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25 .\" $FreeBSD$
26 .\"
27 .Dd December 21, 2007
28 .Dt BSDCPIO 1
29 .Os
30 .Sh NAME
31 .Nm cpio
32 .Nd copy files to and from archives
33 .Sh SYNOPSIS
34 .Nm
35 .Brq Fl i
36 .Op Ar options
37 .Op Ar pattern ...
38 .Op Ar < archive
39 .Nm
40 .Brq Fl o
41 .Op Ar options
42 .Ar < name-list
43 .Op Ar > archive
44 .Nm
45 .Brq Fl p
46 .Op Ar options
47 .Ar dest-dir
48 .Ar < name-list
49 .Sh DESCRIPTION
50 .Nm
51 copies files between archives and directories.
52 This implementation can extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar,
53 and ISO 9660 cdrom images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar,
54 and shar archives.
55 .Pp
56 The first option to
57 .Nm
58 is a mode indicator from the following list:
59 .Bl -tag -compact -width indent
60 .It Fl i
61 Input.
62 Read an archive from standard input (unless overriden) and extract the
63 contents to disk or (if the
64 .Fl t
65 option is specified)
66 list the contents to standard output.
67 If one or more file patterns are specified, only files matching
68 one of the patterns will be extracted.
69 .It Fl o
70 Output.
71 Read a list of filenames from standard input and produce a new archive
72 on standard output (unless overriden) containing the specified items.
73 .It Fl p
74 Pass-through.
75 Read a list of filenames from standard input and copy the files to the
76 specified directory.
77 .El
78 .Pp
79 .Sh OPTIONS
80 Unless specifically stated otherwise, options are applicable in
81 all operating modes.
82 .Bl -tag -width indent
83 .It Fl 0
84 Read filenames separated by NUL characters instead of newlines.
85 This is necessary if any of the filenames being read might contain newlines.
86 .It Fl A
87 (o mode only)
88 Append to the specified archive.
89 (Not yet implemented.)
90 .It Fl a
91 (o and p modes)
92 Reset access times on files after they are read.
93 .It Fl B
94 (o mode only)
95 Block output to records of 5120 bytes.
96 .It Fl C Ar size
97 (o mode only)
98 Block output to records of
99 .Ar size
100 bytes.
101 .It Fl c
102 (o mode only)
103 Use the old POSIX portable character format.
104 Equivalent to
105 .Fl -format Ar odc .
106 .It Fl d
107 (i and p modes)
108 Create directories as necessary.
109 .It Fl E Ar file
110 (i mode only)
111 Read list of file name patterns from
112 .Ar file
113 to list and extract.
114 .It Fl F Ar file
115 Read archive from or write archive to
116 .Ar file .
117 .It Fl f Ar pattern
118 (i mode only)
119 Ignore files that match
120 .Ar pattern .
121 .It Fl -format Ar format
122 (o mode only)
123 Produce the output archive in the specified format.
124 Supported formats include:
125 .Pp
126 .Bl -tag -width "iso9660" -compact
127 .It Ar cpio
128 Synonym for
129 .Ar odc .
130 .It Ar newc
131 The SVR4 portable cpio format.
132 .It Ar odc
133 The old POSIX.1 portable octet-oriented cpio format.
134 .It Ar pax
135 The POSIX.1 pax format, an extension of the ustar format.
136 .It Ar ustar
137 The POSIX.1 tar format.
138 .El
139 .Pp
140 The default format is
141 .Ar odc .
142 See
143 .Xr libarchive_formats 5
144 for more complete information about the
145 formats currently supported by the underlying
146 .Xr libarchive 3
147 library.
148 .It Fl H Ar format
149 Synonym for
150 .Fl -format .
151 .It Fl h , Fl -help
152 Print usage information.
153 .It Fl I Ar file
154 Read archive from
155 .Ar file .
156 .It Fl i
157 Input mode.
158 See above for description.
159 .It Fl -insecure
160 (i and p mode only)
161 Disable security checks during extraction or copying.
162 This allows extraction via symbolic links and path names containing
163 .Sq ..
164 in the name.
165 .It Fl J
166 (o mode only)
167 Compress the file with xz-compatible compression before writing it.
168 In input mode, this option is ignored; xz compression is recognized
169 automatically on input.
170 .It Fl j
171 Synonym for
172 .Fl y .
173 .It Fl L
174 (o and p modes)
175 All symbolic links will be followed.
176 Normally, symbolic links are archived and copied as symbolic links.
177 With this option, the target of the link will be archived or copied instead.
178 .It Fl l
179 (p mode only)
180 Create links from the target directory to the original files,
181 instead of copying.
182 .It Fl lzma
183 (o mode only)
184 Compress the file with lzma-compatible compression before writing it.
185 In input mode, this option is ignored; lzma compression is recognized
186 automatically on input.
187 .It Fl m
188 (i and p modes)
189 Set file modification time on created files to match
190 those in the source.
191 .It Fl n
192 (i mode, only with
193 .Fl t )
194 Display numeric uid and gid.
195 By default,
196 .Nm
197 displays the user and group names when they are provided in the
198 archive, or looks up the user and group names in the system
199 password database.
200 .It Fl no-preserve-owner
201 (i mode only)
202 Do not attempt to restore file ownership.
203 This is the default when run by non-root users.
204 .It Fl O Ar file
205 Write archive to
206 .Ar file .
207 .It Fl o
208 Output mode.
209 See above for description.
210 .It Fl p
211 Pass-through mode.
212 See above for description.
213 .It Fl preserve-owner
214 (i mode only)
215 Restore file ownership.
216 This is the default when run by the root user.
217 .It Fl -quiet
218 Suppress unnecessary messages.
219 .It Fl R Oo user Oc Ns Oo : Oc Ns Oo group Oc
220 Set the owner and/or group on files in the output.
221 If group is specified with no user
222 (for example,
223 .Fl R Ar :wheel )
224 then the group will be set but not the user.
225 If the user is specified with a trailing colon and no group
226 (for example,
227 .Fl R Ar root: )
228 then the group will be set to the user's default group.
229 If the user is specified with no trailing colon, then
230 the user will be set but not the group.
231 In
232 .Fl i
233 and
234 .Fl p
235 modes, this option can only be used by the super-user.
236 (For compatibility, a period can be used in place of the colon.)
237 .It Fl r
238 (All modes.)
239 Rename files interactively.
240 For each file, a prompt is written to
241 .Pa /dev/tty
242 containing the name of the file and a line is read from
243 .Pa /dev/tty .
244 If the line read is blank, the file is skipped.
245 If the line contains a single period, the file is processed normally.
246 Otherwise, the line is taken to be the new name of the file.
247 .It Fl t
248 (i mode only)
249 List the contents of the archive to stdout;
250 do not restore the contents to disk.
251 .It Fl u
252 (i and p modes)
253 Unconditionally overwrite existing files.
254 Ordinarily, an older file will not overwrite a newer file on disk.
255 .It Fl v
256 Print the name of each file to stderr as it is processed.
257 With
258 .Fl t ,
259 provide a detailed listing of each file.
260 .It Fl -version
261 Print the program version information and exit.
262 .It Fl y
263 (o mode only)
264 Compress the archive with bzip2-compatible compression before writing it.
265 In input mode, this option is ignored;
266 bzip2 compression is recognized automatically on input.
267 .It Fl Z
268 (o mode only)
269 Compress the archive with compress-compatible compression before writing it.
270 In input mode, this option is ignored;
271 compression is recognized automatically on input.
272 .It Fl z
273 (o mode only)
274 Compress the archive with gzip-compatible compression before writing it.
275 In input mode, this option is ignored;
276 gzip compression is recognized automatically on input.
277 .El
278 .Sh ENVIRONMENT
279 The following environment variables affect the execution of
280 .Nm :
281 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev BLOCKSIZE"
282 .It Ev LANG
283 The locale to use.
284 See
285 .Xr environ 7
286 for more information.
287 .It Ev TZ
288 The timezone to use when displaying dates.
289 See
290 .Xr environ 7
291 for more information.
292 .El
293 .Sh EXIT STATUS
294 .Ex -std
295 .Sh EXAMPLES
296 The
297 .Nm
298 command is traditionally used to copy file heirarchies in conjunction
299 with the
300 .Xr find 1
301 command.
302 The first example here simply copies all files from
303 .Pa src
304 to
305 .Pa dest :
306 .Dl Nm find Pa src | Nm Fl pmud Pa dest
307 .Pp
308 By carefully selecting options to the
309 .Xr find 1
310 command and combining it with other standard utilities,
311 it is possible to exercise very fine control over which files are copied.
312 This next example copies files from
313 .Pa src
314 to
315 .Pa dest
316 that are more than 2 days old and whose names match a particular pattern:
317 .Dl Nm find Pa src Fl mtime Ar +2 | Nm grep foo[bar] | Nm Fl pdmu Pa dest
318 .Pp
319 This example copies files from
320 .Pa src
321 to
322 .Pa dest
323 that are more than 2 days old and which contain the word
324 .Do foobar Dc :
325 .Dl Nm find Pa src Fl mtime Ar +2 | Nm xargs Nm grep -l foobar | Nm Fl pdmu Pa dest
326 .Sh COMPATIBILITY
327 The mode options i, o, and p and the options
328 a, B, c, d, f, l, m, r, t, u, and v comply with SUSv2.
329 .Pp
330 The old POSIX.1 standard specified that only
331 .Fl i ,
332 .Fl o ,
333 and
334 .Fl p
335 were interpreted as command-line options.
336 Each took a single argument of a list of modifier
337 characters.
338 For example, the standard syntax allows
339 .Fl imu
340 but does not support
341 .Fl miu
342 or
343 .Fl i Fl m Fl u ,
344 since
345 .Ar m
346 and
347 .Ar u
348 are only modifiers to
349 .Fl i ,
350 they are not command-line options in their own right.
351 The syntax supported by this implementation is backwards-compatible
352 with the standard.
353 For best compatibility, scripts should limit themselves to the
354 standard syntax.
355 .Sh SEE ALSO
356 .Xr bzip2 1 ,
357 .Xr tar 1 ,
358 .Xr gzip 1 ,
359 .Xr mt 1 ,
360 .Xr pax 1 ,
361 .Xr libarchive 3 ,
362 .Xr cpio 5 ,
363 .Xr libarchive-formats 5 ,
364 .Xr tar 5
365 .Sh STANDARDS
366 There is no current POSIX standard for the cpio command; it appeared
367 in
368 .St -p1003.1-96
369 but was dropped from
370 .St -p1003.1-2001 .
371 .Pp
372 The cpio, ustar, and pax interchange file formats are defined by
373 .St -p1003.1-2001
374 for the pax command.
375 .Sh HISTORY
376 The original
377 .Nm cpio
378 and
379 .Nm find
380 utilities were written by Dick Haight
381 while working in AT&T's Unix Support Group.
382 They first appeared in 1977 in PWB/UNIX 1.0, the
383 .Dq Programmer's Work Bench
384 system developed for use within AT&T.
385 They were first released outside of AT&T as part of System III Unix in 1981.
386 As a result,
387 .Nm cpio
388 actually predates
389 .Nm tar ,
390 even though it was not well-known outside of AT&T until some time later.
391 .Pp
392 This is a complete re-implementation based on the
393 .Xr libarchive 3
394 library.
395 .Sh BUGS
396 The cpio archive format has several basic limitations:
397 It does not store user and group names, only numbers.
398 As a result, it cannot be reliably used to transfer
399 files between systems with dissimilar user and group numbering.
400 Older cpio formats limit the user and group numbers to
401 16 or 18 bits, which is insufficient for modern systems.
402 The cpio archive formats cannot support files over 4 gigabytes,
403 except for the
404 .Dq odc
405 variant, which can support files up to 8 gigabytes.