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30 .\" @(#)fork.2 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
37 .Nd create a new process
46 causes creation of a new process.
47 The new process (child process) is an exact copy of the
48 calling process (parent process) except for the following:
49 .Bl -bullet -offset indent
51 The child process has a unique process ID.
53 The child process has a different parent
54 process ID (i.e., the process ID of the parent process).
56 The child process has its own copy of the parent's descriptors.
57 These descriptors reference the same underlying objects, so that,
58 for instance, file pointers in file objects are shared between
59 the child and the parent, so that an
61 on a descriptor in the child process can affect a subsequent
66 This descriptor copying is also used by the shell to
67 establish standard input and output for newly created processes
68 as well as to set up pipes.
70 The child process' resource utilizations
75 In general, the child process should call
79 Otherwise, any stdio buffers that exist both in the parent and child
80 will be flushed twice.
83 should be used to prevent
85 routines from being called twice (once in the parent and once in the child).
87 In case of a threaded program, only the thread calling
89 is still running in the child processes.
91 Child processes of a threaded program have additional restrictions,
92 a child must only call functions that are async-signal-safe.
93 Very few functions are asynchronously safe and applications should
98 Upon successful completion,
101 of 0 to the child process and returns the process ID of the child
102 process to the parent process.
103 Otherwise, a value of \-1 is returned to the parent process, no
104 child process is created, and the global variable
106 is set to indicate the error.
109 will fail and no child process will be created if:
110 .Bl -tag -width [EAGAIN]
112 The system-imposed limit on the total
113 number of processes under execution would be exceeded.
114 This limit is configuration-dependent.
118 on the total number of
119 processes under execution by this user id would be exceeded.
121 There is insufficient swap space for the new process.
137 system call appeared in