3 passwd, group, shadow \- user and group databases, shadow passwords
12 lists all the users of the system, and
14 lists all the groups the users may belong to. Both files also contain
15 encrypted passwords, numeric ID's etc. Encrypted passwords may be hidden
18 if extra protection is warranted.
20 Each file is an text file containing one line per user or group. The data
21 fields on a line are separated by colons. Each line in the password file
22 has the following form:
25 .I name:passwd:uid:gid:gecos:dir:shell
30 field is the login name of a user, it is up to 8 letters or numbers long
31 starting with a letter. The login name must be unique.
34 field is either empty (no password), a 13 character encrypted password as
37 or a login name preceded by two number signs (#) to index the shadow
38 password file. Anything else (usually \(**) is invalid.
43 fields are two numbers indicating the users user-id and group-id. These
44 id's do not have to be unique, there may be more than one name with the same
48 field can be set by the user. It is expected to be a comma separated list
49 of personal data where the first item is the full name of the user.
53 is the path name of the users home directory.
56 field is the path name of the users login shell, it may be empty to indicate
58 A MINIX 3 specific extension allows the shell field to contain extra space
59 separated arguments for the shell.
61 Lines in the group file consist of four fields:
64 .I name:passwd:gid:mem
69 field is the name of the group, same restrictions as a login name.
72 field may be used to let users change groups.
75 field is a number telling the group-id. The group-id is unique for a group.
78 field is a comma separated list of login names that are special members of
79 the group. If a system supports supplementary group id's then a user's set
80 of supplementary group id's is set to all the groups they are a member of.
81 If a system allows one to change groups then one can change to a group one
82 is a member of without using the group's password.
84 The shadow password file has precisely the same form as the password file,
89 fields are used as yet. The other fields are zero or empty. A password in
90 the password file may have the form
94 in the shadow password file. The password in this entry is then used for
95 authentication of the user. The shadow file can only be read by the
98 so that the encrypted passwords in the shadow file are kept secret, and thus
99 safe from a dictionary attack.
100 .SS "Special password and group file entries"
101 There are several entries in the password and group files that are
102 preallocated for current or future use. All id's less than 10 are reserved.
103 The special password file entries are:
107 root:##root:0:0:Big Brother:/usr/src:
108 daemon:*:1:1:The Deuce:/etc:
109 bin:##root:2:0:Binaries:/usr/src:
110 uucp:*:5:5:UNIX to UNIX copy:/usr/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/uucico
111 news:*:6:6:Usenet news:/usr/spool/news:
112 ftp:*:7:7:Anonymous FTP:/usr/ftp:
113 nobody:*:9999:99::/tmp:
114 ast:*:8:3:Andrew S. Tanenbaum:/usr/ast:
120 id is of course the super user.
123 id is used by some daemons. Some devices are protected so that only those
124 daemons can access them.
127 id owns all sources and most binaries.
133 id's are for serial line data transfer, usenet news, or ftp if so needed.
136 id is used in those cases that a program may not have any privileges at all.
139 id is the honorary home directory for Andrew S. Tanenbaum, the creator of
140 MINIX 3. You can also find the initial contents for a new home directory
143 The special group file entries are:
160 Groups with the same name as special user id are used with those id's.
163 group is for the administrators of the system. Users in this group are
164 granted special privileges.
167 group is for ordinary users.
170 group is for terminal devices, and associated set-gid commands.
173 group and memory devices.
183 The shadow password file.
197 id's are likely to be renumbered to the highest possible id's once it is
198 figured out what they are.
200 Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)