| blob | 3e2c0b34531f2436442a71a4c7305c479f1346f4 |
1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
10 # Australia
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 # Northern Territory
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
29 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
30 9:30 Aus AC%sT
31 # Western Australia
32 #
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 8:00 AW AW%sT
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul
48 8:45 AW ACW%sT
50 # Queensland
51 #
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
56 #
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61 # so use Lindeman.
62 #
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
71 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
72 10:00 AQ AE%sT
73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
74 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
75 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
76 10:00 Holiday AE%sT
78 # South Australia
79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
82 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
85 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
86 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
87 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
88 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
89 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
90 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
91 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
95 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
96 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
97 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
98 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
99 9:30 AS AC%sT
101 # Tasmania
102 #
103 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
104 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
105 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
106 #
107 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
108 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
109 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
110 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
111 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
112 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
113 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
114 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
115 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
116 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
117 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
118 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
120 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
121 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
123 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
124 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
128 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
129 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
130 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
131 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
132 10:00 AT AE%sT
133 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
134 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
135 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
136 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
137 10:00 AT AE%sT
139 # Victoria
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
142 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
143 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
144 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
145 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
146 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
148 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
149 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
151 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
155 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
156 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
157 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
158 10:00 AV AE%sT
160 # New South Wales
161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
162 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
163 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
164 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
165 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
166 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
167 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
168 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
169 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
170 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
173 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
174 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
179 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
180 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
181 10:00 AN AE%sT
182 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
184 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
185 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
186 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
187 9:30 AS AC%sT
189 # Lord Howe Island
190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
191 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
192 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
193 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
194 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
195 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
196 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
197 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
198 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
199 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
200 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
201 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
202 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
203 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
205 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
206 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
207 10:30 LH LH%sT
209 # Australian miscellany
210 #
211 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
212 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
213 # no times are set
214 #
215 # Coral Sea Is
216 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
217 # no times are set
218 #
219 # Macquarie
220 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
221 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
222 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
223 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
224 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
225 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
226 #
227 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
228 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
229 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
230 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
231 # on 4 April.
232 #
233 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
234 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
235 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
236 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
237 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
238 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
239 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
240 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
241 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
242 0 - zzz 1948 Mar 25
243 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
244 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
245 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
247 # Christmas
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
250 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
252 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
253 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
254 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
257 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
260 # Fiji
262 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
264 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
265 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
266 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
267 #
268 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
269 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
270 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
273 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
274 # amendments:
275 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
277 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
278 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
279 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
280 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
281 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
282 #
283 # Official source:
284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
285 #
286 # A bit more background info here:
287 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
289 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
290 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
291 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
292 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
293 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
294 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
298 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
299 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
300 #
301 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
302 # which says
303 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
304 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
305 # 2am on February 26 next year.
307 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
308 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
309 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
310 #
311 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
312 # states:
313 #
314 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
315 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
316 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
317 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
319 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
320 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
321 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
322 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
323 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
325 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
326 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
327 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
330 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
331 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
334 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
335 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
338 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-20):
339 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
340 # 03:00 the first Sunday on or after January 18. Although ad hoc, it
341 # matches this year's plan and seems more likely to match future
342 # practice than guessing no DST.
344 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
345 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
346 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
347 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
348 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
349 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
350 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
351 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
352 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
353 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
354 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
357 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
359 # French Polynesia
360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
361 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
362 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
363 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
364 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
365 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
366 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
367 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
368 # it is uninhabited.
370 # Guam
371 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
372 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
373 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
374 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
375 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
376 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
378 # Kiribati
379 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
380 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
381 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
382 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
383 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
384 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
385 13:00 - PHOT
386 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
387 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
388 -10:00 - LINT 1995
389 14:00 - LINT
391 # N Mariana Is
392 # See Pacific/Guam.
394 # Marshall Is
395 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
396 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
397 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
398 12:00 - MHT
399 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
400 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
401 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
402 12:00 - MHT
404 # Micronesia
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
407 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
408 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
409 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
410 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
411 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
412 12:00 - KOST 1999
413 11:00 - KOST
415 # Nauru
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
418 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
419 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
420 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
421 12:00 - NRT
423 # New Caledonia
424 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
425 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
426 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
427 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
428 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
429 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
431 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
432 11:00 NC NC%sT
435 ###############################################################################
437 # New Zealand
439 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
440 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
441 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
442 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
443 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
444 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
445 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
446 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
447 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
448 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
449 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
450 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
451 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
452 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
453 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
454 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
455 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
456 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
457 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
458 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
459 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
460 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
461 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
462 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
463 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
464 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
465 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
466 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
467 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
468 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
469 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
470 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
471 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
472 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
473 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1
474 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
476 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
478 # Auckland Is
479 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
480 # and scientific personnel have wintered
482 # Campbell I
483 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
484 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
485 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
486 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
488 # Cook Is
489 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
490 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
491 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
492 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
493 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
494 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
495 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
496 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
497 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
499 ###############################################################################
502 # Niue
503 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
504 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
505 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
506 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
507 -11:00 - NUT
509 # Norfolk
510 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
511 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
512 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
513 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
515 # Palau (Belau)
516 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
517 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
518 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
520 # Papua New Guinea
521 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
522 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
523 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
524 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
525 #
526 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
527 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
528 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
529 #
530 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
531 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
532 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
533 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
534 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
535 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
536 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
537 #
538 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
539 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
540 # abbreviate this as BST. See:
541 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
542 #
543 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
544 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
545 10:00 - PGT 1942 Jul
546 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
547 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
548 11:00 - BST
550 # Pitcairn
551 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
552 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
553 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
554 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
556 # American Samoa
557 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
558 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
559 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
560 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
561 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
562 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
564 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
566 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
567 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
568 # the following info:
569 #
570 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
571 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
572 # Sunday of April 2011."
573 #
574 # Background info:
575 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
576 #
577 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
578 # contain any dates:
579 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
581 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
582 # Please see
583 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
584 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
585 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
586 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
587 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
589 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
590 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
591 #
592 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
593 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
594 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
595 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
597 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
598 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
599 #
600 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
602 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
603 # The International Date Line Act 2011
604 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
605 # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
606 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
607 # accordingly.
609 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
610 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
611 #
612 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
613 #
614 # DST
615 # Year End Time Start Time
616 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
617 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
618 #
619 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
620 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
621 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
622 #
623 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
624 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
625 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
626 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
627 #
628 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
629 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
630 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
632 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
633 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
634 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
635 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
636 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
637 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
638 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
639 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
640 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
641 -11:30 - WSST 1950
642 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
643 13:00 WS WS%sT
645 # Solomon Is
646 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
647 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
648 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
649 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
651 # Tokelau Is
652 #
653 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
654 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
655 # December 31 this year ...
656 #
657 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
658 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
659 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
660 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
661 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
662 #
663 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
664 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
665 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
666 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
667 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
668 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
670 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
672 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
673 13:00 - TKT
675 # Tonga
676 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
677 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
679 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
680 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
681 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
682 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
683 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
684 13:00 - TOT 1999
685 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
687 # Tuvalu
688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
689 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
690 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
693 # US minor outlying islands
695 # Howland, Baker
696 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
697 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
698 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
699 # uninhabited thereafter.
700 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
701 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
702 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
703 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
704 # until they were abandoned after the war.
706 # Jarvis
707 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
708 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
709 # uninhabited thereafter.
710 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
712 # Johnston
713 #
714 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
715 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
716 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
717 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
718 #
719 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
720 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
721 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
722 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
723 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
724 #
725 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
726 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
727 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
728 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
729 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
730 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
731 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
732 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
733 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
734 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
735 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
736 # Minus One Hour".
737 #
738 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
740 # Kingman
741 # uninhabited
743 # Midway
744 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
746 # Palmyra
747 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
749 # Wake
750 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
751 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
752 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
755 # Vanuatu
756 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
757 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
758 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
759 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
760 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
761 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
762 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
765 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
767 # Wallis and Futuna
768 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
769 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
770 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
772 ###############################################################################
774 # NOTES
776 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
777 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
778 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
779 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
781 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
782 #
783 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
784 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
785 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
786 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
787 #
788 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
789 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
790 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
791 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
792 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
793 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
794 #
795 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
796 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
797 # I found in the UCLA library.
798 #
799 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
800 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
801 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
802 #
803 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
804 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
805 #
806 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
807 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
808 # Corrections are welcome!
809 # std dst
810 # LMT Local Mean Time
811 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
812 # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia*
813 # 9:00 JST Japan
814 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
815 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
816 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
817 # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe*
818 # 11:00 BST Bougainville*
819 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
820 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
821 # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945*
822 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present*
823 # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present*
824 # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950*
825 # -11:00 SST Samoa
826 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
827 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
828 #
829 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
830 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
832 ###############################################################################
834 # Australia
836 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
837 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
838 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
839 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
840 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
841 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
842 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
843 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
844 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
845 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
846 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
847 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
849 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
850 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
851 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
852 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
854 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
855 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
856 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
857 # covers New South Wales in particular.
859 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
860 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
861 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
862 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
863 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
864 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
865 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
866 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
867 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
868 # time'.
869 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
870 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
871 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
872 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
873 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
874 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
875 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
877 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
878 #
879 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
880 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
881 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
882 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
883 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
884 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
885 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
886 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
887 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
888 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
889 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
890 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
891 #
892 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
893 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
894 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
895 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
896 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
897 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
898 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
899 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
900 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
901 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
902 #
903 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
904 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
905 #
906 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
907 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
908 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
909 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
910 #
911 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
912 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
913 #
914 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
915 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
916 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
917 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
918 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
919 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
920 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
921 #
922 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
923 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
924 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
925 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
926 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
927 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
928 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
929 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
930 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
931 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
932 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
933 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
934 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
935 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
936 #
937 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
938 #
939 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
940 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
941 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
942 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
943 #
944 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
945 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
946 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
947 #
948 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
949 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
950 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
951 #
952 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
953 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
954 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
955 #
956 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
957 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
958 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
959 #
960 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
961 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
962 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
963 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
964 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
965 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
966 #
967 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
968 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
969 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
970 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
971 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
972 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
973 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
974 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
975 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
977 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
978 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
979 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
980 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
981 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
982 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
983 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
985 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
986 #
987 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
988 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
989 # relevant entries in this database.
990 #
991 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
992 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
993 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
994 # ACT
995 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
996 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
997 # SA
998 # Standard Time Act, 1898
999 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1001 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1002 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1003 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1004 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1005 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1006 #
1007 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1008 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1009 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1010 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1011 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1012 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1013 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1014 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1015 # allude to it.
1016 # But not Queensland
1017 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1019 # Northern Territory
1021 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1022 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1023 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1024 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1025 # ...
1026 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1028 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1029 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1030 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1032 # Western Australia
1034 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1035 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1036 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1037 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1038 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1039 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1040 # # before reaching parliament.
1041 # ...
1042 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1043 # ...
1044 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1045 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1046 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1047 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1049 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1050 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1051 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1053 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1054 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1055 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1056 # work at 9.00am.)
1057 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1058 # everybody again.
1060 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1061 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1062 # it matches what was used in the past.
1064 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1065 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1066 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1067 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1069 # Queensland
1070 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1071 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1072 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1073 # ...
1074 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1075 # ...
1076 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1077 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1078 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1079 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1081 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1082 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1083 # October 1989).
1085 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1086 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1087 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1088 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1090 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1091 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1092 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1093 # me.)
1095 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1096 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1097 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1098 # ...
1099 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1100 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1101 # ...
1103 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1104 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1106 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1107 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1108 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1109 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1111 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1112 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1113 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1114 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1115 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1116 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1117 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1118 # Australia and Western Australia....
1119 #
1120 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1121 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1122 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1123 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1124 #
1125 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1126 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1127 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1128 # coast of the continent.
1129 #
1130 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1131 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1132 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1133 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1134 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1135 #
1136 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1137 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1138 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1139 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1140 #
1141 # (2006-12-09):
1142 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1143 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1144 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1145 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1147 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1148 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1149 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1152 # southeast Australia
1153 #
1154 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1155 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1156 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1157 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1160 # South Australia
1162 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1163 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1164 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1165 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1167 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1168 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1169 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1170 # ...
1171 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1172 # ...
1173 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1174 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1175 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1176 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1178 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1179 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1180 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1181 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1183 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1184 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1185 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1186 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1187 # is on...
1189 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1190 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1191 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1192 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1194 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1195 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1196 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1197 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1199 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1200 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1201 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1202 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1204 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1205 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1207 # Tasmania
1209 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1210 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1211 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1212 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1214 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1215 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1216 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1217 # (but nothing new about that).
1219 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1220 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1221 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1222 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1223 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1224 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1226 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1227 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1229 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1230 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1232 # Victoria
1234 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1235 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1236 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1237 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1239 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1240 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1241 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1242 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1243 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1244 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1245 #
1246 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1247 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1248 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1249 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1250 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1251 # expected time.
1252 #
1253 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1254 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1255 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1256 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1257 #
1258 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1259 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1261 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1262 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1264 # New South Wales
1266 # From Arthur David Olson:
1267 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1268 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1269 # who notes:
1270 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1271 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1272 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1273 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1274 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1275 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1277 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1278 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1279 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1280 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1281 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1283 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1284 # See the following official NSW source:
1285 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1286 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1287 #
1288 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1289 # daylight saving next year. See:
1290 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1291 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1292 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1293 #
1294 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1295 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1296 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1297 #
1298 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1299 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1300 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1301 #
1302 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1303 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1304 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1305 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1306 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1307 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1308 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1309 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1310 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1311 #
1312 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1313 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1314 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1316 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1317 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1318 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1320 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1321 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1322 # towns to use Queensland time.
1324 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1325 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1327 # Yancowinna
1329 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1330 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1332 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1333 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1334 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1335 # ...
1336 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1337 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1338 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1339 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1340 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1341 # # presently available.
1342 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1343 # ...
1344 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1345 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1346 # [followed by other Rules]
1348 # Lord Howe Island
1350 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1351 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1352 # [ Dec 1990 ]
1353 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1354 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1356 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1357 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1358 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1359 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1360 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1361 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1362 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1363 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1364 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1365 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1367 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1368 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1369 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1370 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1371 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1372 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1374 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1376 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1378 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1379 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1381 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1382 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1383 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1384 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1385 #
1386 # From
1387 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1388 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1389 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1390 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1391 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1392 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1393 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1394 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1395 #
1396 # We have a wrap-up here:
1397 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1398 ###############################################################################
1400 # New Zealand
1402 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1403 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1404 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1405 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1406 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1408 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1409 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1410 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1411 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1412 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1413 # ...
1414 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1415 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1416 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1417 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1418 # ...
1419 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1420 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1422 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1423 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1424 # rather than the October 1 value.
1426 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1427 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1428 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1429 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1430 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1431 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1432 #
1433 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1434 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1435 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1436 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1437 #
1438 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1439 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1440 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1442 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1443 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1444 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1445 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1446 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1448 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1449 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1450 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1451 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1452 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1453 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1454 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1455 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1456 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1457 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1458 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1459 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1461 ###############################################################################
1464 # Fiji
1466 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1467 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1468 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1470 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1471 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1472 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1473 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1475 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1476 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1478 # From the BBC World Service in
1479 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1480 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1481 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1482 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1483 # of the new millennium.
1485 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1486 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1489 # Kiribati
1491 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1492 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1493 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1494 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1497 # Kwajalein
1499 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1500 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1501 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1502 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1503 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1506 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1508 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1509 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1510 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1511 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1512 # see Asia/Manila.
1514 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1515 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1516 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1517 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1520 # Micronesia
1522 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1523 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1524 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1525 #
1526 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1527 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1529 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1530 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1531 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1532 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1533 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1534 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1537 # Midway
1539 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1540 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1541 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1542 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1543 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1544 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1545 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1546 # air at 6am your time.
1547 #
1548 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1549 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1550 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1551 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1554 # Pitcairn
1556 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1557 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1558 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1559 #
1560 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1561 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1562 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1563 #
1564 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1565 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1566 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1568 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1569 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1570 # ... at midnight.
1572 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1573 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1574 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1575 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1578 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1580 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1581 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1582 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1583 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1584 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1586 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1587 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1588 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1589 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1590 # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1591 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1592 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1593 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1595 # Tonga
1597 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1598 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1599 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1600 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1602 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1603 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1604 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1605 #
1606 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1607 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1608 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1609 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1610 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1611 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1612 #
1613 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1614 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1615 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1616 #
1617 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1618 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1619 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1620 # minutes we have lost?"
1621 #
1622 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1623 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1624 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1626 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1627 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1629 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1630 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1631 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1632 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1633 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1634 # Government.
1636 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1637 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1638 #
1639 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1640 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1641 #
1642 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1643 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1644 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1645 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1647 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1648 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1649 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1650 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1651 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1652 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1653 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1654 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1656 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1657 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1658 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1660 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1661 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1662 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1663 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1664 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1665 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1666 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1668 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1669 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1671 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1672 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1673 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1674 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1675 # hour to 1:00am.
1677 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1678 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1681 # Wake
1683 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1684 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1685 #
1686 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1687 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1688 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1689 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1690 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1691 # impossible.
1692 #
1693 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1695 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1696 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1698 ###############################################################################
1700 # The International Date Line
1702 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1703 #
1704 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1705 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1706 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1707 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1708 #
1709 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1710 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1711 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1712 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1713 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1714 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1715 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1716 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1717 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1718 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1719 # correct date is ambiguous.
1721 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1722 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1723 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1724 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1725 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1726 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1727 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1728 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1729 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1730 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1731 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1732 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1733 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1735 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1736 # (2005-03-20):
1737 #
1738 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1739 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1740 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1741 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.