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31 .\" @(#)ctype.3 6.5 (Berkeley) 4/19/91
51 .Nd character classification and mapping functions
71 The above functions perform character tests and conversions on the integer
74 See the specific manual pages for information about the
75 test or conversion performed by each function.
77 To print an upper-case version of a string to stdout,
78 the following code can be used:
79 .Bd -literal -offset indent
80 const char *s = "xyz";
83 putchar(toupper((int)(unsigned char)*s));
104 These functions, with the exception of
108 All described functions, including
113 The first argument of these functions is of type
115 but only a very restricted subset of values are actually valid.
116 The argument must either be the value of the macro
118 (which has a negative value),
119 or must be a non-negative value within the range representable as
121 Passing invalid values leads to undefined behavior.
125 that were returned by
128 and similar functions or macros
129 are already in the correct range, and may be safely passed to these
131 functions without any casts.
137 must first be cast to
139 to ensure that the values are within the correct range.
140 The result should then be cast to
142 to avoid warnings from some compilers.
143 Casting a negative-valued
149 will produce a negative-valued
151 which will be outside the range of allowed values
152 (unless it happens to be equal to
154 but even that would not give the desired result).