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28 .\" from: @(#)exp.3 6.12 (Berkeley) 7/31/91
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/msun/man/exp.3,v 1.24 2008/01/18 21:43:00 das Exp $
30 .\" $NetBSD: exp.3,v 1.26 2010/05/03 05:35:58 jruoho Exp $
38 .\" The sorting error is intentional. exp and expf should be adjacent.
54 .Nd exponential, logarithm, power functions
68 .\" .Fn exp2l "long double x"
90 .Fn pow "double x" "double y"
92 .Fn powf "float x" "float y"
98 functions compute the base
100 exponential value of the given argument
110 functions compute the base 2 exponential of the given argument
117 functions computes the value exp(x)\-1 accurately even for tiny argument
122 function computes the value of the natural logarithm of argument
127 function computes the value of the logarithm of argument
134 the value of log(1+x) accurately even for tiny argument
141 functions compute the value of the logarithm of argument
149 functions compute the value
155 These functions will return the appropriate computation unless an error
156 occurs or an argument is out of range.
162 detect if the computed value will overflow,
163 set the global variable
167 and cause a reserved operand fault on a
175 is not an integer, in the event this is true,
182 generate a reserved operand fault.
188 and the reserved operand is returned
204 are exact provided that they are representable.
205 Otherwise the error in these functions is generally below one
223 magnitude is moderate, but increases as
226 the over/underflow thresholds until almost as many bits could be
227 lost as are occupied by the floating\-point format's exponent
228 field; that is 8 bits for
230 and 11 bits for IEEE 754 Double.
231 No such drastic loss has been exposed by testing; the worst
232 errors observed have been below 20
243 are accurate enough that
244 .Fn pow integer integer
245 is exact until it is bigger than 2**56 on a
261 on the Hewlett\-Packard
276 Macintoshes, where they have been provided to make
277 sure financial calculations of ((1+x)**n\-1)/x, namely
278 expm1(n*log1p(x))/x, will be accurate when x is tiny.
279 They also provide accurate inverse hyperbolic functions.
283 returns x**0 = 1 for all x including x = 0,
295 Previous implementations of pow may
296 have defined x**0 to be undefined in some or all of these
298 Here are reasons for returning x**0 = 1 always:
299 .Bl -enum -width indent
301 Any program that already tests whether x is zero (or
302 infinite or \*(Na) before computing x**0 cannot care
303 whether 0**0 = 1 or not.
304 Any program that depends
305 upon 0**0 to be invalid is dubious anyway since that
306 expression's meaning and, if invalid, its consequences
307 vary from one computer system to another.
309 Some Algebra texts (e.g. Sigler's) define x**0 = 1 for
310 all x, including x = 0.
311 This is compatible with the convention that accepts a[0]
312 as the value of polynomial
313 .Bd -literal -offset indent
314 p(x) = a[0]\(**x**0 + a[1]\(**x**1 + a[2]\(**x**2 +...+ a[n]\(**x**n
317 at x = 0 rather than reject a[0]\(**0**0 as invalid.
319 Analysts will accept 0**0 = 1 despite that x**y can
320 approach anything or nothing as x and y approach 0
322 The reason for setting 0**0 = 1 anyway is this:
323 .Bd -filled -offset indent
326 functions analytic (expandable
327 in power series) in z around z = 0, and if there
328 x(0) = y(0) = 0, then x(z)**y(z) \(-\*[Gt] 1 as z \(-\*[Gt] 0.
333 infinity**0 = 1/0**0 = 1 too; and
335 \(if**0 = 1/0**0 = 1 too; and
336 then \*(Na**0 = 1 too because x**0 = 1 for all finite
337 and infinite x, i.e., independently of x.
384 functions appeared in