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33 .\" @(#)rm.1 8.5 (Berkeley) 12/5/94
40 .Nd remove directory entries
49 utility attempts to remove the non-directory type files specified on the
51 If the permissions of the file do not permit writing, and the standard
52 input device is a terminal, the user is prompted (on the standard error
53 output) for confirmation.
55 The options are as follows:
58 Attempt to remove directories as well as other types of files.
60 Attempt to remove the files without prompting for confirmation,
61 regardless of the file's permissions.
62 If the file does not exist, do not display a diagnostic message or modify
63 the exit status to reflect an error.
66 option overrides any previous
70 Request confirmation before attempting to remove each file, regardless of
71 the file's permissions, or whether or not the standard input device is a
75 option overrides any previous
79 Overwrite regular files before deleting them.
80 Files are overwritten three times, first with the byte pattern 0xff,
81 then 0x00, and then with random data, before they are deleted.
82 Some care is taken to ensure that the data are actually written to
83 disk, but this cannot be guaranteed, even on traditional filesystems;
84 on log-structured filesystems or if any block-journaling scheme is
85 in use, this option is completely useless.
87 overwritten, it will not be removed.
89 Attempt to remove the file hierarchy rooted in each file argument.
97 option is specified, the user is prompted for confirmation before
98 each directory's contents are processed (as well as before the attempt
99 is made to remove the directory).
100 If the user does not respond affirmatively, the file hierarchy rooted in
101 that directory is skipped.
108 to be verbose, showing files as they are processed.
110 Attempts to undelete the named files.
111 Currently, this option can only be used to recover
112 files covered by whiteouts.
114 When removing a hierarchy, do not cross mount points.
119 utility removes symbolic links, not the files referenced by the links.
121 It is an error to attempt to remove the files ``.'' and ``..''.
125 utility exits 0 if all of the named files or file hierarchies were removed,
128 option was specified and all of the existing files or file hierarchies were
132 exits with a value \*[Gt]0.
137 standard argument processing.
138 Removing filenames that begin with a dash
140 in the current directory which might otherwise be taken as option flags to
142 can be accomplished as follows:
152 utility differs from historical implementations in that the
154 option only masks attempts to remove non-existent files instead of
155 masking a large variety of errors.
159 implementations prompted on the standard output,
160 not the standard error output.
171 utility is expected to be
178 options are extensions.
182 option attempts to conform to U.S. DoD 5220-22.M, "National Industrial
183 Security Program Operating Manual" ("NISPOM") as updated by Change
184 2 and the July 23, 2003 "Clearing \*[Am] Sanitization Matrix".
185 However, unlike earlier revisions of NISPOM, the 2003 matrix imposes
186 requirements which make it clear that the standard does not and
187 can not apply to the erasure of individual files, in particular
188 requirements relating to spare sector management for an entire
190 .Em Because these requirements are not met, the
192 .Em option does not conform to the standard .
201 option assumes that the underlying file system is a fixed-block file
203 FFS is a fixed-block file system, LFS is not.
204 In addition, only regular files are overwritten, other types of files
206 Recent research indicates that as many as 35 overwrite passes with
207 carefully chosen data patterns may be necessary to actually prevent
208 recovery of data from a magnetic disk.
211 option is likely both insufficient for its design purpose and far
212 too costly for default operation.
213 However, it will at least prevent the recovery of data from FFS