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1 # <pre>
2 # @(#)europe 8.40
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
10 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
11 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 #
15 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
16 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
17 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
18 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
19 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
20 #
21 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
22 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
23 #
24 # Other sources occasionally used include:
25 #
26 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
27 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
28 # which I found in the UCLA library.
29 #
30 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
31 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
32 # </a> (1914-03)
33 #
34 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
35 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
36 # History of Summer Time
37 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
39 #
40 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
41 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
42 # Corrections are welcome!
43 # std dst 2dst
44 # LMT Local Mean Time
45 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
46 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
47 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
48 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
49 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
50 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
51 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
52 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
53 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
54 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
55 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
56 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
57 #
58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
61 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
62 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
63 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
66 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
67 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
68 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
69 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
70 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
71 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
72 # ...
73 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
74 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
75 # ...
76 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
77 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
78 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
79 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
80 # in the Directive.
83 ###############################################################################
85 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
87 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
88 #
89 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
90 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
91 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
92 # of the text said:
93 #
94 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
95 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
96 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
97 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
98 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
99 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
100 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
101 #
102 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
103 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
104 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
105 #
106 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
108 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
109 #
110 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
111 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
112 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
113 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
114 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
115 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
116 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
117 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
118 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
119 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
120 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
121 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
122 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
123 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
124 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
125 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
126 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
127 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
128 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
129 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
130 #
131 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
132 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
133 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
135 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
136 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
137 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
138 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
139 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
140 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
141 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
142 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
143 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
144 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
145 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
146 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
147 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
148 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
149 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
150 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
152 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
153 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
154 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
155 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
156 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
157 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
158 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
159 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
160 # </a>
162 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
163 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
164 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
165 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
166 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
168 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
169 #
170 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
171 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
173 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
174 # From: Jonathan Leffler
175 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
176 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
177 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
179 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
180 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
181 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
182 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
183 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
185 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
186 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
187 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
188 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
190 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
191 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
192 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
193 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
194 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
195 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
196 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
197 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
199 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
200 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
201 # which is to be introduced in May....
202 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
203 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
205 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
206 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
207 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
208 # so we use `BDST'.
210 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
211 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
212 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
213 # and extending this list, which can be found in
214 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
215 # History of legal time in Britain
216 # </a>
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
219 #
220 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
221 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
222 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
223 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
224 # </a>.
226 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
227 #
228 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
229 #
230 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
231 # are incorrect:
232 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
233 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
234 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
235 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
236 # It actually just had one transition.
237 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
238 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
239 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
240 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
241 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
242 #
243 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
244 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
245 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
246 # conform with Great Britain.
247 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
248 #
249 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
250 # we'll ignore it for now.
251 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
252 #
253 #
254 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
255 # Shanks & Pottenger.
256 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
257 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
258 # to London. For example:
259 #
260 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
261 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
263 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
264 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
265 # various relating to legal time, for example:
266 #
267 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
268 #
269 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
270 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
271 #
272 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
273 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
274 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
275 #
276 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
277 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
278 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
279 #
280 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
281 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
282 #
283 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
284 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
285 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
286 #
287 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
288 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
289 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
290 # being GMT+1.)
292 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
293 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
294 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
295 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
296 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
297 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
298 # and Frethun run in CT.
299 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
300 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
301 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
302 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
303 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
304 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
306 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
307 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
308 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
309 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
310 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
311 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
312 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
315 # Summer Time Act, 1916
316 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
318 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
319 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
320 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
321 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
322 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
324 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
325 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
328 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
329 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
330 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
331 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
332 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
334 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
335 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
338 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
340 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
343 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
344 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
355 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
357 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
359 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
361 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
362 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
363 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
364 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
365 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
366 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
368 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
369 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
370 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
372 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
376 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
377 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
379 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
380 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
383 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
384 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
385 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
388 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
390 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
396 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
401 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
402 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
405 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
407 # (no summer time)
408 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
409 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
414 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
419 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
421 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
422 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
424 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
425 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
427 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
429 0:00 EU GMT/BST
430 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
431 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
432 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
433 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
434 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
435 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
436 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
437 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
440 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
441 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
443 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
444 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
445 0:00 EU GMT/IST
447 ###############################################################################
449 # Europe
451 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
452 # Common Market, etc.
454 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
455 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
456 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
458 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
460 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
461 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
462 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
463 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
464 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
465 # </a>
467 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
468 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
469 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
471 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
473 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
475 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
476 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
477 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
478 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
479 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
480 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
484 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
485 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
486 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
487 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
488 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
489 #
490 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
491 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
492 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
493 # tz database itself, as seen below:
494 #
495 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
496 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
497 #
498 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
499 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
500 #
501 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
502 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
503 #
504 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
505 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
506 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
507 #
508 # The rule line to be changed is:
509 #
510 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
511 #
512 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
513 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
514 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
515 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
516 # CET and MET:
517 #
518 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
519 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
520 #
521 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
522 #
523 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
524 #
525 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
526 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
527 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
528 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
530 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
531 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
532 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
534 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
535 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
536 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
538 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
539 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
540 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
542 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
543 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
544 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
545 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
546 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
547 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
548 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
549 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
550 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
551 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
552 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
554 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
555 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
556 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
557 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
558 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
559 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
560 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
561 #
562 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
563 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
564 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
565 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
568 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
569 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
570 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
571 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
572 #
573 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
574 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
575 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
576 # </a>
577 #
578 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
579 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
580 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
581 # </a>
583 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
584 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
585 # to be standard.
587 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
589 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
590 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
591 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
592 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
593 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
595 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
596 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
598 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
599 # The official German names ... are
600 #
601 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
602 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
603 #
604 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
605 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
606 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
607 #
608 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
609 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
610 # Postfach 3345
611 # D-38023 Braunschweig
612 # phone: +49 531 592-0
613 #
614 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
615 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
616 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
617 #
618 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
619 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
622 # Albania
623 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
624 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
625 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
626 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
627 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
628 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
629 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
630 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
631 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
632 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
633 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
634 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
635 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
636 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
637 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
638 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
639 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
640 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
641 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
642 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
643 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
644 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
645 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
646 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
647 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
648 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
649 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
650 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
651 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
652 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
653 1:00 EU CE%sT
655 # Andorra
656 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
657 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
658 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
659 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
660 1:00 EU CE%sT
662 # Austria
664 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
665 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
666 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
667 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
668 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
669 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
671 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
672 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
673 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
674 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
675 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
676 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
679 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
680 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
681 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
682 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
683 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
685 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
686 1:00 - CET 1946
687 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
688 1:00 EU CE%sT
690 # Belarus
691 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
692 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
693 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
694 #
695 # Sources (Russian language):
696 # 1.
697 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
698 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
699 # </a>
700 # 2.
701 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
702 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
703 # </a>
704 # 3.
705 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
706 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
707 # </a>
708 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
709 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
710 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
711 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
712 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
713 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
714 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
715 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
716 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
717 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
718 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
719 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
720 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
722 # Belgium
723 #
724 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
725 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
726 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
727 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
728 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
729 # pp 8-9.
730 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
731 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
732 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
733 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
734 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
735 #
736 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
737 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
738 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
739 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
740 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
741 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
742 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
743 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
744 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
745 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
746 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
748 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
749 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
750 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
751 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
752 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
753 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
754 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
755 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
757 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
759 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
762 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
763 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
764 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
765 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
767 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
769 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
771 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
772 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
773 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
775 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
776 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
777 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
778 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
779 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
780 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
781 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
782 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
783 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
784 1:00 EU CE%sT
786 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
787 # see Serbia
789 # Bulgaria
790 #
791 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
792 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
793 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
794 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
795 #
796 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
797 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
798 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
799 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
800 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
801 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
802 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
803 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
804 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
805 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
806 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
807 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
808 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
809 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
810 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
811 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
812 2:00 EU EE%sT
814 # Croatia
815 # see Serbia
817 # Cyprus
818 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
820 # Czech Republic
821 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
822 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
823 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
824 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
826 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
828 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
829 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
830 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
831 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
832 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
833 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
834 1:00 EU CE%sT
836 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
838 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
839 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
840 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
841 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
842 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
843 #
844 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
845 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
846 #
847 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
848 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
849 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
850 #
851 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
852 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
853 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
854 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
855 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
856 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
857 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
858 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
859 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
860 # was suspended on that night):
861 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
863 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
864 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
865 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
867 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
868 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
869 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
871 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
872 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
873 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
874 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
875 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
876 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
877 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
878 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
879 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
880 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
881 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
882 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
883 #
884 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
885 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
886 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
887 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
888 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
889 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
890 1:00 EU CE%sT
891 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
892 0:00 - WET 1981
893 0:00 EU WE%sT
894 #
895 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
896 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
897 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
898 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
899 #
900 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
901 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
902 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
903 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
904 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
905 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
907 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
908 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
909 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
910 #
911 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
912 # is according to the following time line:
913 #
914 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
915 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
916 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
917 # Danmarkshavn UTC
918 #
919 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
920 # introduced.
922 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
923 #
924 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
925 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
926 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
927 # info from earlier correspondence.]
928 #
929 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
930 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
931 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
932 #
933 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
934 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
935 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
936 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
937 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
938 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
939 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
940 #
941 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
942 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
943 #
944 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
945 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
946 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
947 #
948 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
949 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
950 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
951 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
952 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
954 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
955 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
956 # there at 2:00 AM.
958 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
959 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
960 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
961 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
962 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
963 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
964 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
965 #
966 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
967 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
968 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
969 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
970 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
971 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
972 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
973 #
974 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
975 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
976 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
977 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
978 0:00 - GMT
979 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
980 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
981 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
982 -1:00 EU EG%sT
983 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
984 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
985 -3:00 EU WG%sT
986 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
987 -4:00 Thule A%sT
989 # Estonia
990 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
991 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
992 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
993 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
994 #
995 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
996 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
997 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
998 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
999 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1000 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1001 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1002 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1003 # summer time next spring.''
1005 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1006 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1007 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1008 # </a>
1009 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1010 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1011 #
1012 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1013 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1014 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1016 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1017 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1018 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1019 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1020 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1021 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1022 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1023 # after that.
1025 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1026 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1027 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1028 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1030 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1031 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1032 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1033 #
1034 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1035 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1037 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1038 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1039 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1040 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1041 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1042 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1043 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1044 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1045 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1046 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1047 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1048 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1049 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1050 2:00 EU EE%sT
1052 # Finland
1054 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1055 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1056 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1058 # From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1059 #
1060 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1061 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1062 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1063 # according to the central European standards.
1064 #
1065 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1066 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1067 # Finnish) at
1068 #
1069 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1070 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1071 # </a>
1072 #
1073 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1074 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1075 #
1076 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1077 #
1078 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1079 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1080 # </a>
1081 #
1082 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1083 # exist tonight."
1085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1086 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1087 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1088 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1089 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1090 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1091 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1092 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1093 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1094 2:00 EU EE%sT
1096 # Aaland Is
1097 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1100 # France
1102 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1103 #
1104 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1105 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1106 #
1107 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1108 # Paris, 1991
1109 #
1110 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1111 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1114 #
1115 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1116 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1117 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1118 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1119 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1120 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1121 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1122 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1123 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1124 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1125 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1126 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1127 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1128 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1129 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1130 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1131 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1132 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1133 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1134 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1135 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1136 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1140 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1141 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1142 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1143 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1144 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1145 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1149 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1150 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1151 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1152 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1153 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1154 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1155 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1156 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1157 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1158 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1159 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1160 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1161 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1162 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1163 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1165 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1166 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1167 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1168 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1169 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1171 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1172 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1173 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1174 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1176 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1177 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1178 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1179 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1180 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1181 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1182 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1183 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1184 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1185 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1186 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1188 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1189 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1190 1:00 EU CE%sT
1192 # Germany
1194 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1195 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1196 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1197 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1199 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1200 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1201 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1202 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1204 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1205 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1206 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1207 # </a>
1208 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1209 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1210 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1213 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1214 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1215 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1216 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1217 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1218 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1219 # Go with the PTB.
1220 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1221 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1222 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1223 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1227 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1228 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1230 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1231 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1232 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1233 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1234 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1235 1:00 EU CE%sT
1237 # Georgia
1238 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1239 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1240 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1242 # Gibraltar
1243 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1244 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1245 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1246 1:00 - CET 1982
1247 1:00 EU CE%sT
1249 # Greece
1250 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1251 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1252 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1253 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1254 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1255 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1256 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1257 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1258 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1259 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1260 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1261 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1263 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1264 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1265 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1266 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1267 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1269 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1270 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1271 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1272 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1273 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1274 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1276 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1277 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1278 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1279 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1280 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1281 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1282 2:00 EU EE%sT
1284 # Hungary
1285 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1286 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1287 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1288 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1289 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1290 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1292 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1294 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1296 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1299 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1300 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1301 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1303 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1304 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1305 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1306 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1307 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1308 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1309 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1310 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1311 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1312 1:00 EU CE%sT
1314 # Iceland
1315 #
1316 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1317 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1318 #
1319 # (1993-12-05):
1320 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1321 # Iceland Almanak.
1322 #
1323 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1324 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1325 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1326 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1327 #
1328 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1329 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1330 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1331 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1332 #
1333 # (1993-12-10):
1334 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1335 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1336 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1337 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1338 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1339 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1340 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1341 # might mean something else (???).
1342 #
1343 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1344 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1345 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1346 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1347 #
1348 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1349 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1350 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1351 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1352 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1353 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1354 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1355 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1356 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1357 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1358 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1359 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1360 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1361 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1362 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1363 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1364 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1365 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1366 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1367 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1368 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1369 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1370 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1371 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1372 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1373 0:00 - GMT
1375 # Italy
1376 #
1377 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1378 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1379 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1380 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1381 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1382 # so record only the time in Rome.
1383 #
1384 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1385 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1386 # F. Pollastri
1387 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1388 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1389 # </a>
1390 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1391 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1392 #
1393 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1394 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1395 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1396 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1397 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1398 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1399 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1400 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1401 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1402 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1403 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1404 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1405 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1406 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1407 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1408 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1409 #
1410 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1411 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1412 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1413 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1414 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1415 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1416 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1417 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1418 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1419 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1420 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1421 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1422 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1424 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1425 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1426 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1427 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1428 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1429 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1430 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1432 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1433 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1434 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1435 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1436 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1437 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1438 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1439 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1440 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1441 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1442 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1443 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1444 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1445 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1446 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1447 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1448 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1449 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1450 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1451 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1452 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1453 1:00 EU CE%sT
1455 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1456 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1458 # Latvia
1460 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1462 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1463 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1464 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1465 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1466 #
1467 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1468 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1469 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1470 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1471 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1472 #
1473 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1474 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1475 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1476 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1477 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1478 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1479 #
1480 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1481 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1482 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1483 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1484 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1485 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1486 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1487 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1488 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1489 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1490 #
1491 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1492 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1493 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1495 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1496 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1497 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1498 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1499 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1501 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1502 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1503 # </a>
1504 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1505 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1506 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1507 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1508 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1509 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1510 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1511 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1512 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1513 # appears that they will not do so....
1515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1516 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1517 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1518 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1519 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1520 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1521 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1522 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1523 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1524 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1525 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1526 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1527 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1528 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1529 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1530 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1531 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1532 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1533 2:00 EU EE%sT
1535 # Liechtenstein
1536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1538 1:00 - CET 1981
1539 1:00 EU CE%sT
1541 # Lithuania
1543 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1544 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1545 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1547 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1548 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1549 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1551 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1552 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1553 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1554 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1555 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1556 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1557 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1558 # already done by Estonia.
1560 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1561 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1562 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1564 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1565 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1566 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1567 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1568 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1569 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1570 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1573 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1574 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1575 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1576 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1577 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1578 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1579 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1580 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1581 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1582 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1583 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1584 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1585 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1586 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1587 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1588 2:00 EU EE%sT
1590 # Luxembourg
1591 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1592 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1593 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1594 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1595 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1596 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1597 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1598 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1599 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1600 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1601 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1602 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1603 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1604 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1605 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1606 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1607 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1608 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1609 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1610 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1611 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1612 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1613 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1614 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1615 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1616 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1617 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1618 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1619 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1620 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1621 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1622 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1623 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1624 1:00 EU CE%sT
1626 # Macedonia
1627 # see Serbia
1629 # Malta
1630 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1631 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1632 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1633 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1634 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1635 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1636 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1637 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1638 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1639 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1640 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1641 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1642 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1643 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1644 1:00 EU CE%sT
1646 # Moldova
1648 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1649 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1650 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1651 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1652 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1653 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1654 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1655 # But [two people] separately reported via
1656 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1657 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1658 #
1659 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1660 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1661 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1662 # to the Winter Time).
1663 #
1664 # News (in Russian):
1665 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1666 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1667 # </a>
1668 #
1669 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1670 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1671 # </a>
1672 #
1673 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1674 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1675 #
1676 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1677 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1678 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1679 #
1680 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1681 #
1682 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1683 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1684 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1685 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1686 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1687 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1688 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1689 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1690 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1691 # </a>
1694 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1695 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1696 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1697 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1698 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1699 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1700 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1701 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1702 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1703 2:00 - EET 1991
1704 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1705 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1706 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1707 2:00 EU EE%sT
1709 # Monaco
1710 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1711 # more precise 0:09:21.
1712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1713 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1714 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1715 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1716 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1717 1:00 EU CE%sT
1719 # Montenegro
1720 # see Serbia
1722 # Netherlands
1724 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1725 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1727 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1728 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1729 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1730 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1731 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1732 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1733 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1734 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1735 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1736 #
1737 # (2001-04-08):
1738 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1739 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1740 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1741 #
1742 # (2001-04-09):
1743 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1744 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1745 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1746 # actually followed.
1747 #
1748 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1749 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1750 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1751 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1752 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1753 #
1754 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1755 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1756 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1757 # Amsterdam mean time.
1759 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1760 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1762 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1763 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1764 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1765 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1766 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1767 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1768 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1769 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1770 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1771 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1772 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1773 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1774 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1775 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1776 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1777 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1778 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1779 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1780 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1781 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1782 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1783 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1784 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1785 #
1786 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1787 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1788 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1789 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1790 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1791 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1792 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1793 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1794 1:00 EU CE%sT
1796 # Norway
1797 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1798 # Pottenger.
1799 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1800 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1801 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1802 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1803 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1804 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1805 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1806 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1807 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1808 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1809 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1810 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1811 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1812 1:00 EU CE%sT
1814 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1816 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1817 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1818 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1819 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1820 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1821 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1822 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1823 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1824 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1825 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1826 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1827 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1828 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1829 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1830 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1831 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1832 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1833 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1835 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1836 #
1837 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1838 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1839 # keeping Berlin time.
1840 #
1841 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1842 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1843 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1844 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1845 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1846 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1847 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1848 #
1849 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1850 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1851 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1852 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1853 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1854 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1855 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1856 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1857 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1858 #
1859 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1860 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1861 # war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1862 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1864 # Poland
1865 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1866 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1867 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1869 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1870 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1871 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1872 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1873 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1874 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1875 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1876 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1877 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1878 # He also gives these further references:
1879 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1880 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1881 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1882 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1883 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1884 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1885 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1886 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1887 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1888 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1889 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1890 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1891 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1892 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1893 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1894 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1895 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1896 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1897 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1898 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1899 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1900 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1901 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1902 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1903 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1904 1:00 EU CE%sT
1906 # Portugal
1907 #
1908 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1909 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1910 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1911 #
1912 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1913 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1914 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1915 #
1916 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1917 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1918 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1919 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1920 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1921 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1922 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1923 #
1924 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1925 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1926 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1927 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1928 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1929 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1930 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1931 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1933 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1934 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1936 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1937 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1938 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1939 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1940 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1941 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1942 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1943 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1945 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1946 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1947 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1949 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1950 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1951 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1952 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1954 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1955 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1956 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1957 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1958 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1959 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1960 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1961 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1962 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1963 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1965 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1966 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1967 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1968 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1969 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1970 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1971 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1972 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1973 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1974 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1975 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1976 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1977 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1978 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1979 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1980 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1981 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1982 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1983 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1984 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1985 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1986 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1987 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1988 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1989 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1990 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1991 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1992 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1993 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1994 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1995 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1996 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1997 0:00 EU WE%sT
1998 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1999 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2000 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2001 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2002 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2003 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2004 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2005 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2006 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2007 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2008 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2009 0:00 EU WE%sT
2011 # Romania
2012 #
2013 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2014 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2015 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2016 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2017 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2018 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2019 #
2020 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2021 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2023 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2024 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2025 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2026 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2027 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2028 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2030 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2031 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2032 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2033 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2034 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2035 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2036 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2037 2:00 EU EE%sT
2039 # Russia
2041 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2042 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2043 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2044 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2045 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2046 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2047 #
2048 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2049 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2050 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2051 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2052 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2053 #
2054 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2055 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2056 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2057 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2058 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2059 #
2060 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2061 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2062 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2063 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2064 #
2065 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2066 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2067 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2068 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2069 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2070 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2071 #
2072 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2073 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2074 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2075 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2076 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2077 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2078 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2079 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2080 #
2081 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2082 #
2083 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2084 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2085 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2086 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2087 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2088 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2089 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2090 #
2091 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2092 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2093 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2094 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2095 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2096 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2097 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2098 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2099 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2100 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2101 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2102 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2103 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2104 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2105 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2106 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2107 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2108 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2109 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2110 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2111 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2112 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2113 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2114 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2115 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2116 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2118 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2119 4:00 - MSK
2120 #
2121 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2122 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2123 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2124 # others? But we have no data.
2125 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2126 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2127 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2128 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2129 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2130 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2131 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2132 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2133 4:00 - VOLT
2134 #
2135 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2136 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2137 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2138 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2139 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2140 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2141 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2142 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2143 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2144 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2145 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2146 4:00 - SAMT
2148 #
2149 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2150 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2151 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2152 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2153 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2154 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2155 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2156 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2157 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2158 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2159 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2160 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2161 #
2162 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2163 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2164 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2165 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2166 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2167 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2168 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2169 7:00 - OMST
2170 #
2171 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2172 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2173 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2174 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2175 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2176 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2177 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2178 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2179 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2180 7:00 - NOVT
2182 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2183 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2184 # March 28, 2010:
2185 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2186 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2187 #
2188 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2189 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2190 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2191 #
2192 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2193 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2194 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2195 # </a>
2196 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2197 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2198 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2199 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2200 # </a>
2201 #
2202 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2203 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2204 #
2205 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2206 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2208 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2209 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2210 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2211 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2212 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2213 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2214 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2216 #
2217 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2218 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2219 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2220 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2221 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2222 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2223 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2224 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2225 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2226 8:00 - KRAT
2227 #
2228 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2229 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2230 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2231 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2232 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2233 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2234 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2235 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2236 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2237 9:00 - IRKT
2238 #
2239 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2240 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2241 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2243 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2244 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2245 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2246 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2248 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2249 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2250 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2251 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2252 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2253 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2254 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2256 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2257 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2258 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2259 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2260 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2261 10:00 - YAKT
2262 #
2263 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2264 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2265 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2267 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2268 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2269 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2270 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2271 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2272 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 11:00 - VLAT
2276 #
2277 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2278 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2279 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2280 9:00 - CJT 1938
2281 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2282 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2283 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2284 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2285 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2286 11:00 - SAKT
2287 #
2288 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2289 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2290 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2292 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2293 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2294 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
2295 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2296 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2297 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2298 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2299 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2300 12:00 - MAGT
2301 #
2302 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2303 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2304 #
2305 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2306 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2307 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2308 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2309 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2310 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2311 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2312 12:00 - PETT
2313 #
2314 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2315 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2316 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2317 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2318 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2319 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2320 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2321 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2322 12:00 - ANAT
2324 # Serbia
2325 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2326 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2327 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2328 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2329 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2330 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2331 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2332 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2333 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2334 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2335 1:00 EU CE%sT
2336 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2337 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2338 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2339 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2340 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2342 # Slovakia
2343 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2345 # Slovenia
2346 # see Serbia
2348 # Spain
2349 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2350 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2351 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2352 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2353 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2354 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2355 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2356 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2357 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2358 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2359 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2360 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2361 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2362 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2363 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2364 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2365 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2366 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2367 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2368 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2369 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2370 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2371 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2372 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2373 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2374 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2375 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2376 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2377 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2378 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2379 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2380 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2381 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2382 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2383 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2384 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2385 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2386 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2387 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2388 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2389 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2390 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2391 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2392 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2393 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2394 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2395 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2396 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2397 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2398 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2400 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2401 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2402 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2403 1:00 EU CE%sT
2404 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2405 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2406 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2407 0:00 - WET 1924
2408 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2409 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2410 1:00 - CET 1986
2411 1:00 EU CE%sT
2412 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2413 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2414 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2415 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2416 0:00 EU WE%sT
2417 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2418 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2420 # Sweden
2422 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2423 #
2424 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2425 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2426 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2427 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2428 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2429 #
2430 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2431 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2432 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2433 #
2434 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2435 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2436 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2437 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2438 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2439 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2440 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2441 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2442 #
2443 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2444 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2445 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2446 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2447 #
2448 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2449 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2450 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2451 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2452 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2453 # the Sok-button).
2454 #
2455 # (2001-05-13):
2456 #
2457 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2458 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2459 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2460 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2461 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2462 # hour before the event took place.
2463 #
2464 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2466 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2467 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2468 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2469 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2470 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2471 1:00 - CET 1980
2472 1:00 EU CE%sT
2474 # Switzerland
2475 # From Howse:
2476 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2477 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2478 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2479 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2480 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2481 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2482 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2483 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2484 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2485 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2487 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2488 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2489 #
2490 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2491 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2492 #
2493 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2494 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2495 # federal law collection)...
2496 #
2497 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2498 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2499 #
2500 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2501 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2502 #
2503 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2504 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2505 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2506 # other years are made.
2507 #
2508 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2509 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2510 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2511 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2512 #
2513 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2514 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2515 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2516 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2517 #
2518 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2519 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2520 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2521 #
2522 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2523 #
2524 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2525 # most users of tzdata:
2526 # The zone file
2527 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2528 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2529 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2530 # 1:00 EU CE%sT
2531 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2532 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2533 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2534 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2536 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2537 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2538 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2540 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2541 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2542 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2543 1:00 EU CE%sT
2545 # Turkey
2547 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2548 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2549 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2550 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2551 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2552 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2553 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2554 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2555 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2556 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2557 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2558 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2559 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2560 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2561 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2562 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2564 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2565 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2566 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2567 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2568 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2569 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2570 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2571 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2572 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2574 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2575 #
2576 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2577 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2578 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2579 #
2580 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2581 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2582 # </a>
2583 # Turkish:
2584 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2585 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2586 # </a>
2588 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2589 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2590 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2591 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2592 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2593 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2594 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2595 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2596 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2597 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2598 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2599 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2600 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2601 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2602 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2603 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2604 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2605 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2606 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2607 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2608 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2609 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2610 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2611 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2612 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2613 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2614 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2615 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2616 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2617 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2618 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2619 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2620 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2621 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2622 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2623 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2624 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2625 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2626 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2627 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2628 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2629 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2630 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2631 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2632 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2633 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2634 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2635 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2636 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2637 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2638 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2639 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2640 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2641 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2642 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2643 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2644 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2645 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2646 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2647 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2648 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2649 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2650 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2651 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2652 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2653 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2654 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2655 2:00 EU EE%sT
2656 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2658 # Ukraine
2659 #
2660 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2661 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2662 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2663 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2664 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2665 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2666 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2668 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2669 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2670 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2671 #
2672 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2673 # approval from 266 deputies.
2674 #
2675 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2676 # <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2677 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2678 # </a>
2679 #
2680 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2681 # <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2682 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2683 # </a>
2684 #
2685 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2686 # <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2687 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2688 # </a>
2689 #
2690 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2691 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2692 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2693 # time this year after all.
2694 #
2695 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2696 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
2697 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2698 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2699 #
2700 # <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2701 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2702 # </a>
2703 #
2704 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2705 # The law documents themselves are at
2706 #
2707 # <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2708 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2709 # </a>
2712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2713 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2714 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2715 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2716 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2717 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2718 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2719 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2721 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2722 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2723 2:00 - EET 1992
2724 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2725 2:00 EU EE%sT
2726 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2727 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2728 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2729 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2730 1:00 - CET 1940
2731 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2732 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2733 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2734 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2735 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2736 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2737 2:00 - EET 1992
2738 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2739 2:00 EU EE%sT
2740 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2741 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2742 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2743 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2744 # portable Posix file names.
2745 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2746 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2747 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2748 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2749 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2750 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2751 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2752 2:00 EU EE%sT
2753 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2754 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2755 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2756 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2757 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2758 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2759 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2760 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2761 2:00 - EET 1992
2762 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2763 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2764 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2765 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2766 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2767 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2768 # changed in May.
2769 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2770 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2771 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2772 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2773 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2774 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2775 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2776 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2777 2:00 EU EE%sT
2779 ###############################################################################
2781 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2782 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2783 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2784 #
2785 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2786 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2787 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2788 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2789 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2790 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2792 # ...
2793 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2794 # From: Tom Hofmann
2795 # ...
2796 #
2797 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2798 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2799 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2800 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2801 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2802 # years...
2803 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2804 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2805 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2806 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2807 #
2808 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2809 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2810 #
2811 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2812 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2813 # ...
2815 # ...
2816 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2817 # From: Dik T. Winter
2818 # ...
2819 #
2820 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2821 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2822 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2823 #
2824 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2825 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2826 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2827 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2828 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2829 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2830 # dates...
2831 #
2832 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2833 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2834 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2835 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2836 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2837 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2838 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2839 # in advance of normal time.
2840 #
2841 # ...
2842 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2843 # ...
2845 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2846 # ...
2847 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2848 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2849 # ...
2850 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2851 # ...