3 perlclib - Internal replacements for standard C library functions
7 One thing Perl porters should note is that F<perl> doesn't tend to use that
8 much of the C standard library internally; you'll see very little use of,
9 for example, the F<ctype.h> functions in there. This is because Perl
10 tends to reimplement or abstract standard library functions, so that we
11 know exactly how they're going to operate.
13 This is a reference card for people who are familiar with the C library
14 and who want to do things the Perl way; to tell them which functions
15 they ought to use instead of the more normal C functions.
19 In the following tables:
41 C<sv>, C<av>, C<hv>, etc. represent variables of their respective types.
43 =head2 File Operations
45 Instead of the F<stdio.h> functions, you should use the Perl abstraction
46 layer. Instead of C<FILE*> types, you need to be handling C<PerlIO*>
47 types. Don't forget that with the new PerlIO layered I/O abstraction
48 C<FILE*> types may not even be available. See also the C<perlapio>
49 documentation for more information about the following functions:
54 stdout PerlIO_stdout()
55 stderr PerlIO_stderr()
57 fopen(fn, mode) PerlIO_open(fn, mode)
58 freopen(fn, mode, stream) PerlIO_reopen(fn, mode, perlio) (Deprecated)
59 fflush(stream) PerlIO_flush(perlio)
60 fclose(stream) PerlIO_close(perlio)
62 =head2 File Input and Output
66 fprintf(stream, fmt, ...) PerlIO_printf(perlio, fmt, ...)
68 [f]getc(stream) PerlIO_getc(perlio)
69 [f]putc(stream, n) PerlIO_putc(perlio, n)
70 ungetc(n, stream) PerlIO_ungetc(perlio, n)
72 Note that the PerlIO equivalents of C<fread> and C<fwrite> are slightly
73 different from their C library counterparts:
75 fread(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_read(perlio, buf, numbytes)
76 fwrite(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_write(perlio, buf, numbytes)
78 fputs(s, stream) PerlIO_puts(perlio, s)
80 There is no equivalent to C<fgets>; one should use C<sv_gets> instead:
82 fgets(s, n, stream) sv_gets(sv, perlio, append)
84 =head2 File Positioning
88 feof(stream) PerlIO_eof(perlio)
89 fseek(stream, n, whence) PerlIO_seek(perlio, n, whence)
90 rewind(stream) PerlIO_rewind(perlio)
92 fgetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_getpos(perlio, sv)
93 fsetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_setpos(perlio, sv)
95 ferror(stream) PerlIO_error(perlio)
96 clearerr(stream) PerlIO_clearerr(perlio)
98 =head2 Memory Management and String Handling
102 t* p = malloc(n) New(id, p, n, t)
103 t* p = calloc(n, s) Newz(id, p, n, t)
104 p = realloc(p, n) Renew(p, n, t)
105 memcpy(dst, src, n) Copy(src, dst, n, t)
106 memmove(dst, src, n) Move(src, dst, n, t)
107 memcpy/*(struct foo *) StructCopy(src, dst, t)
111 strndup(p, n) savepvn(p, n) (Hey, strndup doesn't exist!)
113 strstr(big, little) instr(big, little)
114 strcmp(s1, s2) strLE(s1, s2) / strEQ(s1, s2) / strGT(s1,s2)
115 strncmp(s1, s2, n) strnNE(s1, s2, n) / strnEQ(s1, s2, n)
117 Notice the different order of arguments to C<Copy> and C<Move> than used
118 in C<memcpy> and C<memmove>.
120 Most of the time, though, you'll want to be dealing with SVs internally
121 instead of raw C<char *> strings:
124 strcpy(dt, src) sv_setpv(sv, s)
125 strncpy(dt, src, n) sv_setpvn(sv, s, n)
126 strcat(dt, src) sv_catpv(sv, s)
127 strncat(dt, src) sv_catpvn(sv, s)
128 sprintf(s, fmt, ...) sv_setpvf(sv, fmt, ...)
130 Note also the existence of C<sv_catpvf> and C<sv_catpvfn>, combining
131 concatenation with formatting.
133 =head2 Character Class Tests
135 There are two types of character class tests that Perl implements: one
136 type deals in C<char>s and are thus B<not> Unicode aware (and hence
137 deprecated unless you B<know> you should use them) and the other type
138 deal in C<UV>s and know about Unicode properties. In the following
139 table, C<c> is a C<char>, and C<u> is a Unicode codepoint.
141 Instead Of: Use: But better use:
143 isalnum(c) isALNUM(c) isALNUM_uni(u)
144 isalpha(c) isALPHA(c) isALPHA_uni(u)
145 iscntrl(c) isCNTRL(c) isCNTRL_uni(u)
146 isdigit(c) isDIGIT(c) isDIGIT_uni(u)
147 isgraph(c) isGRAPH(c) isGRAPH_uni(u)
148 islower(c) isLOWER(c) isLOWER_uni(u)
149 isprint(c) isPRINT(c) isPRINT_uni(u)
150 ispunct(c) isPUNCT(c) isPUNCT_uni(u)
151 isspace(c) isSPACE(c) isSPACE_uni(u)
152 isupper(c) isUPPER(c) isUPPER_uni(u)
153 isxdigit(c) isXDIGIT(c) isXDIGIT_uni(u)
155 tolower(c) toLOWER(c) toLOWER_uni(u)
156 toupper(c) toUPPER(c) toUPPER_uni(u)
158 =head2 F<stdlib.h> functions
164 strtod(s, *p) Nothing. Just don't use it.
165 strtol(s, *p, n) Strtol(s, *p, n)
166 strtoul(s, *p, n) Strtoul(s, *p, n)
168 Notice also the C<scan_bin>, C<scan_hex>, and C<scan_oct> functions in
169 F<util.c> for converting strings representing numbers in the respective
172 In theory C<Strtol> and C<Strtoul> may not be defined if the machine perl is
173 built on doesn't actually have strtol and strtoul. But as those 2
174 functions are part of the 1989 ANSI C spec we suspect you'll find them
177 int rand() double Drand01()
178 srand(n) { seedDrand01((Rand_seed_t)n);
179 PL_srand_called = TRUE; }
182 system(s) Don't. Look at pp_system or use my_popen
184 getenv(s) PerlEnv_getenv(s)
185 setenv(s, val) my_putenv(s, val)
187 =head2 Miscellaneous functions
189 You should not even B<want> to use F<setjmp.h> functions, but if you
190 think you do, use the C<JMPENV> stack in F<scope.h> instead.
192 For C<signal>/C<sigaction>, use C<rsignal(signo, handler)>.
196 C<perlapi>, C<perlapio>, C<perlguts>