etc/services - sync with NetBSD-8

[minix.git] / minix / net / uds / io.c

/* UNIX Domain Sockets - io.c - sending and receiving */

#include "uds.h"
#include <sys/mman.h>

/*
 * Our UDS sockets do not have a send buffer.  They only have a receive buffer.
 * This receive buffer, when not empty, is split up in segments.  Each segment
 * may contain regular data, ancillary data, both, or (for SOCK_SEQPACKET and
 * (SOCK_DGRAM) neither.  There are two types of ancillary data: in-flight file
 * descriptors and sender credentials.  In addition, for SOCK_DGRAM sockets,
 * the segment may contain the sender's socket path (if the sender's socket is
 * bound).  Each segment has a header, containing the full segment size, the
 * size of the actual data in the segment (if any), and a flags field that
 * states which ancillary are associated with the segment (if any).  For
 * SOCK_STREAM type sockets, new data may be merged into a previous segment,
 * but only if it has no ancillary data.  For the other two socket types, each
 * packet has its own header.  The resulting behavior should be in line with
 * the POSIX "Socket Receive Queue" specification.
 *
 * More specifically, each segment consists of the following parts:
 * - always a five-byte header, containing a two-byte segment length (including
 *   the header, so always non-zero), a two-byte regular data length (zero or
 *   more), and a one-byte flags field which is a bitwise combination of
 *   UDS_HAS_{FD,CRED,PATH} flags;
 * - next, if UDS_HAS_CRED is set in the segment header: a sockcred structure;
 *   since this structure is variable-size, the structure is prepended by a
 *   single byte that contains the length of the structure (excluding the byte
 *   itself, thus ranging from sizeof(struct sockcred) to UDS_MAXCREDLEN);
 * - next, if UDS_HAS_PATH is set in the segment header:
 * - next, if the data length is non-zero, the actual regular data.
 * If the segment is not the last in the receive buffer, it is followed by the
 * next segment immediately afterward.  There is no alignment.
 *
 * It is the sender's responsibility to merge new data into the last segment
 * whenever possible, so that the receiver side never needs to consider more
 * than one segment at once.  In order to allow such merging, each receive
 * buffer has not only a tail and in-use length (pointing to the head when
 * combined) but also an offset from the tail to the last header, if any.  Note
 * that the receiver may over time still look at multiple segments for a single
 * request: this happens when a MSG_WAITALL request empties the buffer and then
 * blocks - the next piece of arriving data can then obviously not be merged.
 *
 * If a segment has the UDS_HAS_FD flag set, then one or more in-flight file
 * descriptors are associated with the segment.  These are stored in a separate
 * data structure, mainly to simplify cleaning up when the socket is shut down
 * for reading or closed.  That structure also contains the number of file
 * descriptors associated with the current segment, so this is not stored in
 * the segment itself.  As mentioned later, this may be changed in the future.
 *
 * On the sender side, there is a trade-off between fully utilizing the receive
 * buffer, and not repeatedly performing expensive actions for the same call:
 * it may be costly to determine exactly how many in-flight file descriptors
 * there will be (if any) and/or how much space is needed to store credentials.
 * We currently use the policy that we rather block/reject a send request that
 * may (just) have fit in the remaining part of the receive buffer, than obtain
 * the same information multiple times or keep state between callbacks.  In
 * practice this is not expected to make a difference, especially since
 * transfer of ancillary data should be rare anyway.
 */
/*
 * The current layout of the segment header is as follows.
 *
 * The first byte contains the upper eight bits of the total segment length.
 * The second byte contains the lower eight bits of the total segment length.
 * The third byte contains the upper eight bits of the data length.
 * The fourth byte contains the lower eight bits of the data length.
 * The fifth byte is a bitmask for ancillary data associated with the segment.
 */
#define UDS_HDRLEN      5

#define UDS_HAS_FDS     0x01    /* segment has in-flight file descriptors */
#define UDS_HAS_CRED    0x02    /* segment has sender credentials */
#define UDS_HAS_PATH    0x04    /* segment has source socket path */

#define UDS_MAXCREDLEN  SOCKCREDSIZE(NGROUPS_MAX)

#define uds_get_head(uds)       \
        ((size_t)((uds)->uds_tail + (uds)->uds_len) % UDS_BUF)
#define uds_get_last(uds)       \
        ((size_t)((uds)->uds_tail + (uds)->uds_last) % UDS_BUF)
#define uds_advance(pos,add) (((pos) + (add)) % UDS_BUF)

/*
 * All in-flight file descriptors are (co-)owned by the UDS driver itself, as
 * local open file descriptors.  Like any other process, the UDS driver can not
 * have more than OPEN_MAX open file descriptors at any time.  Thus, this is
 * also the inherent maximum number of in-flight file descriptors.  Therefore,
 * we maintain a single pool of in-flight FD structures, and we associate these
 * structures with sockets as needed.
 */
static struct uds_fd uds_fds[OPEN_MAX];
static SIMPLEQ_HEAD(uds_freefds, uds_fd) uds_freefds;

static char uds_ctlbuf[UDS_CTL_MAX];
static int uds_ctlfds[UDS_CTL_MAX / sizeof(int)];

/*
 * Initialize the input/output part of the UDS service.
 */
void
uds_io_init(void)
{
        unsigned int slot;

        SIMPLEQ_INIT(&uds_freefds);

        for (slot = 0; slot < __arraycount(uds_fds); slot++)
                SIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&uds_freefds, &uds_fds[slot], ufd_next);
}

/*
 * Set up all input/output state for the given socket, which has just been
 * allocated.  As part of this, allocate memory for the receive buffer of the
 * socket.  Return OK or a negative error code.
 */
int
uds_io_setup(struct udssock * uds)
{

        /* TODO: decide if we should preallocate the memory. */
        if ((uds->uds_buf = mmap(NULL, UDS_BUF, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
            MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0)) == MAP_FAILED)
                return ENOMEM;

        uds->uds_tail = 0;
        uds->uds_len = 0;
        uds->uds_last = 0;

        SIMPLEQ_INIT(&uds->uds_fds);

        return OK;
}

/*
 * Clean up the input/output state for the given socket, which is about to be
 * freed.  As part of this, deallocate memory for the receive buffer and close
 * any file descriptors still in flight on the socket.
 */
void
uds_io_cleanup(struct udssock * uds)
{

        /* Close any in-flight file descriptors. */
        uds_io_reset(uds);

        /* Free the receive buffer memory. */
        if (munmap(uds->uds_buf, UDS_BUF) != 0)
                panic("UDS: munmap failed: %d", errno);
}

/*
 * The socket is being closed or shut down for reading.  If there are still any
 * in-flight file descriptors, theey will never be received anymore, so close
 * them now.
 */
void
uds_io_reset(struct udssock * uds)
{
        struct uds_fd *ufd;

        /*
         * The UDS service may have the last and only reference to any of these
         * file descriptors here.  For that reason, we currently disallow
         * transfer of UDS file descriptors, because the close(2) here could
         * block on a socket close operation back to us, leading to a deadlock.
         * Also, we use a non-blocking variant of close(2), to prevent that we
         * end up hanging on sockets with SO_LINGER turned on.
         */
        SIMPLEQ_FOREACH(ufd, &uds->uds_fds, ufd_next) {
                dprintf(("UDS: closing local fd %d\n", ufd->ufd_fd));

                closenb(ufd->ufd_fd);
        }

        SIMPLEQ_CONCAT(&uds_freefds, &uds->uds_fds);

        /*
         * If this reset happens as part of a shutdown, it might be done
         * again on close, so ensure that it will find a clean state.  The
         * receive buffer should never be looked at again either way, but reset
         * it too just to be sure.
         */
        uds->uds_tail = 0;
        uds->uds_len = 0;
        uds->uds_last = 0;

        SIMPLEQ_INIT(&uds->uds_fds);
}

/*
 * Return the maximum usable part of the receive buffer, in bytes.  The return
 * value is used for the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF socket options.
 */
size_t
uds_io_buflen(void)
{

        /*
         * TODO: it would be nicer if at least for SOCK_STREAM-type sockets, we
         * could use the full receive buffer for data.  This would require that
         * we store up to one header in the socket object rather than in the
         * receive buffer.
         */
        return UDS_BUF - UDS_HDRLEN;
}

/*
 * Fetch 'len' bytes starting from absolute position 'pos' into the receive
 * buffer of socket 'uds', and copy them into the buffer pointed to by 'ptr'.
 * Return the absolute position of the first byte after the fetched data in the
 * receive buffer.
 */
static size_t
uds_fetch(struct udssock * uds, size_t off, void * ptr, size_t len)
{
        size_t left;

        assert(off < UDS_BUF);

        left = UDS_BUF - off;
        if (len >= left) {
                memcpy(ptr, &uds->uds_buf[off], left);

                if ((len -= left) > 0)
                        memcpy((char *)ptr + left, &uds->uds_buf[0], len);

                return len;
        } else {
                memcpy(ptr, &uds->uds_buf[off], len);

                return off + len;
        }
}

/*
 * Store 'len' bytes from the buffer pointed to by 'ptr' into the receive
 * buffer of socket 'uds', starting at absolute position 'pos' into the receive
 * buffer.  Return the absolute position of the first byte after the stored
 * data in the receive buffer.
 */
static size_t
uds_store(struct udssock * uds, size_t off, const void * ptr, size_t len)
{
        size_t left;

        assert(off < UDS_BUF);

        left = UDS_BUF - off;
        if (len >= left) {
                memcpy(&uds->uds_buf[off], ptr, left);

                if ((len -= left) > 0)
                        memcpy(&uds->uds_buf[0], (const char *)ptr + left,
                            len);

                return len;
        } else {
                memcpy(&uds->uds_buf[off], ptr, len);

                return off + len;
        }
}

/*
 * Fetch a segment header previously stored in the receive buffer of socket
 * 'uds' at absolute position 'off'.  Return the absolute position of the first
 * byte after the header, as well as the entire segment length in 'seglen', the
 * length of the data in the segment in 'datalen', and the segment flags in
 * 'segflags'.
 */
static size_t
uds_fetch_hdr(struct udssock * uds, size_t off, size_t * seglen,
        size_t * datalen, unsigned int * segflags)
{
        unsigned char hdr[UDS_HDRLEN];

        off = uds_fetch(uds, off, hdr, sizeof(hdr));

        *seglen = ((size_t)hdr[0] << 8) | (size_t)hdr[1];
        *datalen = ((size_t)hdr[2] << 8) | (size_t)hdr[3];
        *segflags = hdr[4];

        assert(*seglen >= UDS_HDRLEN);
        assert(*seglen <= uds->uds_len);
        assert(*datalen <= *seglen - UDS_HDRLEN);
        assert(*segflags != 0 || *datalen == *seglen - UDS_HDRLEN);
        assert(!(*segflags & ~(UDS_HAS_FDS | UDS_HAS_CRED | UDS_HAS_PATH)));

        return off;
}

/*
 * Store a segment header in the receive buffer of socket 'uds' at absolute
 * position 'off', with the segment length 'seglen', the segment data length
 * 'datalen', and the segment flags 'segflags'.  Return the absolute receive
 * buffer position of the first data byte after the stored header.
 */
static size_t
uds_store_hdr(struct udssock * uds, size_t off, size_t seglen, size_t datalen,
        unsigned int segflags)
{
        unsigned char hdr[UDS_HDRLEN];

        assert(seglen <= USHRT_MAX);
        assert(datalen <= seglen);
        assert(segflags <= UCHAR_MAX);
        assert(!(segflags & ~(UDS_HAS_FDS | UDS_HAS_CRED | UDS_HAS_PATH)));

        hdr[0] = (seglen >> 8) & 0xff;
        hdr[1] = seglen & 0xff;
        hdr[2] = (datalen >> 8) & 0xff;
        hdr[3] = datalen & 0xff;
        hdr[4] = segflags;

        return uds_store(uds, off, hdr, sizeof(hdr));
}

/*
 * Perform initial checks on a send request, before it may potentially be
 * suspended.  Return OK if this send request is valid, or a negative error
 * code if it is not.
 */
int
uds_pre_send(struct sock * sock, size_t len, socklen_t ctl_len __unused,
        const struct sockaddr * addr, socklen_t addr_len __unused,
        endpoint_t user_endpt __unused, int flags)
{
        struct udssock *uds = (struct udssock *)sock;
        size_t pathlen;

        /*
         * Reject calls with unknown flags.  Besides the flags handled entirely
         * by libsockevent (which are not part of 'flags' here), that is all of
         * them.  TODO: ensure that we should really reject all other flags
         * rather than ignore them.
         */
        if (flags != 0)
                return EOPNOTSUPP;

        /*
         * Perform very basic address and message size checks on the send call.
         * For non-stream sockets, we must reject packets that may never fit in
         * the receive buffer, or otherwise (at least for SOCK_SEQPACKET) the
         * send call may end up being suspended indefinitely.  Therefore, we
         * assume the worst-case scenario, which is that a full set of
         * credentials must be associated with the packet.  As a result, we may
         * reject some large packets that could actually just fit.  Checking
         * the peer's LOCAL_CREDS setting here is not safe: even if we know the
         * peer already at all (for SOCK_DGRAM we do not), the send may still
         * block and the option toggled before it unblocks.
         */
        switch (uds_get_type(uds)) {
        case SOCK_STREAM:
                /* Nothing to check for this case. */
                break;

        case SOCK_SEQPACKET:
                if (len > UDS_BUF - UDS_HDRLEN - 1 - UDS_MAXCREDLEN)
                        return EMSGSIZE;

                break;

        case SOCK_DGRAM:
                if (!uds_has_link(uds) && addr == NULL)
                        return EDESTADDRREQ;

                /*
                 * The path is stored without null terminator, but with leading
                 * byte containing the path length--if there is a path at all.
                 */
                pathlen = (size_t)uds->uds_pathlen;
                if (pathlen > 0)
                        pathlen++;

                if (len > UDS_BUF - UDS_HDRLEN - pathlen - 1 - UDS_MAXCREDLEN)
                        return EMSGSIZE;

                break;

        default:
                assert(0);
        }

        return OK;
}

/*
 * Determine whether the (real or pretend) send request should be processed
 * now, suspended until later, or rejected based on the current socket state.
 * Return OK if the send request should be processed now.  Return SUSPEND if
 * the send request should be retried later.  Return an appropriate negative
 * error code if the send request should fail.
 */
static int
uds_send_test(struct udssock * uds, size_t len, socklen_t ctl_len, size_t min,
        int partial)
{
        struct udssock *conn;
        size_t avail, hdrlen, credlen;

        assert(!uds_is_shutdown(uds, SFL_SHUT_WR));

        if (uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_DGRAM) {
                if (uds_is_connecting(uds))
                        return SUSPEND;
                if (!uds_is_connected(uds) && !uds_is_disconnected(uds))
                        return ENOTCONN;
                if (!uds_has_conn(uds))
                        return EPIPE;

                conn = uds->uds_conn;

                if (uds_is_shutdown(conn, SFL_SHUT_RD))
                        return EPIPE;

                /*
                 * For connection-type sockets, we now have to check if there
                 * is enough room in the receive buffer.  For SOCK_STREAM
                 * sockets, we must check if at least 'min' bytes can be moved
                 * into the receive buffer, at least if that is a reasonable
                 * value for ever making any forward progress at all.  For
                 * SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets, we must check if the entire packet
                 * of size 'len' can be stored in the receive buffer.  In both
                 * cases, we must take into account any metadata to store along
                 * with the data.
                 *
                 * Unlike in uds_pre_send(), we can now check safely whether
                 * the peer is expecting credentials, but we still don't know
                 * the actual size of the credentials, so again we take the
                 * maximum possible size.  The same applies to file descriptors
                 * transferred via control data: all we have the control length
                 * right now, which if non-zero we assume to mean there might
                 * be file descriptors.
                 *
                 * In both cases, the reason of overestimating is that actually
                 * getting accurate sizes, by obtaining credentials or copying
                 * in control data, is very costly.  We want to do that only
                 * when we are sure we will not suspend the send call after
                 * all.  It is no problem to overestimate how much space will
                 * be needed here, but not to underestimate: that could cause
                 * applications that use select(2) and non-blocking sockets to
                 * end up in a busy-wait loop.
                 */
                if (!partial && (conn->uds_flags & UDSF_PASSCRED))
                        credlen = 1 + UDS_MAXCREDLEN;
                else
                        credlen = 0;

                avail = UDS_BUF - conn->uds_len;

                if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM) {
                        /*
                         * Limit the low threshold to the maximum that can ever
                         * be sent at once.
                         */
                        if (min > UDS_BUF - UDS_HDRLEN - credlen)
                                min = UDS_BUF - UDS_HDRLEN - credlen;

                        /*
                         * Suspend the call only if not even the low threshold
                         * is met.  Otherwise we may make (partial) progress.
                         */
                        if (len > min)
                                len = min;

                        /*
                         * If the receive buffer already has at least one
                         * segment, and there are certainly no file descriptors
                         * to transfer now, and we do not have to store
                         * credentials either, then this segment can be merged
                         * with the previous one.  In that case, we need no
                         * space for a header.  That is certainly the case if
                         * we are resuming an already partially completed send.
                         */
                        hdrlen = (avail == UDS_BUF || ctl_len != 0 ||
                            credlen > 0) ? UDS_HDRLEN : 0;
                } else
                        hdrlen = UDS_HDRLEN;

                if (avail < hdrlen + credlen + len)
                        return SUSPEND;
        }

        return OK;
}

/*
 * Get the destination peer for a send request.  The send test has already been
 * performed first.  On success, return OK, with a pointer to the peer socket
 * stored in 'peerp'.  On failure, return an appropriate error code.
 */
static int
uds_send_peer(struct udssock * uds, const struct sockaddr * addr,
        socklen_t addr_len, endpoint_t user_endpt, struct udssock ** peerp)
{
        struct udssock *peer;
        int r;

        if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_DGRAM) {
                if (!uds_has_link(uds)) {
                        /* This was already checked in uds_pre_check(). */
                        assert(addr != NULL);

                        /*
                         * Find the socket identified by the given address.
                         * If it exists at all, see if it is a proper match.
                         */
                        if ((r = uds_lookup(uds, addr, addr_len, user_endpt,
                            &peer)) != OK)
                                return r;

                        /*
                         * If the peer socket is connected to a target, it
                         * must be this socket.  Unfortunately, POSIX does not
                         * specify an error code for this.  We borrow Linux's.
                         */
                        if (uds_has_link(peer) && peer->uds_link != uds)
                                return EPERM;
                } else
                        peer = uds->uds_link;

                /*
                 * If the receiving end will never receive this packet, we
                 * might as well not send it, so drop it immeiately.  Indicate
                 * as such to the caller, using NetBSD's chosen error code.
                 */
                if (uds_is_shutdown(peer, SFL_SHUT_RD))
                        return ENOBUFS;
        } else {
                assert(uds_has_conn(uds));

                peer = uds->uds_conn;
        }

        *peerp = peer;
        return OK;
}

/*
 * Generate a new segment for the current send request, or arrange things such
 * that new data can be merged with a previous segment.  As part of this,
 * decide whether we can merge data at all.  The segment will be merged if, and
 * only if, all of the following requirements are met:
 *
 *   1) the socket is of type SOCK_STREAM;
 *   2) there is a previous segment in the receive buffer;
 *   3) there is no ancillary data for the current send request.
 *
 * Also copy in regular data (if any), retrieve the sender's credentials (if
 * needed), and copy over the source path (if applicable).  However, do not yet
 * commit the segment (or the new part to be merged), because the send request
 * may still fail for other reasons.
 *
 * On success, return the length of the new segment (or, when merging, the
 * length to be added to the last segment), as well as a flag indicating
 * whether we are merging into the last segment in 'mergep', the length of the
 * (new) data in the segment in 'datalenp', and the new segment's flags in
 * 'segflagsp' (always zero when merging).  Note that a return value of zero
 * implies that we are merging zero extra bytes into the last segment, which
 * means that effectively nothing changes; in that case the send call will be
 * cut short and return zero to the caller as well.  On failure, return a
 * negative error code.
 */
static int
uds_send_data(struct udssock * uds, struct udssock * peer,
        const struct sockdriver_data * data, size_t len, size_t off,
        endpoint_t user_endpt, unsigned int nfds, int * __restrict mergep,
        size_t * __restrict datalenp, unsigned int * __restrict segflagsp)
{
        struct sockcred sockcred;
        gid_t groups[NGROUPS_MAX];
        iovec_t iov[2];
        unsigned int iovcnt, segflags;
        unsigned char lenbyte;
        size_t credlen, pathlen, datalen, seglen;
        size_t avail, pos, left;
        int r, merge;

        /*
         * At this point we should add the data to the peer's receive buffer.
         * In the case of SOCK_STREAM sockets, we should add as much of the
         * data as possible and suspend the call to send the rest later, if
         * applicable.  In the case of SOCK_DGRAM sockets, we should drop the
         * packet if it does not fit in the buffer.
         *
         * Due to the checks in uds_can_send(), we know for sure that we no
         * longer have to suspend without making any progress at this point.
         */
        segflags = (nfds > 0) ? UDS_HAS_FDS : 0;

        /*
         * Obtain the credentials now.  Doing so allows us to determine how
         * much space we actually need for them.
         */
        if (off == 0 && (peer->uds_flags & UDSF_PASSCRED)) {
                memset(&sockcred, 0, sizeof(sockcred));

                if ((r = getsockcred(user_endpt, &sockcred, groups,
                    __arraycount(groups))) != OK)
                        return r;

                /*
                 * getsockcred(3) returns the total number of groups for the
                 * process, which may exceed the size of the given array.  Our
                 * groups array should always be large enough for all groups,
                 * but we check to be sure anyway.
                 */
                assert(sockcred.sc_ngroups <= (int)__arraycount(groups));

                credlen = 1 + SOCKCREDSIZE(sockcred.sc_ngroups);

                segflags |= UDS_HAS_CRED;
        } else
                credlen = 0;

        /* For bound source datagram sockets, include the source path. */
        if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_DGRAM && uds->uds_pathlen != 0) {
                pathlen = (size_t)uds->uds_pathlen + 1;

                segflags |= UDS_HAS_PATH;
        } else
                pathlen = 0;

        avail = UDS_BUF - peer->uds_len;

        if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM) {
                /*
                 * Determine whether we can merge data into the previous
                 * segment.  This is a more refined version of the test in
                 * uds_can_send(), as we now know whether there are actually
                 * any FDs to transfer.
                 */
                merge = (peer->uds_len != 0 && nfds == 0 && credlen == 0);

                /* Determine how much we can send at once. */
                if (!merge) {
                        assert(avail > UDS_HDRLEN + credlen);
                        datalen = avail - UDS_HDRLEN - credlen;
                } else
                        datalen = avail;

                if (datalen > len)
                        datalen = len;

                /* If we cannot make progress, we should have suspended.. */
                assert(datalen != 0 || len == 0);
        } else {
                merge = FALSE;

                datalen = len;
        }
        assert(datalen <= len);
        assert(datalen <= UDS_BUF);

        /*
         * Compute the total amount of space we need for the segment in the
         * receive buffer.  Given that we have done will-it-fit tests in
         * uds_can_send() for SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET, there is only one
         * case left where the result may not fit, and that is for SOCK_DGRAM
         * packets.  In that case, we drop the packet.  POSIX says we should
         * throw an error in that case, and that is also what NetBSD does.
         */
        if (!merge)
                seglen = UDS_HDRLEN + credlen + pathlen + datalen;
        else
                seglen = datalen;

        if (seglen > avail) {
                assert(uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_DGRAM);

                /* Drop the packet, borrowing NetBSD's chosen error code. */
                return ENOBUFS;
        }

        /*
         * Generate the full segment, but do not yet update the buffer head.
         * We may still run into an error (copying in file descriptors) or even
         * decide that nothing gets sent after all (if there are no data or
         * file descriptors).  If we are merging the new data into the previous
         * segment, do not generate a header.
         */
        pos = uds_get_head(peer);

        /* Generate the header, if needed. */
        if (!merge)
                pos = uds_store_hdr(peer, pos, seglen, datalen, segflags);
        else
                assert(segflags == 0);

        /* Copy in and store the sender's credentials, if desired. */
        if (credlen > 0) {
                assert(credlen >= 1 + sizeof(sockcred));
                assert(credlen <= UCHAR_MAX);

                lenbyte = credlen - 1;
                pos = uds_store(peer, pos, &lenbyte, 1);

                if (sockcred.sc_ngroups > 0) {
                        pos = uds_store(peer, pos, &sockcred,
                            offsetof(struct sockcred, sc_groups));
                        pos = uds_store(peer, pos, groups,
                            sockcred.sc_ngroups * sizeof(gid_t));
                } else
                        pos = uds_store(peer, pos, &sockcred,
                            sizeof(sockcred));
        }

        /* Store the sender's address if any.  Datagram sockets only. */
        if (pathlen > 0) {
                assert(pathlen > 1);
                assert(pathlen <= UCHAR_MAX);

                lenbyte = uds->uds_pathlen;
                pos = uds_store(peer, pos, &lenbyte, 1);
                pos = uds_store(peer, pos, uds->uds_path, pathlen - 1);
        }

        /* Lastly, copy in the actual data (if any) from the caller. */
        if (datalen > 0) {
                iov[0].iov_addr = (vir_bytes)&peer->uds_buf[pos];
                left = UDS_BUF - pos;

                if (left < datalen) {
                        assert(left > 0);
                        iov[0].iov_size = left;
                        iov[1].iov_addr = (vir_bytes)&peer->uds_buf[0];
                        iov[1].iov_size = datalen - left;
                        iovcnt = 2;
                } else {
                        iov[0].iov_size = datalen;
                        iovcnt = 1;
                }

                if ((r = sockdriver_vcopyin(data, off, iov, iovcnt)) != OK)
                        return r;
        }

        *mergep = merge;
        *datalenp = datalen;
        *segflagsp = segflags;
        return seglen;
}

/*
 * Copy in control data for the current send request, and extract any file
 * descriptors to be transferred.  Do not yet duplicate the file descriptors,
 * but rather store a list in a temporary buffer: the send request may still
 * fail in which case we want to avoid having to undo the duplication.
 *
 * On success, return the number of (zero or more) file descriptors extracted
 * from the request and stored in the temporary buffer.  On failure, return a
 * negative error code.
 */
static int
uds_send_ctl(const struct sockdriver_data * ctl, socklen_t ctl_len,
        endpoint_t user_endpt)
{
        struct msghdr msghdr;
        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
        socklen_t left;
        unsigned int i, n, nfds;
        int r;

        /*
         * Copy in the control data.  We can spend a lot of effort copying in
         * the data in small chunks, and change the receiving side to do the
         * same, but it is really not worth it: applications never send a whole
         * lot of file descriptors at once, and the buffer size is currently
         * such that the UDS service itself will exhaust its OPEN_MAX limit
         * anyway if they do.
         */
        if (ctl_len > sizeof(uds_ctlbuf))
                return ENOBUFS;

        if ((r = sockdriver_copyin(ctl, 0, uds_ctlbuf, ctl_len)) != OK)
                return r;

        if (ctl_len < sizeof(uds_ctlbuf))
                memset(&uds_ctlbuf[ctl_len], 0, sizeof(uds_ctlbuf) - ctl_len);

        /*
         * Look for any file descriptors, and store their remote file
         * descriptor numbers into a temporary array.
         */
        memset(&msghdr, 0, sizeof(msghdr));
        msghdr.msg_control = uds_ctlbuf;
        msghdr.msg_controllen = ctl_len;

        nfds = 0;
        r = OK;

        /*
         * The sender may provide file descriptors in multiple chunks.
         * Currently we do not preserve these chunk boundaries, instead
         * generating one single chunk with all file descriptors for the
         * segment upon receipt.  If needed, we can fairly easily adapt this
         * later.
         */
        for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msghdr); cmsg != NULL;
            cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msghdr, cmsg)) {
                /*
                 * Check for bogus lengths.  There is no excuse for this;
                 * either the caller does not know what they are doing or we
                 * are looking at a hacking attempt.
                 */
                assert((socklen_t)((char *)cmsg - uds_ctlbuf) <= ctl_len);
                left = ctl_len - (socklen_t)((char *)cmsg - uds_ctlbuf);
                assert(left >= CMSG_LEN(0)); /* guaranteed by CMSG_xxHDR */

                if (cmsg->cmsg_len < CMSG_LEN(0) || cmsg->cmsg_len > left) {
                        printf("UDS: malformed control data from %u\n",
                            user_endpt);
                        r = EINVAL;
                        break;
                }

                if (cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
                    cmsg->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS)
                        continue;

                n = (cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_LEN(0)) / sizeof(int);

                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                        /*
                         * Copy the file descriptor to the temporary buffer,
                         * whose size is based on the control data buffer, so
                         * it is always large enough to contain all FDs.
                         */
                        assert(nfds < __arraycount(uds_ctlfds));

                        memcpy(&uds_ctlfds[nfds],
                            &((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg))[i], sizeof(int));

                        nfds++;
                }
        }

        return nfds;
}

/*
 * Actually duplicate any file descriptors that we extracted from the sender's
 * control data and stored in our temporary buffer.  On success, return OK,
 * with all file descriptors stored in file descriptor objects that are
 * appended to the socket's list of in-flight FD objects.  Thus, on success,
 * the send request may no longer fail.  On failure, return a negative error
 * code, with any partial duplication undone.
 */
static int
uds_send_fds(struct udssock * peer, unsigned int nfds, endpoint_t user_endpt)
{
        SIMPLEQ_HEAD(, uds_fd) fds;
        struct uds_fd *ufd;
        unsigned int i;
        int r;

        SIMPLEQ_INIT(&fds);

        for (i = 0; i < nfds; i++) {
                if (SIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&uds_freefds)) {
                        /* UDS itself may already have OPEN_MAX FDs. */
                        r = ENFILE;
                        break;
                }

                /*
                 * The caller may have given an invalid FD, or UDS itself may
                 * unexpectedly have run out of available file descriptors etc.
                 */
                if ((r = copyfd(user_endpt, uds_ctlfds[i], COPYFD_FROM)) < 0)
                        break;

                ufd = SIMPLEQ_FIRST(&uds_freefds);
                SIMPLEQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&uds_freefds, ufd_next);

                ufd->ufd_fd = r;
                ufd->ufd_count = 0;

                SIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&fds, ufd, ufd_next);

                dprintf(("UDS: copied in fd %d -> %d\n", uds_ctlfds[i], r));
        }

        /* Did we experience an error while copying in the file descriptors? */
        if (r < 0) {
                /* Revert the successful copyfd() calls made so far. */
                SIMPLEQ_FOREACH(ufd, &fds, ufd_next) {
                        dprintf(("UDS: closing local fd %d\n", ufd->ufd_fd));

                        closenb(ufd->ufd_fd);
                }

                SIMPLEQ_CONCAT(&uds_freefds, &fds);

                return r;
        }

        /*
         * Success.  If there were any file descriptors at all, add them to the
         * peer's list of in-flight file descriptors.  Assign the number of
         * file descriptors copied in to the first file descriptor object, so
         * that we know how many to copy out (or discard) for this segment.
         * Also set the UDS_HAS_FDS flag on the segment.
         */
        ufd = SIMPLEQ_FIRST(&fds);
        ufd->ufd_count = nfds;

        SIMPLEQ_CONCAT(&peer->uds_fds, &fds);

        return OK;
}

/*
 * The current send request is successful or at least has made progress.
 * Commit the new segment or, if we decided to merge the new data into the last
 * segment, update the header of the last segment.  Also wake up the receiving
 * side, because there will now be new data to receive.
 */
static void
uds_send_advance(struct udssock * uds, struct udssock * peer, size_t datalen,
        int merge, size_t seglen, unsigned int segflags)
{
        size_t pos, prevseglen, prevdatalen;

        /*
         * For non-datagram sockets, credentials are sent only once after
         * setting the LOCAL_CREDS option.  After that, the option is unset.
         */
        if ((segflags & UDS_HAS_CRED) && uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_DGRAM)
                peer->uds_flags &= ~UDSF_PASSCRED;

        if (merge) {
                assert(segflags == 0);

                pos = uds_get_last(peer);

                (void)uds_fetch_hdr(peer, pos, &prevseglen, &prevdatalen,
                    &segflags);

                peer->uds_len += seglen;
                assert(peer->uds_len <= UDS_BUF);

                seglen += prevseglen;
                datalen += prevdatalen;
                assert(seglen <= UDS_BUF);

                uds_store_hdr(peer, pos, seglen, datalen, segflags);
        } else {
                peer->uds_last = peer->uds_len;

                peer->uds_len += seglen;
                assert(peer->uds_len <= UDS_BUF);
        }

        /* Now that there are new data, wake up the receiver side. */
        sockevent_raise(&peer->uds_sock, SEV_RECV);
}

/*
 * Process a send request.  Return OK if the send request has successfully
 * completed, SUSPEND if it should be tried again later, or a negative error
 * code on failure.  In all cases, the values of 'off' and 'ctl_off' must be
 * updated if any progress has been made; if either is non-zero, libsockevent
 * will return the partial progress rather than an error code.
 */
int
uds_send(struct sock * sock, const struct sockdriver_data * data, size_t len,
        size_t * off, const struct sockdriver_data * ctl, socklen_t ctl_len,
        socklen_t * ctl_off, const struct sockaddr * addr, socklen_t addr_len,
        endpoint_t user_endpt, int flags __unused, size_t min)
{
        struct udssock *uds = (struct udssock *)sock;
        struct udssock *peer;
        size_t seglen, datalen = 0 /*gcc*/;
        unsigned int nfds, segflags = 0 /*gcc*/;
        int r, partial, merge = 0 /*gcc*/;

        dprintf(("UDS: send(%d,%zu,%zu,%u,%u,0x%x)\n",
            uds_get_id(uds), len, (off != NULL) ? *off : 0, ctl_len,
            (ctl_off != NULL) ? *ctl_off : 0, flags));

        partial = (off != NULL && *off > 0);

        /*
         * First see whether we can process this send call at all right now.
         * Most importantly, for connected sockets, if the peer's receive
         * buffer is full, we may have to suspend the call until some space has
         * been freed up.
         */
        if ((r = uds_send_test(uds, len, ctl_len, min, partial)) != OK)
                return r;

        /*
         * Then get the peer socket.  For connected sockets, this is trivial.
         * For unconnected sockets, it may involve a lookup of the given
         * address.
         */
        if ((r = uds_send_peer(uds, addr, addr_len, user_endpt, &peer)) != OK)
                return r;

        /*
         * We now know for sure that we will not suspend this call without
         * making any progress.  However, the call may still fail.  Copy in
         * control data first now, so that we know whether there are any file
         * descriptors to transfer.  This aspect may determine whether or not
         * we can merge data with a previous segment.  Do not actually copy in
         * the actual file descriptors yet, because that is much harder to undo
         * in case of a failure later on.
         */
        if (ctl_len > 0) {
                /* We process control data once, in full. */
                assert(*ctl_off == 0);

                if ((r = uds_send_ctl(ctl, ctl_len, user_endpt)) < 0)
                        return r;
                nfds = (unsigned int)r;
        } else
                nfds = 0;

        /*
         * Now generate a new segment, or (if possible) merge new data into the
         * last segment.  Since the call may still fail, prepare the segment
         * but do not update the buffer head yet.  Note that the segment
         * contains not just regular data (in fact it may contain no data at
         * all) but (also) certain ancillary data.
         */
        if ((r = uds_send_data(uds, peer, data, len, *off, user_endpt, nfds,
            &merge, &datalen, &segflags)) <= 0)
                return r;
        seglen = (size_t)r;

        /*
         * If we extracted any file descriptors from the control data earlier,
         * copy them over to ourselves now.  The resulting in-flight file
         * descriptors are stored in a separate data structure.  This is the
         * last point where the send call may actually fail.
         */
        if (nfds > 0) {
                if ((r = uds_send_fds(peer, nfds, user_endpt)) != OK)
                        return r;
        }

        /*
         * The transmission is now known to be (partially) successful.  Commit
         * the new work by moving the receive buffer head.
         */
        uds_send_advance(uds, peer, datalen, merge, seglen, segflags);

        /*
         * Register the result.  For stream-type sockets, the expected behavior
         * is that all data be sent, and so we may still have to suspend the
         * call after partial progress.  Otherwise, we are now done.  Either
         * way, we are done with the control data, so mark it as consumed.
         */
        *off += datalen;
        *ctl_off += ctl_len;
        if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM && datalen < len)
                return SUSPEND;
        else
                return OK;
}

/*
 * Test whether a send request would block.  The given 'min' parameter contains
 * the minimum number of bytes that should be possible to send without blocking
 * (the low send watermark).  Return SUSPEND if the send request would block,
 * or any other error code if it would not.
 */
int
uds_test_send(struct sock * sock, size_t min)
{
        struct udssock *uds = (struct udssock *)sock;

        return uds_send_test(uds, min, 0, min, FALSE /*partial*/);
}

/*
 * Perform initial checks on a receive request, before it may potentially be
 * suspended.  Return OK if this receive request is valid, or a negative error
 * code if it is not.
 */
int
uds_pre_recv(struct sock * sock __unused, endpoint_t user_endpt __unused,
        int flags)
{

        /*
         * Reject calls with unknown flags.  TODO: ensure that we should really
         * reject all other flags rather than ignore them.
         */
        if ((flags & ~(MSG_PEEK | MSG_WAITALL | MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)) != 0)
                return EOPNOTSUPP;

        return OK;
}

/*
 * Determine whether the (real or pretend) receive request should be processed
 * now, suspended until later, or rejected based on the current socket state.
 * Return OK if the receive request should be processed now, along with a first
 * indication whether the call may still be suspended later in 'may_block'.
 * Return SUSPEND if the receive request should be retried later.  Return an
 * appropriate negative error code if the receive request should fail.
 */
static int
uds_recv_test(struct udssock * uds, size_t len, size_t min, int partial,
        int * may_block)
{
        size_t seglen, datalen;
        unsigned int segflags;
        int r;

        /*
         * If there are any pending data, those should always be received
         * first.  However, if there is nothing to receive, then whether we
         * should suspend the receive call or fail immediately depends on other
         * conditions.  We first look at these other conditions.
         */
        r = OK;

        if (uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_DGRAM) {
                if (uds_is_connecting(uds))
                        r = SUSPEND;
                else if (!uds_is_connected(uds) && !uds_is_disconnected(uds))
                        r = ENOTCONN;
                else if (!uds_has_conn(uds) ||
                    uds_is_shutdown(uds->uds_conn, SFL_SHUT_WR))
                        r = SOCKEVENT_EOF;
        }

        if (uds->uds_len == 0) {
                /*
                 * For stream-type sockets, we use the policy: if no regular
                 * data is requested, then end the call without receiving
                 * anything.  For packet-type sockets, the request should block
                 * until there is a packet to discard, though.
                 */
                if (r != OK || (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM && len == 0))
                        return r;

                return SUSPEND;
        }

        /*
         * For stream-type sockets, we should still suspend the call if fewer
         * than 'min' bytes are available right now, and there is a possibility
         * that more data may arrive later.  More may arrive later iff 'r' is
         * OK (i.e., no EOF or error will follow) and, in case we already
         * received some partial results, there is not already a next segment
         * with ancillary data (i.e, nonzero segment flags), or in any case
         * there isn't more than one segment in the buffer.  Limit 'min' to the
         * maximum that can ever be received, though.  Since that is difficult
         * in our case, we check whether the buffer is entirely full instead.
         */
        if (r == OK && uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM && min > 0 &&
            uds->uds_len < UDS_BUF) {
                assert(uds->uds_len >= UDS_HDRLEN);

                (void)uds_fetch_hdr(uds, uds->uds_tail, &seglen, &datalen,
                    &segflags);

                if (datalen < min && seglen == uds->uds_len &&
                    (!partial || segflags == 0))
                        return SUSPEND;
        }

        /*
         * Also start the decision process as to whether we should suspend the
         * current call if MSG_WAITALL is given.  Unfortunately there is no one
         * place where we can conveniently do all the required checks.
         */
        if (may_block != NULL)
                *may_block = (r == OK && uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM);
        return OK;
}

/*
 * Receive regular data, and possibly the source path, from the tail segment in
 * the receive buffer.  On success, return the positive non-zero length of the
 * tail segment, with 'addr' and 'addr_len' modified to store the source
 * address if applicable, the result flags in 'rflags' updated as appropriate,
 * the tail segment's data length stored in 'datalen', the number of received
 * regular data bytes stored in 'reslen', the segment flags stored in
 * 'segflags', and the absolute receive buffer position of the credentials in
 * the segment stored in 'credpos' if applicable.  Since the receive call may
 * still fail, this function must not yet update the tail or any other aspect
 * of the receive buffer.  Return zero if the current receive call was already
 * partially successful (due to MSG_WAITALL) and can no longer make progress,
 * and thus should be ended.  Return a negative error code on failure.
 */
static int
uds_recv_data(struct udssock * uds, const struct sockdriver_data * data,
        size_t len, size_t off, struct sockaddr * addr, socklen_t * addr_len,
        int * __restrict rflags, size_t * __restrict datalen,
        size_t * __restrict reslen, unsigned int * __restrict segflags,
        size_t * __restrict credpos)
{
        iovec_t iov[2];
        unsigned char lenbyte;
        unsigned int iovcnt;
        size_t pos, seglen, left;
        int r;

        pos = uds_fetch_hdr(uds, uds->uds_tail, &seglen, datalen, segflags);

        /*
         * If a partially completed receive now runs into a segment that cannot
         * be logically merged with the previous one (because it has at least
         * one segment flag set, meaning it has ancillary data), then we must
         * shortcut the receive now.
         */
        if (off != 0 && *segflags != 0)
                return OK;

        /*
         * As stated, for stream-type sockets, we choose to ignore zero-size
         * receive calls.  This has the consequence that reading a zero-sized
         * segment (with ancillary data) requires a receive request for at
         * least one regular data byte.  Such a receive call would then return
         * zero.  The problem with handling zero-data receive requests is that
         * we need to know whether the current segment is terminated (i.e., no
         * more data can possibly be merged into it later), which is a test
         * that we rather not perform, not in the least because we do not know
         * whether there is an error pending on the socket.
         *
         * For datagrams, we currently allow a zero-size receive call to
         * discard the next datagram.
         *
         * TODO: compare this against policies on other platforms.
         */
        if (len == 0 && uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_STREAM)
                return OK;

        /*
         * We have to skip the credentials for now: these are copied out as
         * control data, and thus will (well, may) be looked at when dealing
         * with the control data.  For the same reason, we do not even look at
         * UDS_HAS_FDS here.
         */
        if (*segflags & UDS_HAS_CRED) {
                *credpos = pos;

                pos = uds_fetch(uds, pos, &lenbyte, 1);
                pos = uds_advance(pos, (size_t)lenbyte);
        }

        /*
         * Copy out the source address, but only if the (datagram) socket is
         * not connected.  TODO: even when it is connected, it may still
         * receive packets sent to it from other sockets *before* being
         * connected, and the receiver has no way of knowing that those packets
         * did not come from its new peer.  Ideally, the older packets should
         * be dropped..
         */
        if (*segflags & UDS_HAS_PATH) {
                pos = uds_fetch(uds, pos, &lenbyte, 1);

                if (uds_get_type(uds) == SOCK_DGRAM && !uds_has_link(uds))
                        uds_make_addr((const char *)&uds->uds_buf[pos],
                            (size_t)lenbyte, addr, addr_len);

                pos = uds_advance(pos, (size_t)lenbyte);
        }

        /*
         * We can receive no more data than those that are present in the
         * segment, obviously.  For stream-type sockets, any more data that
         * could have been received along with the current data would have been
         * merged in the current segment, so we need not search for any next
         * segments.
         *
         * For non-stream sockets, the caller may receive less than a whole
         * packet if it supplied a small buffer.  In that case, the rest of the
         * packet will be discarded (but not here yet!) and the caller gets
         * the MSG_TRUNC flag in its result, if it was using sendmsg(2) anyway.
         */
        if (len > *datalen)
                len = *datalen;
        else if (len < *datalen && uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_STREAM)
                *rflags |= MSG_TRUNC;

        /* Copy out the data to the caller. */
        if (len > 0) {
                iov[0].iov_addr = (vir_bytes)&uds->uds_buf[pos];
                left = UDS_BUF - pos;

                if (left < len) {
                        iov[0].iov_size = left;
                        iov[1].iov_addr = (vir_bytes)&uds->uds_buf[0];
                        iov[1].iov_size = len - left;
                        iovcnt = 2;
                } else {
                        iov[0].iov_size = len;
                        iovcnt = 1;
                }

                if ((r = sockdriver_vcopyout(data, off, iov, iovcnt)) != OK)
                        return r;
        }

        *reslen = len;
        assert(seglen > 0 && seglen <= INT_MAX);
        return (int)seglen;
}

/*
 * The current segment has associated file descriptors.  If possible, copy out
 * all file descriptors to the receiver, and generate and copy out a chunk of
 * control data that contains their file descriptor numbers.  If not all
 * file descriptors fit in the receiver's buffer, or if any error occurs, no
 * file descriptors are copied out.
 */
static int
uds_recv_fds(struct udssock * uds, const struct sockdriver_data * ctl,
        socklen_t ctl_len, socklen_t ctl_off, endpoint_t user_endpt, int flags)
{
        struct msghdr msghdr;
        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
        struct uds_fd *ufd;
        unsigned int i, nfds;
        socklen_t chunklen, chunkspace;
        int r, fd, what;

        /* See how many file descriptors should be part of this chunk. */
        assert(!SIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&uds->uds_fds));
        ufd = SIMPLEQ_FIRST(&uds->uds_fds);
        nfds = ufd->ufd_count;
        assert(nfds > 0);

        /*
         * We produce and copy out potentially unaligned chunks, using
         * CMSG_LEN, but return the aligned size at the end, using CMSG_SPACE.
         * This may leave "gap" bytes unchanged in userland, but that should
         * not be a problem.  By producing unaligned chunks, we eliminate a
         * potential boundary case where the unaligned chunk passed in (by the
         * sender) no longer fits in the same buffer after being aligned here.
         */
        chunklen = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int) * nfds);
        chunkspace = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int) * nfds);
        assert(chunklen <= sizeof(uds_ctlbuf));
        if (chunklen > ctl_len)
                return 0; /* chunk would not fit, so produce nothing instead */
        if (chunkspace > ctl_len)
                chunkspace = ctl_len;

        memset(&msghdr, 0, sizeof(msghdr));
        msghdr.msg_control = uds_ctlbuf;
        msghdr.msg_controllen = sizeof(uds_ctlbuf);

        memset(uds_ctlbuf, 0, chunklen);
        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msghdr);
        cmsg->cmsg_len = chunklen;
        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;

        /*
         * Copy the group's local file descriptors to the target endpoint, and
         * store the resulting remote file descriptors in the chunk buffer.
         */
        r = OK;

        for (i = 0; i < nfds; i++) {
                assert(ufd != SIMPLEQ_END(&uds->uds_fds));
                assert(i == 0 || ufd->ufd_count == 0);

                what = COPYFD_TO;
                if (flags & MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC)
                        what |= COPYFD_CLOEXEC;

                /* Failure may happen legitimately here (e.g., EMFILE). */
                if ((r = copyfd(user_endpt, ufd->ufd_fd, what)) < 0)
                        break; /* we keep our progress so far in 'i' */

                fd = r;

                dprintf(("UDS: copied out fd %d -> %d\n", ufd->ufd_fd, fd));

                memcpy(&((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg))[i], &fd, sizeof(int));

                ufd = SIMPLEQ_NEXT(ufd, ufd_next);
        }

        /* If everything went well so far, copy out the produced chunk. */
        if (r >= 0)
                r = sockdriver_copyout(ctl, ctl_off, uds_ctlbuf, chunklen);

        /*
         * Handle errors.  At this point, the 'i' variable contains the number
         * of file descriptors that have already been successfully copied out.
         */
        if (r < 0) {
                /* Revert the successful copyfd() calls made so far. */
                while (i-- > 0) {
                        memcpy(&fd, &((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg))[i], sizeof(int));

                        (void)copyfd(user_endpt, fd, COPYFD_CLOSE);
                }

                return r;
        }

        /*
         * Success.  Return the aligned size of the produced chunk, if the
         * given length permits it.  From here on, the receive call may no
         * longer fail, as that would result in lost file descriptors.
         */
        return chunkspace;
}

/*
 * Generate and copy out a chunk of control data with the sender's credentials.
 * Return the aligned chunk size on success, or a negative error code on
 * failure.
 */
static int
uds_recv_cred(struct udssock * uds, const struct sockdriver_data * ctl,
        socklen_t ctl_len, socklen_t ctl_off, size_t credpos)
{
        struct msghdr msghdr;
        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
        socklen_t chunklen, chunkspace;
        unsigned char lenbyte;
        size_t credlen;
        int r;

        /*
         * Since the sender side already did the hard work of producing the
         * (variable-size) sockcred structure as it should be received, there
         * is relatively little work to be done here.
         */
        credpos = uds_fetch(uds, credpos, &lenbyte, 1);
        credlen = (size_t)lenbyte;

        chunklen = CMSG_LEN(credlen);
        chunkspace = CMSG_SPACE(credlen);
        assert(chunklen <= sizeof(uds_ctlbuf));
        if (chunklen > ctl_len)
                return 0; /* chunk would not fit, so produce nothing instead */
        if (chunkspace > ctl_len)
                chunkspace = ctl_len;

        memset(&msghdr, 0, sizeof(msghdr));
        msghdr.msg_control = uds_ctlbuf;
        msghdr.msg_controllen = sizeof(uds_ctlbuf);

        memset(uds_ctlbuf, 0, chunklen);
        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msghdr);
        cmsg->cmsg_len = chunklen;
        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_CREDS;

        uds_fetch(uds, credpos, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), credlen);

        if ((r = sockdriver_copyout(ctl, ctl_off, uds_ctlbuf, chunklen)) != OK)
                return r;

        return chunkspace;
}

/*
 * Copy out control data for the ancillary data associated with the current
 * segment, if any.  Return OK on success, at which point the current receive
 * call may no longer fail.  'rflags' may be updated with additional result
 * flags.  Return a negative error code on failure.
 */
static int
uds_recv_ctl(struct udssock * uds, const struct sockdriver_data * ctl,
        socklen_t ctl_len, socklen_t * ctl_off, endpoint_t user_endpt,
        int flags, unsigned int segflags, size_t credpos, int * rflags)
{
        int r;

        /*
         * We first copy out all file descriptors, if any.  We put them in one
         * SCM_RIGHTS chunk, even if the sender put them in separate SCM_RIGHTS
         * chunks.  We believe that this should not cause application-level
         * issues, but if it does, we can change that later with some effort.
         * We then copy out credentials, if any.
         *
         * We copy out each control chunk independently of the others, and also
         * perform error recovery on a per-chunk basis.  This implies the
         * following.  If producing or copying out the first chunk fails, the
         * entire recvmsg(2) call will fail with an appropriate error.  If
         * producing or copying out any subsequent chunk fails, the recvmsg(2)
         * call will still return the previously generated chunks (a "short
         * control read" if you will) as well as the MSG_CTRUNC flag.  This
         * approach is simple and clean, and it guarantees that we can always
         * copy out at least as many file descriptors as we copied in for this
         * segment, even if credentials are present as well.  However, the
         * approach does cause slightly more overhead when there are multiple
         * chunks per call, as those are copied out separately.
         *
         * Since the generated SCM_RIGHTS chunk is never larger than the
         * originally received SCM_RIGHTS chunk, the temporary "uds_ctlbuf"
         * buffer is always large enough to contain the chunk in its entirety.
         * SCM_CREDS chunks should always fit easily as well.
         *
         * The MSG_CTRUNC flag will be returned iff not the entire user-given
         * control buffer was filled and not all control chunks were delivered.
         * Our current implementation does not deliver partial chunks.  NetBSD
         * does, except for SCM_RIGHTS chunks.
         *
         * TODO: get rid of the redundancy in processing return values.
         */
        if (segflags & UDS_HAS_FDS) {
                r = uds_recv_fds(uds, ctl, ctl_len, *ctl_off, user_endpt,
                    flags);

                /*
                 * At this point, 'r' contains one of the following:
                 *
                 *   r > 0      a chunk of 'r' bytes was added successfully.
                 *   r == 0     not enough space left; the chunk was not added.
                 *   r < 0      an error occurred; the chunk was not added.
                 */
                if (r < 0 && *ctl_off == 0)
                        return r;

                if (r > 0) {
                        ctl_len -= r;
                        *ctl_off += r;
                } else
                        *rflags |= MSG_CTRUNC;
        }

        if (segflags & UDS_HAS_CRED) {
                r = uds_recv_cred(uds, ctl, ctl_len, *ctl_off, credpos);

                /* As above. */
                if (r < 0 && *ctl_off == 0)
                        return r;

                if (r > 0) {
                        ctl_len -= r;
                        *ctl_off += r;
                } else
                        *rflags |= MSG_CTRUNC;
        }

        return OK;
}

/*
 * The current receive request is successful or, in the case of MSG_WAITALL,
 * has made progress.  Advance the receive buffer tail, either by discarding
 * the entire tail segment or by generating a new, smaller tail segment that
 * contains only the regular data left to be received from the original tail
 * segment.  Also wake up the sending side for connection-oriented sockets if
 * applicable, because there may now be room for more data to be sent.  Update
 * 'may_block' if we are now sure that the call may not block on MSG_WAITALL
 * after all.
 */
static void
uds_recv_advance(struct udssock * uds, size_t seglen, size_t datalen,
        size_t reslen, unsigned int segflags, int * may_block)
{
        struct udssock *conn;
        struct uds_fd *ufd;
        size_t delta, nseglen, advance;
        unsigned int nfds;

        /* Note that 'reslen' may be legitimately zero. */
        assert(reslen <= datalen);

        if (uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_STREAM && reslen < datalen)
                reslen = datalen;

        delta = datalen - reslen;

        if (delta == 0) {
                /*
                 * Fully consume the tail segment.  We advance the tail by the
                 * full segment length, thus moving up to either the next
                 * segment in the receive buffer, or an empty receive buffer.
                 */
                advance = seglen;

                uds->uds_tail = uds_advance(uds->uds_tail, advance);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Partially consume the tail segment.  We put a new segment
                 * header right in front of the remaining data, which obviously
                 * always fits.  Since any ancillary data was consumed along
                 * with the first data byte of the segment, the new segment has
                 * no ancillary data anymore (and thus a zero flags field).
                 */
                nseglen = UDS_HDRLEN + delta;
                assert(nseglen < seglen);

                advance = seglen - nseglen;

                uds->uds_tail = uds_advance(uds->uds_tail, advance);

                uds_store_hdr(uds, uds->uds_tail, nseglen, delta, 0);
        }

        /*
         * For datagram-oriented sockets, we always consume at least a header.
         * For stream-type sockets, we either consume a zero-data segment along
         * with its ancillary data, or we consume at least one byte from a
         * segment that does have regular data.  In all other cases, the
         * receive call has already been ended by now.  Thus, we always advance
         * the tail of the receive buffer here.
         */
        assert(advance > 0);

        /*
         * The receive buffer's used length (uds_len) and pointer to the
         * previous segment header (uds_last) are offsets from the tail.  Now
         * that we have moved the tail, we need to adjust these accordingly.
         * If the buffer is now empty, reset the tail to the buffer start so as
         * to avoid splitting inter-process copies whenever possible.
         */
        assert(uds->uds_len >= advance);
        uds->uds_len -= advance;

        if (uds->uds_len == 0)
                uds->uds_tail = 0;

        /*
         * If uds_last is zero here, it was pointing to the segment we just
         * (partially) consumed.  By leaving it zero, it will still point to
         * the new or next segment.
         */
        if (uds->uds_last > 0) {
                assert(uds->uds_len > 0);
                assert(uds->uds_last >= advance);
                uds->uds_last -= advance;
        }

        /*
         * If there were any file descriptors associated with this segment,
         * close and free them now.
         */
        if (segflags & UDS_HAS_FDS) {
                assert(!SIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&uds->uds_fds));
                ufd = SIMPLEQ_FIRST(&uds->uds_fds);
                nfds = ufd->ufd_count;
                assert(nfds > 0);

                while (nfds-- > 0) {
                        assert(!SIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&uds->uds_fds));
                        ufd = SIMPLEQ_FIRST(&uds->uds_fds);
                        SIMPLEQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&uds->uds_fds, ufd_next);

                        dprintf(("UDS: closing local fd %d\n", ufd->ufd_fd));

                        closenb(ufd->ufd_fd);

                        SIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&uds_freefds, ufd, ufd_next);
                }
        }

        /*
         * If there is now any data left in the receive buffer, then there has
         * been a reason that we haven't received it.  For stream sockets, that
         * reason is that the next segment has ancillary data.  In any case,
         * this means we should never block the current receive operation
         * waiting for more data.  Otherwise, we may block on MSG_WAITALL.
         */
        if (uds->uds_len > 0)
                *may_block = FALSE;

        /*
         * If the (non-datagram) socket has a peer that is not shut down for
         * writing, see if it can be woken up to send more data.  Note that
         * the event will never be processed immediately.
         */
        if (uds_is_connected(uds)) {
                assert(uds_get_type(uds) != SOCK_DGRAM);

                conn = uds->uds_conn;

                if (!uds_is_shutdown(conn, SFL_SHUT_WR))
                        sockevent_raise(&conn->uds_sock, SEV_SEND);
        }
}

/*
 * Process a receive request.  Return OK if the receive request has completed
 * successfully, SUSPEND if it should be tried again later, SOCKEVENT_EOF if an
 * end-of-file condition is reached, or a negative error code on failure.  In
 * all cases, the values of 'off' and 'ctl_off' must be updated if any progress
 * has been made; if either is non-zero, libsockevent will return the partial
 * progress rather than an error code or EOF.
 */
int
uds_recv(struct sock * sock, const struct sockdriver_data * data, size_t len,
        size_t * off, const struct sockdriver_data * ctl, socklen_t ctl_len,
        socklen_t * ctl_off, struct sockaddr * addr, socklen_t * addr_len,
        endpoint_t user_endpt, int flags, size_t min, int * rflags)
{
        struct udssock *uds = (struct udssock *)sock;
        size_t seglen, datalen, reslen = 0 /*gcc*/, credpos = 0 /*gcc*/;
        unsigned int segflags;
        int r, partial, may_block = 0 /*gcc*/;

        dprintf(("UDS: recv(%d,%zu,%zu,%u,%u,0x%x)\n",
            uds_get_id(uds), len, (off != NULL) ? *off : 0, ctl_len,
            (ctl_off != NULL) ? *ctl_off : 0, flags));

        /*
         * Start by testing whether anything can be received at all, or whether
         * an error or EOF should be returned instead, or whether the receive
         * call should be suspended until later otherwise.  If no (regular or
         * control) data can be received, or if this was a test for select,
         * we bail out right after.
         */
        partial = (off != NULL && *off > 0);

        if ((r = uds_recv_test(uds, len, min, partial, &may_block)) != OK)
                return r;

        /*
         * Copy out regular data, if any.  Do this before copying out control
         * data, because the latter is harder to undo on failure.  This data
         * copy function returns returns OK (0) if we are to return a result of
         * zero bytes (which is *not* EOF) to the caller without doing anything
         * else.  The function returns a nonzero positive segment length if we
         * should carry on with the receive call (as it happens, all its other
         * returned values may in fact be zero).
         */
        if ((r = uds_recv_data(uds, data, len, *off, addr, addr_len, rflags,
            &datalen, &reslen, &segflags, &credpos)) <= 0)
                return r;
        seglen = (size_t)r;

        /*
         * Copy out control data, if any: transfer and copy out records of file
         * descriptors, and/or copy out sender credentials.  This is the last
         * part of the call that may fail.
         */
        if ((r = uds_recv_ctl(uds, ctl, ctl_len, ctl_off, user_endpt, flags,
            segflags, credpos, rflags)) != OK)
                return r;

        /*
         * Now that the call has succeeded, move the tail of the receive
         * buffer, unless we were merely peeking.
         */
        if (!(flags & MSG_PEEK))
                uds_recv_advance(uds, seglen, datalen, reslen, segflags,
                    &may_block);
        else
                may_block = FALSE;

        /*
         * If the MSG_WAITALL flag was given, we may still have to suspend the
         * call after partial success.  In particular, the receive call may
         * suspend after partial success if all of these conditions are met:
         *
         *   1) the socket is a stream-type socket;
         *   2) MSG_WAITALL is set;
         *   3) MSG_PEEK is not set;
         *   4) MSG_DONTWAIT is not set (tested upon return);
         *   5) the socket must not have a pending error (tested upon return);
         *   6) the socket must not be shut down for reading (tested later);
         *   7) the socket must still be connected to a peer (no EOF);
         *   8) the peer must not have been shut down for writing (no EOF);
         *   9) the next segment, if any, contains no ancillary data.
         *
         * Together, these points guarantee that the call could conceivably
         * receive more after being resumed.  Points 4 to 6 are covered by
         * libsockevent, which will end the call even if we return SUSPEND
         * here.  Due to segment merging, we cover point 9 by checking that
         * there is currently no next segment at all.  Once a new segment
         * arrives, the ancillary-data test is done then.
         */
        *off += reslen;
        if ((flags & MSG_WAITALL) && reslen < len && may_block)
                return SUSPEND;
        else
                return OK;
}

/*
 * Test whether a receive request would block.  The given 'min' parameter
 * contains the minimum number of bytes that should be possible to receive
 * without blocking (the low receive watermark).  Return SUSPEND if the send
 * request would block.  Otherwise, return any other error code (including OK
 * or SOCKEVENT_EOF), and if 'size' is not a NULL pointer, it should be filled
 * with the number of bytes available for receipt right now (if not zero).
 * Note that if 'size' is not NULL, 'min' will always be zero.
 */
int
uds_test_recv(struct sock * sock, size_t min, size_t * size)
{
        struct udssock *uds = (struct udssock *)sock;
        size_t seglen;
        unsigned int segflags;
        int r;

        if ((r = uds_recv_test(uds, min, min, FALSE /*partial*/,
            NULL /*may_block*/)) == SUSPEND)
                return r;

        if (size != NULL && uds->uds_len > 0)
                (void)uds_fetch_hdr(uds, uds->uds_tail, &seglen, size,
                    &segflags);

        return r;
}