database.
129 The option -w causes host to wait forever for a response. Normally
130 it will time out after around a minute.
132 The option -v causes printout to be in a "verbose" format. This
133 is the official domain master file format, which is documented
134 in the man page for "named". Without this option, output still follows
135 this format in general terms, but some attempt is made to make it
136 more intelligible to normal users. Without -v,
137 "a", "mx", and "cname" records
138 are written out as "has address", "mail is handled by", and
139 "is a nickname for", and TTL and class fields are not shown.
141 The option -r causes recursion to be turned off in the request.
142 This means that the name server will return only data it has in
143 its own database. It will not ask other servers for more
146 The option -d turns on debugging. Network transactions are shown
149 The option -t allows you to specify a particular type of information
150 to be looked up. The arguments are defined in the man page for
151 "named". Currently supported types are a, ns, md, mf, cname,
152 soa, mb, mg, mr, null, wks, ptr, hinfo, minfo, mx, uinfo,
153 uid, gid, unspec, and the wildcard, which may be written
154 as either "any" or "*". Types must be given in lower case.
155 Note that the default is to look first for "a", and then "mx", except
156 that if the verbose option is turned on, the default is only "a".
158 The option -a (for "all") is equivalent to "-v -t any".
160 The option -l causes a listing of a complete domain. E.g.
164 will give a listing of all hosts in the rutgers.edu domain. The -t
165 option is used to filter what information is presented, as you
166 would expect. The default is address information, which also
167 include PTR and NS records. The command
169 host -l -v -t any rutgers.edu
171 will give a complete download of the zone data for rutgers.edu,
172 in the official master file format. (However the SOA record is
173 listed twice, for arcane reasons.) NOTE: -l is implemented by
174 doing a complete zone transfer and then filtering out the information
175 the you have asked for. This command should be used only if it
176 is absolutely necessary.
177 .SH CUSTOMIZING HOST NAME LOOKUP
178 In general, if the name supplied by the user does not
179 have any dots in it, a default domain is appended to the end.
180 This domain can be defined in /etc/resolv.conf, but is normally derived
181 by taking the local hostname after its first dot. The user can override
182 this, and specify a different default domain, using the environment
185 In addition, the user can supply his own abbreviations for host names.
186 They should be in a file consisting of one line per abbreviation.
187 Each line contains an abbreviation, a space, and then the full
188 host name. This file must be pointed to by an environment variable
190 which is the name of the file.
194 Unexpected effects can happen when you type a name that is not
195 part of the local domain. Please always keep in mind the
196 fact that the local domain name is tacked onto the end of every
197 name, unless it ends in a dot. Only if this fails is the name
200 The -l option only tries the first name server listed for the
201 domain that you have requested. If this server is dead, you
202 may need to specify a server manually. E.g. to get a listing
203 of foo.edu, you could try "host -t ns foo.edu" to get a list
204 of all the name servers for foo.edu, and then try "host -l foo.edu xxx"
205 for all xxx on the list of name servers, until you find one that