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[minix.git] / external / bsd / flex / dist / tblcmp.c

/*      $NetBSD: tblcmp.c,v 1.3 2014/10/30 18:44:05 christos Exp $      */

/* tblcmp - table compression routines */

/*  Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California. */
/*  All rights reserved. */

/*  This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by */
/*  Vern Paxson. */

/*  The United States Government has rights in this work pursuant */
/*  to contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the United States */
/*  Department of Energy and the University of California. */

/*  This file is part of flex. */

/*  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without */
/*  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions */
/*  are met: */

/*  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright */
/*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. */
/*  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright */
/*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the */
/*     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. */

/*  Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors */
/*  may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software */
/*  without specific prior written permission. */

/*  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR */
/*  IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED */
/*  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR */
/*  PURPOSE. */
#include "flexdef.h"
__RCSID("$NetBSD: tblcmp.c,v 1.3 2014/10/30 18:44:05 christos Exp $");



/* declarations for functions that have forward references */

void mkentry PROTO ((register int *, int, int, int, int));
void mkprot PROTO ((int[], int, int));
void mktemplate PROTO ((int[], int, int));
void mv2front PROTO ((int));
int tbldiff PROTO ((int[], int, int[]));


/* bldtbl - build table entries for dfa state
 *
 * synopsis
 *   int state[numecs], statenum, totaltrans, comstate, comfreq;
 *   bldtbl( state, statenum, totaltrans, comstate, comfreq );
 *
 * State is the statenum'th dfa state.  It is indexed by equivalence class and
 * gives the number of the state to enter for a given equivalence class.
 * totaltrans is the total number of transitions out of the state.  Comstate
 * is that state which is the destination of the most transitions out of State.
 * Comfreq is how many transitions there are out of State to Comstate.
 *
 * A note on terminology:
 *    "protos" are transition tables which have a high probability of
 * either being redundant (a state processed later will have an identical
 * transition table) or nearly redundant (a state processed later will have
 * many of the same out-transitions).  A "most recently used" queue of
 * protos is kept around with the hope that most states will find a proto
 * which is similar enough to be usable, and therefore compacting the
 * output tables.
 *    "templates" are a special type of proto.  If a transition table is
 * homogeneous or nearly homogeneous (all transitions go to the same
 * destination) then the odds are good that future states will also go
 * to the same destination state on basically the same character set.
 * These homogeneous states are so common when dealing with large rule
 * sets that they merit special attention.  If the transition table were
 * simply made into a proto, then (typically) each subsequent, similar
 * state will differ from the proto for two out-transitions.  One of these
 * out-transitions will be that character on which the proto does not go
 * to the common destination, and one will be that character on which the
 * state does not go to the common destination.  Templates, on the other
 * hand, go to the common state on EVERY transition character, and therefore
 * cost only one difference.
 */

void    bldtbl (state, statenum, totaltrans, comstate, comfreq)
     int     state[], statenum, totaltrans, comstate, comfreq;
{
        int     extptr, extrct[2][CSIZE + 1];
        int     mindiff, minprot, i, d;

        /* If extptr is 0 then the first array of extrct holds the result
         * of the "best difference" to date, which is those transitions
         * which occur in "state" but not in the proto which, to date,
         * has the fewest differences between itself and "state".  If
         * extptr is 1 then the second array of extrct hold the best
         * difference.  The two arrays are toggled between so that the
         * best difference to date can be kept around and also a difference
         * just created by checking against a candidate "best" proto.
         */

        extptr = 0;

        /* If the state has too few out-transitions, don't bother trying to
         * compact its tables.
         */

        if ((totaltrans * 100) < (numecs * PROTO_SIZE_PERCENTAGE))
                mkentry (state, numecs, statenum, JAMSTATE, totaltrans);

        else {
                /* "checkcom" is true if we should only check "state" against
                 * protos which have the same "comstate" value.
                 */
                int     checkcom =

                        comfreq * 100 > totaltrans * CHECK_COM_PERCENTAGE;

                minprot = firstprot;
                mindiff = totaltrans;

                if (checkcom) {
                        /* Find first proto which has the same "comstate". */
                        for (i = firstprot; i != NIL; i = protnext[i])
                                if (protcomst[i] == comstate) {
                                        minprot = i;
                                        mindiff = tbldiff (state, minprot,
                                                           extrct[extptr]);
                                        break;
                                }
                }

                else {
                        /* Since we've decided that the most common destination
                         * out of "state" does not occur with a high enough
                         * frequency, we set the "comstate" to zero, assuring
                         * that if this state is entered into the proto list,
                         * it will not be considered a template.
                         */
                        comstate = 0;

                        if (firstprot != NIL) {
                                minprot = firstprot;
                                mindiff = tbldiff (state, minprot,
                                                   extrct[extptr]);
                        }
                }

                /* We now have the first interesting proto in "minprot".  If
                 * it matches within the tolerances set for the first proto,
                 * we don't want to bother scanning the rest of the proto list
                 * to see if we have any other reasonable matches.
                 */

                if (mindiff * 100 >
                    totaltrans * FIRST_MATCH_DIFF_PERCENTAGE) {
                        /* Not a good enough match.  Scan the rest of the
                         * protos.
                         */
                        for (i = minprot; i != NIL; i = protnext[i]) {
                                d = tbldiff (state, i, extrct[1 - extptr]);
                                if (d < mindiff) {
                                        extptr = 1 - extptr;
                                        mindiff = d;
                                        minprot = i;
                                }
                        }
                }

                /* Check if the proto we've decided on as our best bet is close
                 * enough to the state we want to match to be usable.
                 */

                if (mindiff * 100 >
                    totaltrans * ACCEPTABLE_DIFF_PERCENTAGE) {
                        /* No good.  If the state is homogeneous enough,
                         * we make a template out of it.  Otherwise, we
                         * make a proto.
                         */

                        if (comfreq * 100 >=
                            totaltrans * TEMPLATE_SAME_PERCENTAGE)
                                        mktemplate (state, statenum,
                                                    comstate);

                        else {
                                mkprot (state, statenum, comstate);
                                mkentry (state, numecs, statenum,
                                         JAMSTATE, totaltrans);
                        }
                }

                else {          /* use the proto */
                        mkentry (extrct[extptr], numecs, statenum,
                                 prottbl[minprot], mindiff);

                        /* If this state was sufficiently different from the
                         * proto we built it from, make it, too, a proto.
                         */

                        if (mindiff * 100 >=
                            totaltrans * NEW_PROTO_DIFF_PERCENTAGE)
                                        mkprot (state, statenum, comstate);

                        /* Since mkprot added a new proto to the proto queue,
                         * it's possible that "minprot" is no longer on the
                         * proto queue (if it happened to have been the last
                         * entry, it would have been bumped off).  If it's
                         * not there, then the new proto took its physical
                         * place (though logically the new proto is at the
                         * beginning of the queue), so in that case the
                         * following call will do nothing.
                         */

                        mv2front (minprot);
                }
        }
}


/* cmptmps - compress template table entries
 *
 * Template tables are compressed by using the 'template equivalence
 * classes', which are collections of transition character equivalence
 * classes which always appear together in templates - really meta-equivalence
 * classes.
 */

void    cmptmps ()
{
        int     tmpstorage[CSIZE + 1];
        register int *tmp = tmpstorage, i, j;
        int     totaltrans, trans;

        peakpairs = numtemps * numecs + tblend;

        if (usemecs) {
                /* Create equivalence classes based on data gathered on
                 * template transitions.
                 */
                nummecs = cre8ecs (tecfwd, tecbck, numecs);
        }

        else
                nummecs = numecs;

        while (lastdfa + numtemps + 1 >= current_max_dfas)
                increase_max_dfas ();

        /* Loop through each template. */

        for (i = 1; i <= numtemps; ++i) {
                /* Number of non-jam transitions out of this template. */
                totaltrans = 0;

                for (j = 1; j <= numecs; ++j) {
                        trans = tnxt[numecs * i + j];

                        if (usemecs) {
                                /* The absolute value of tecbck is the
                                 * meta-equivalence class of a given
                                 * equivalence class, as set up by cre8ecs().
                                 */
                                if (tecbck[j] > 0) {
                                        tmp[tecbck[j]] = trans;

                                        if (trans > 0)
                                                ++totaltrans;
                                }
                        }

                        else {
                                tmp[j] = trans;

                                if (trans > 0)
                                        ++totaltrans;
                        }
                }

                /* It is assumed (in a rather subtle way) in the skeleton
                 * that if we're using meta-equivalence classes, the def[]
                 * entry for all templates is the jam template, i.e.,
                 * templates never default to other non-jam table entries
                 * (e.g., another template)
                 */

                /* Leave room for the jam-state after the last real state. */
                mkentry (tmp, nummecs, lastdfa + i + 1, JAMSTATE,
                         totaltrans);
        }
}



/* expand_nxt_chk - expand the next check arrays */

void    expand_nxt_chk ()
{
        register int old_max = current_max_xpairs;

        current_max_xpairs += MAX_XPAIRS_INCREMENT;

        ++num_reallocs;

        nxt = reallocate_integer_array (nxt, current_max_xpairs);
        chk = reallocate_integer_array (chk, current_max_xpairs);

        zero_out ((char *) (chk + old_max),
                  (size_t) (MAX_XPAIRS_INCREMENT * sizeof (int)));
}


/* find_table_space - finds a space in the table for a state to be placed
 *
 * synopsis
 *     int *state, numtrans, block_start;
 *     int find_table_space();
 *
 *     block_start = find_table_space( state, numtrans );
 *
 * State is the state to be added to the full speed transition table.
 * Numtrans is the number of out-transitions for the state.
 *
 * find_table_space() returns the position of the start of the first block (in
 * chk) able to accommodate the state
 *
 * In determining if a state will or will not fit, find_table_space() must take
 * into account the fact that an end-of-buffer state will be added at [0],
 * and an action number will be added in [-1].
 */

int     find_table_space (state, numtrans)
     int    *state, numtrans;
{
        /* Firstfree is the position of the first possible occurrence of two
         * consecutive unused records in the chk and nxt arrays.
         */
        register int i;
        register int *state_ptr, *chk_ptr;
        register int *ptr_to_last_entry_in_state;

        /* If there are too many out-transitions, put the state at the end of
         * nxt and chk.
         */
        if (numtrans > MAX_XTIONS_FULL_INTERIOR_FIT) {
                /* If table is empty, return the first available spot in
                 * chk/nxt, which should be 1.
                 */
                if (tblend < 2)
                        return 1;

                /* Start searching for table space near the end of
                 * chk/nxt arrays.
                 */
                i = tblend - numecs;
        }

        else
                /* Start searching for table space from the beginning
                 * (skipping only the elements which will definitely not
                 * hold the new state).
                 */
                i = firstfree;

        while (1) {             /* loops until a space is found */
                while (i + numecs >= current_max_xpairs)
                        expand_nxt_chk ();

                /* Loops until space for end-of-buffer and action number
                 * are found.
                 */
                while (1) {
                        /* Check for action number space. */
                        if (chk[i - 1] == 0) {
                                /* Check for end-of-buffer space. */
                                if (chk[i] == 0)
                                        break;

                                else
                                        /* Since i != 0, there is no use
                                         * checking to see if (++i) - 1 == 0,
                                         * because that's the same as i == 0,
                                         * so we skip a space.
                                         */
                                        i += 2;
                        }

                        else
                                ++i;

                        while (i + numecs >= current_max_xpairs)
                                expand_nxt_chk ();
                }

                /* If we started search from the beginning, store the new
                 * firstfree for the next call of find_table_space().
                 */
                if (numtrans <= MAX_XTIONS_FULL_INTERIOR_FIT)
                        firstfree = i + 1;

                /* Check to see if all elements in chk (and therefore nxt)
                 * that are needed for the new state have not yet been taken.
                 */

                state_ptr = &state[1];
                ptr_to_last_entry_in_state = &chk[i + numecs + 1];

                for (chk_ptr = &chk[i + 1];
                     chk_ptr != ptr_to_last_entry_in_state; ++chk_ptr)
                        if (*(state_ptr++) != 0 && *chk_ptr != 0)
                                break;

                if (chk_ptr == ptr_to_last_entry_in_state)
                        return i;

                else
                        ++i;
        }
}


/* inittbl - initialize transition tables
 *
 * Initializes "firstfree" to be one beyond the end of the table.  Initializes
 * all "chk" entries to be zero.
 */
void    inittbl ()
{
        register int i;

        zero_out ((char *) chk,

                  (size_t) (current_max_xpairs * sizeof (int)));

        tblend = 0;
        firstfree = tblend + 1;
        numtemps = 0;

        if (usemecs) {
                /* Set up doubly-linked meta-equivalence classes; these
                 * are sets of equivalence classes which all have identical
                 * transitions out of TEMPLATES.
                 */

                tecbck[1] = NIL;

                for (i = 2; i <= numecs; ++i) {
                        tecbck[i] = i - 1;
                        tecfwd[i - 1] = i;
                }

                tecfwd[numecs] = NIL;
        }
}


/* mkdeftbl - make the default, "jam" table entries */

void    mkdeftbl ()
{
        int     i;

        jamstate = lastdfa + 1;

        ++tblend;               /* room for transition on end-of-buffer character */

        while (tblend + numecs >= current_max_xpairs)
                expand_nxt_chk ();

        /* Add in default end-of-buffer transition. */
        nxt[tblend] = end_of_buffer_state;
        chk[tblend] = jamstate;

        for (i = 1; i <= numecs; ++i) {
                nxt[tblend + i] = 0;
                chk[tblend + i] = jamstate;
        }

        jambase = tblend;

        base[jamstate] = jambase;
        def[jamstate] = 0;

        tblend += numecs;
        ++numtemps;
}


/* mkentry - create base/def and nxt/chk entries for transition array
 *
 * synopsis
 *   int state[numchars + 1], numchars, statenum, deflink, totaltrans;
 *   mkentry( state, numchars, statenum, deflink, totaltrans );
 *
 * "state" is a transition array "numchars" characters in size, "statenum"
 * is the offset to be used into the base/def tables, and "deflink" is the
 * entry to put in the "def" table entry.  If "deflink" is equal to
 * "JAMSTATE", then no attempt will be made to fit zero entries of "state"
 * (i.e., jam entries) into the table.  It is assumed that by linking to
 * "JAMSTATE" they will be taken care of.  In any case, entries in "state"
 * marking transitions to "SAME_TRANS" are treated as though they will be
 * taken care of by whereever "deflink" points.  "totaltrans" is the total
 * number of transitions out of the state.  If it is below a certain threshold,
 * the tables are searched for an interior spot that will accommodate the
 * state array.
 */

void    mkentry (state, numchars, statenum, deflink, totaltrans)
     register int *state;
     int     numchars, statenum, deflink, totaltrans;
{
        register int minec, maxec, i, baseaddr;
        int     tblbase, tbllast;

        if (totaltrans == 0) {  /* there are no out-transitions */
                if (deflink == JAMSTATE)
                        base[statenum] = JAMSTATE;
                else
                        base[statenum] = 0;

                def[statenum] = deflink;
                return;
        }

        for (minec = 1; minec <= numchars; ++minec) {
                if (state[minec] != SAME_TRANS)
                        if (state[minec] != 0 || deflink != JAMSTATE)
                                break;
        }

        if (totaltrans == 1) {
                /* There's only one out-transition.  Save it for later to fill
                 * in holes in the tables.
                 */
                stack1 (statenum, minec, state[minec], deflink);
                return;
        }

        for (maxec = numchars; maxec > 0; --maxec) {
                if (state[maxec] != SAME_TRANS)
                        if (state[maxec] != 0 || deflink != JAMSTATE)
                                break;
        }

        /* Whether we try to fit the state table in the middle of the table
         * entries we have already generated, or if we just take the state
         * table at the end of the nxt/chk tables, we must make sure that we
         * have a valid base address (i.e., non-negative).  Note that
         * negative base addresses dangerous at run-time (because indexing
         * the nxt array with one and a low-valued character will access
         * memory before the start of the array.
         */

        /* Find the first transition of state that we need to worry about. */
        if (totaltrans * 100 <= numchars * INTERIOR_FIT_PERCENTAGE) {
                /* Attempt to squeeze it into the middle of the tables. */
                baseaddr = firstfree;

                while (baseaddr < minec) {
                        /* Using baseaddr would result in a negative base
                         * address below; find the next free slot.
                         */
                        for (++baseaddr; chk[baseaddr] != 0; ++baseaddr) ;
                }

                while (baseaddr + maxec - minec + 1 >= current_max_xpairs)
                        expand_nxt_chk ();

                for (i = minec; i <= maxec; ++i)
                        if (state[i] != SAME_TRANS &&
                            (state[i] != 0 || deflink != JAMSTATE) &&
                            chk[baseaddr + i - minec] != 0) {   /* baseaddr unsuitable - find another */
                                for (++baseaddr;
                                     baseaddr < current_max_xpairs &&
                                     chk[baseaddr] != 0; ++baseaddr) ;

                                while (baseaddr + maxec - minec + 1 >=
                                       current_max_xpairs)
                                                expand_nxt_chk ();

                                /* Reset the loop counter so we'll start all
                                 * over again next time it's incremented.
                                 */

                                i = minec - 1;
                        }
        }

        else {
                /* Ensure that the base address we eventually generate is
                 * non-negative.
                 */
                baseaddr = MAX (tblend + 1, minec);
        }

        tblbase = baseaddr - minec;
        tbllast = tblbase + maxec;

        while (tbllast + 1 >= current_max_xpairs)
                expand_nxt_chk ();

        base[statenum] = tblbase;
        def[statenum] = deflink;

        for (i = minec; i <= maxec; ++i)
                if (state[i] != SAME_TRANS)
                        if (state[i] != 0 || deflink != JAMSTATE) {
                                nxt[tblbase + i] = state[i];
                                chk[tblbase + i] = statenum;
                        }

        if (baseaddr == firstfree)
                /* Find next free slot in tables. */
                for (++firstfree; chk[firstfree] != 0; ++firstfree) ;

        tblend = MAX (tblend, tbllast);
}


/* mk1tbl - create table entries for a state (or state fragment) which
 *            has only one out-transition
 */

void    mk1tbl (state, sym, onenxt, onedef)
     int     state, sym, onenxt, onedef;
{
        if (firstfree < sym)
                firstfree = sym;

        while (chk[firstfree] != 0)
                if (++firstfree >= current_max_xpairs)
                        expand_nxt_chk ();

        base[state] = firstfree - sym;
        def[state] = onedef;
        chk[firstfree] = state;
        nxt[firstfree] = onenxt;

        if (firstfree > tblend) {
                tblend = firstfree++;

                if (firstfree >= current_max_xpairs)
                        expand_nxt_chk ();
        }
}


/* mkprot - create new proto entry */

void    mkprot (state, statenum, comstate)
     int     state[], statenum, comstate;
{
        int     i, slot, tblbase;

        if (++numprots >= MSP || numecs * numprots >= PROT_SAVE_SIZE) {
                /* Gotta make room for the new proto by dropping last entry in
                 * the queue.
                 */
                slot = lastprot;
                lastprot = protprev[lastprot];
                protnext[lastprot] = NIL;
        }

        else
                slot = numprots;

        protnext[slot] = firstprot;

        if (firstprot != NIL)
                protprev[firstprot] = slot;

        firstprot = slot;
        prottbl[slot] = statenum;
        protcomst[slot] = comstate;

        /* Copy state into save area so it can be compared with rapidly. */
        tblbase = numecs * (slot - 1);

        for (i = 1; i <= numecs; ++i)
                protsave[tblbase + i] = state[i];
}


/* mktemplate - create a template entry based on a state, and connect the state
 *              to it
 */

void    mktemplate (state, statenum, comstate)
     int     state[], statenum, comstate;
{
        int     i, numdiff, tmpbase, tmp[CSIZE + 1];
        Char    transset[CSIZE + 1];
        int     tsptr;

        ++numtemps;

        tsptr = 0;

        /* Calculate where we will temporarily store the transition table
         * of the template in the tnxt[] array.  The final transition table
         * gets created by cmptmps().
         */

        tmpbase = numtemps * numecs;

        if (tmpbase + numecs >= current_max_template_xpairs) {
                current_max_template_xpairs +=
                        MAX_TEMPLATE_XPAIRS_INCREMENT;

                ++num_reallocs;

                tnxt = reallocate_integer_array (tnxt,
                                                 current_max_template_xpairs);
        }

        for (i = 1; i <= numecs; ++i)
                if (state[i] == 0)
                        tnxt[tmpbase + i] = 0;
                else {
                        transset[tsptr++] = i;
                        tnxt[tmpbase + i] = comstate;
                }

        if (usemecs)
                mkeccl (transset, tsptr, tecfwd, tecbck, numecs, 0);

        mkprot (tnxt + tmpbase, -numtemps, comstate);

        /* We rely on the fact that mkprot adds things to the beginning
         * of the proto queue.
         */

        numdiff = tbldiff (state, firstprot, tmp);
        mkentry (tmp, numecs, statenum, -numtemps, numdiff);
}


/* mv2front - move proto queue element to front of queue */

void    mv2front (qelm)
     int     qelm;
{
        if (firstprot != qelm) {
                if (qelm == lastprot)
                        lastprot = protprev[lastprot];

                protnext[protprev[qelm]] = protnext[qelm];

                if (protnext[qelm] != NIL)
                        protprev[protnext[qelm]] = protprev[qelm];

                protprev[qelm] = NIL;
                protnext[qelm] = firstprot;
                protprev[firstprot] = qelm;
                firstprot = qelm;
        }
}


/* place_state - place a state into full speed transition table
 *
 * State is the statenum'th state.  It is indexed by equivalence class and
 * gives the number of the state to enter for a given equivalence class.
 * Transnum is the number of out-transitions for the state.
 */

void    place_state (state, statenum, transnum)
     int    *state, statenum, transnum;
{
        register int i;
        register int *state_ptr;
        int     position = find_table_space (state, transnum);

        /* "base" is the table of start positions. */
        base[statenum] = position;

        /* Put in action number marker; this non-zero number makes sure that
         * find_table_space() knows that this position in chk/nxt is taken
         * and should not be used for another accepting number in another
         * state.
         */
        chk[position - 1] = 1;

        /* Put in end-of-buffer marker; this is for the same purposes as
         * above.
         */
        chk[position] = 1;

        /* Place the state into chk and nxt. */
        state_ptr = &state[1];

        for (i = 1; i <= numecs; ++i, ++state_ptr)
                if (*state_ptr != 0) {
                        chk[position + i] = i;
                        nxt[position + i] = *state_ptr;
                }

        if (position + numecs > tblend)
                tblend = position + numecs;
}


/* stack1 - save states with only one out-transition to be processed later
 *
 * If there's room for another state on the "one-transition" stack, the
 * state is pushed onto it, to be processed later by mk1tbl.  If there's
 * no room, we process the sucker right now.
 */

void    stack1 (statenum, sym, nextstate, deflink)
     int     statenum, sym, nextstate, deflink;
{
        if (onesp >= ONE_STACK_SIZE - 1)
                mk1tbl (statenum, sym, nextstate, deflink);

        else {
                ++onesp;
                onestate[onesp] = statenum;
                onesym[onesp] = sym;
                onenext[onesp] = nextstate;
                onedef[onesp] = deflink;
        }
}


/* tbldiff - compute differences between two state tables
 *
 * "state" is the state array which is to be extracted from the pr'th
 * proto.  "pr" is both the number of the proto we are extracting from
 * and an index into the save area where we can find the proto's complete
 * state table.  Each entry in "state" which differs from the corresponding
 * entry of "pr" will appear in "ext".
 *
 * Entries which are the same in both "state" and "pr" will be marked
 * as transitions to "SAME_TRANS" in "ext".  The total number of differences
 * between "state" and "pr" is returned as function value.  Note that this
 * number is "numecs" minus the number of "SAME_TRANS" entries in "ext".
 */

int     tbldiff (state, pr, ext)
     int     state[], pr, ext[];
{
        register int i, *sp = state, *ep = ext, *protp;
        register int numdiff = 0;

        protp = &protsave[numecs * (pr - 1)];

        for (i = numecs; i > 0; --i) {
                if (*++protp == *++sp)
                        *++ep = SAME_TRANS;
                else {
                        *++ep = *sp;
                        ++numdiff;
                }
        }

        return numdiff;
}