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Network Working Group                                     P. Mockapetris
Request for Comments: 1101                                           ISI
Updates: RFCs 1034, 1035                                      April 1989


             DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types


1. STATUS OF THIS MEMO

   This RFC proposes two extensions to the Domain Name System:

      - A specific method for entering and retrieving RRs which map
        between network names and numbers.

      - Ideas for a general method for describing mappings between
        arbitrary identifiers and numbers.

   The method for mapping between network names and addresses is a
   proposed standard, the ideas for a general method are experimental.

   This RFC assumes that the reader is familiar with the DNS [RFC 1034,
   RFC 1035] and its use.  The data shown is for pedagogical use and
   does not necessarily reflect the real Internet.

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

2. INTRODUCTION

   The DNS is extensible and can be used for a virtually unlimited
   number of data types, name spaces, etc.  New type definitions are
   occasionally necessary as are revisions or deletions of old types
   (e.g., MX replacement of MD and MF [RFC 974]), and changes described
   in [RFC 973].  This RFC describes changes due to the general need to
   map between identifiers and values, and a specific need for network
   name support.

   Users wish to be able to use the DNS to map between network names and
   numbers.  This need is the only capability found in HOSTS.TXT which
   is not available from the DNS.  In designing a method to do this,
   there were two major areas of concern:

      - Several tradeoffs involving control of network names, the
        syntax of network names, backward compatibility, etc.

      - A desire to create a method which would be sufficiently
        general to set a good precedent for future mappings,
        for example, between TCP-port names and numbers,



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        autonomous system names and numbers, X.500 Relative
        Distinguished Names (RDNs) and their servers, or whatever.

   It was impossible to reconcile these two areas of concern for network
   names because of the desire to unify network number support within
   existing IP address to host name support.  The existing support is
   the IN-ADDR.ARPA section of the DNS name space.  As a result this RFC
   describes one structure for network names which builds on the
   existing support for host names, and another family of structures for
   future yellow pages (YP) functions such as conversions between TCP-
   port numbers and mnemonics.

   Both structures are described in following sections.  Each structure
   has a discussion of design issues and specific structure
   recommendations.

   We wish to avoid defining structures and methods which can work but
   do not because of indifference or errors on the part of system
   administrators when maintaining the database.  The WKS RR is an
   example.  Thus, while we favor distribution as a general method, we
   also recognize that centrally maintained tables (such as HOSTS.TXT)
   are usually more consistent though less maintainable and timely.
   Hence we recommend both specific methods for mapping network names,
   addresses, and subnets, as well as an instance of the general method
   for mapping between allocated network numbers and network names.
   (Allocation is centrally performed by the SRI Network Information
   Center, aka the NIC).

3. NETWORK NAME ISSUES AND DISCUSSION

   The issues involved in the design were the definition of network name
   syntax, the mappings to be provided, and possible support for similar
   functions at the subnet level.

3.1. Network name syntax

   The current syntax for network names, as defined by [RFC 952] is an
   alphanumeric string of up to 24 characters, which begins with an
   alpha, and may include "." and "-" except as first and last
   characters.  This is the format which was also used for host names
   before the DNS.  Upward compatibility with existing names might be a
   goal of any new scheme.

   However, the present syntax has been used to define a flat name
   space, and hence would prohibit the same distributed name allocation
   method used for host names.  There is some sentiment for allowing the
   NIC to continue to allocate and regulate network names, much as it
   allocates numbers, but the majority opinion favors local control of



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   network names.  Although it would be possible to provide a flat space
   or a name space in which, for example, the last label of a domain
   name captured the old-style network name, any such approach would add
   complexity to the method and create different rules for network names
   and host names.

   For these reasons, we assume that the syntax of network names will be
   the same as the expanded syntax for host names permitted in [HR].
   The new syntax expands the set of names to allow leading digits, so
   long as the resulting representations do not conflict with IP
   addresses in decimal octet form.  For example, 3Com.COM and 3M.COM
   are now legal, although 26.0.0.73.COM is not.  See [HR] for details.

   The price is that network names will get as complicated as host
   names.  An administrator will be able to create network names in any
   domain under his control, and also create network number to name
   entries in IN-ADDR.ARPA domains under his control.  Thus, the name
   for the ARPANET might become NET.ARPA, ARPANET.ARPA or Arpa-
   network.MIL., depending on the preferences of the owner.

3.2. Mappings

   The desired mappings, ranked by priority with most important first,
   are:

      - Mapping a IP address or network number to a network name.

        This mapping is for use in debugging tools and status displays
        of various sorts.  The conversion from IP address to network
        number is well known for class A, B, and C IP addresses, and
        involves a simple mask operation.  The needs of other classes
        are not yet defined and are ignored for the rest of this RFC.

      - Mapping a network name to a network address.

        This facility is of less obvious application, but a
        symmetrical mapping seems desirable.

      - Mapping an organization to its network names and numbers.

        This facility is useful because it may not always be possible
        to guess the local choice for network names, but the
        organization name is often well known.

      - Similar mappings for subnets, even when nested.

        The primary application is to be able to identify all of the
        subnets involved in a particular IP address.  A secondary



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        requirement is to retrieve address mask information.

3.3. Network address section of the name space

   The network name syntax discussed above can provide domain names
   which will contain mappings from network names to various quantities,
   but we also need a section of the name space, organized by network
   and subnet number to hold the inverse mappings.

   The choices include:

      - The same network number slots already assigned and delegated
        in the IN-ADDR.ARPA section of the name space.

        For example, 10.IN-ADDR.ARPA for class A net 10,
        2.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA for class B net 128.2, etc.

      - Host-zero addresses in the IN-ADDR.ARPA tree.  (A host field
        of all zero in an IP address is prohibited because of
        confusion related to broadcast addresses, et al.)

        For example, 0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA for class A net 10,
        0.0.2.128.IN-ADDR.arpa for class B net 128.2, etc.  Like the
        first scheme, it uses in-place name space delegations to
        distribute control.

        The main advantage of this scheme over the first is that it
        allows convenient names for subnets as well as networks.  A
        secondary advantage is that it uses names which are not in use
        already, and hence it is possible to test whether an
        organization has entered this information in its domain
        database.

      - Some new section of the name space.

        While this option provides the most opportunities, it creates
        a need to delegate a whole new name space.  Since the IP
        address space is so closely related to the network number
        space, most believe that the overhead of creating such a new
        space is overwhelming and would lead to the WKS syndrome.  (As
        of February, 1989, approximately 400 sections of the
        IN-ADDR.ARPA tree are already delegated, usually at network
        boundaries.)








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4. SPECIFICS FOR NETWORK NAME MAPPINGS

   The proposed solution uses information stored at:

      - Names in the IN-ADDR.ARPA tree that correspond to host-zero IP
        addresses.  The same method is used for subnets in a nested
        fashion.  For example, 0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA. for net 10.

        Two types of information are stored here: PTR RRs which point
        to the network name in their data sections, and A RRs, which
        are present if the network (or subnet) is subnetted further.
        If a type A RR is present, then it has the address mask as its
        data.  The general form is:

        <reversed-host-zero-number>.IN-ADDR.ARPA. PTR <network-name>
        <reversed-host-zero-number>.IN-ADDR.ARPA. A   <subnet-mask>

        For example:

        0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  PTR     ARPANET.ARPA.

        or

        0.0.2.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA. PTR     cmu-net.cmu.edu.
                                A       255.255.255.0

        In general, this information will be added to an existing
        master file for some IN-ADDR.ARPA domain for each network
        involved.  Similar RRs can be used at host-zero subnet
        entries.

      - Names which are network names.

        The data stored here is PTR RRs pointing at the host-zero
        entries.  The general form is:

        <network-name> ptr <reversed-host-zero-number>.IN-ADDR.ARPA

        For example:

        ARPANET.ARPA.           PTR     0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

        or

        isi-net.isi.edu.        PTR     0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

        In general, this information will be inserted in the master
        file for the domain name of the organization; this is a



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        different file from that which holds the information below
        IN-ADDR.ARPA.  Similar PTR RRs can be used at subnet names.

      - Names corresponding to organizations.

        The data here is one or more PTR RRs pointing at the
        IN-ADDR.ARPA names corresponding to host-zero entries for
        networks.

        For example:

        ISI.EDU.        PTR     0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

        MCC.COM.        PTR     0.167.5.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
                        PTR     0.168.5.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
                        PTR     0.169.5.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
                        PTR     0.0.62.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

4.1. A simple example

   The ARPANET is a Class A network without subnets.  The RRs which
   would be added, assuming the ARPANET.ARPA was selected as a network
   name, would be:

   ARPA.                   PTR     0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   ARPANET.ARPA.           PTR     0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  PTR     ARPANET.ARPA.

   The first RR states that the organization named ARPA owns net 10 (It
   might also own more network numbers, and these would be represented
   with an additional RR per net.)  The second states that the network
   name ARPANET.ARPA. maps to net 10.  The last states that net 10 is
   named ARPANET.ARPA.

   Note that all of the usual host and corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA
   entries would still be required.

4.2. A complicated, subnetted example

   The ISI network is 128.9, a class B number.  Suppose the ISI network
   was organized into two levels of subnet, with the first level using
   an additional 8 bits of address, and the second level using 4 bits,
   for address masks of x'FFFFFF00' and X'FFFFFFF0'.

   Then the following RRs would be entered in ISI's master file for the
   ISI.EDU zone:



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   ; Define network entry
   isi-net.isi.edu.                PTR  0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   ; Define first level subnets
   div1-subnet.isi.edu.            PTR  0.1.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
   div2-subnet.isi.edu.            PTR  0.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   ; Define second level subnets
   inc-subsubnet.isi.edu.          PTR  16.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   in the 9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA zone:

   ; Define network number and address mask
   0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.         PTR  isi-net.isi.edu.
                                   A    255.255.255.0  ;aka X'FFFFFF00'

   ; Define one of the first level subnet numbers and masks
   0.1.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.         PTR  div1-subnet.isi.edu.
                                   A    255.255.255.240 ;aka X'FFFFFFF0'

   ; Define another first level subnet number and mask
   0.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.         PTR  div2-subnet.isi.edu.
                                   A    255.255.255.240 ;aka X'FFFFFFF0'

   ; Define second level subnet number
   16.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.        PTR  inc-subsubnet.isi.edu.

   This assumes that the ISI network is named isi-net.isi.edu., first
   level subnets are named div1-subnet.isi.edu. and div2-
   subnet.isi.edu., and a second level subnet is called inc-
   subsubnet.isi.edu.  (In a real system as complicated as this there
   would be more first and second level subnets defined, but we have
   shown enough to illustrate the ideas.)

4.3. Procedure for using an IP address to get network name

   Depending on whether the IP address is class A, B, or C, mask off the
   high one, two, or three bytes, respectively.  Reverse the octets,
   suffix IN-ADDR.ARPA, and do a PTR query.

   For example, suppose the IP address is 10.0.0.51.

      1. Since this is a class A address, use a mask x'FF000000' and
         get 10.0.0.0.

      2. Construct the name 0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

      3. Do a PTR query.  Get back



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         0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  PTR     ARPANET.ARPA.

      4. Conclude that the network name is "ARPANET.ARPA."

   Suppose that the IP address is 128.9.2.17.

      1. Since this is a class B address, use a mask of x'FFFF0000'
         and get 128.9.0.0.

      2. Construct the name 0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

      3. Do a PTR query.  Get back

         0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.       PTR     isi-net.isi.edu

      4. Conclude that the network name is "isi-net.isi.edu."

4.4. Procedure for finding all subnets involved with an IP address

   This is a simple extension of the IP address to network name method.
   When the network entry is located, do a lookup for a possible A RR.
   If the A RR is found, look up the next level of subnet using the
   original IP address and the mask in the A RR.  Repeat this procedure
   until no A RR is found.

   For example, repeating the use of 128.9.2.17.

      1. As before construct a query for 0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
         Retrieve:

         0.0.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  PTR    isi-net.isi.edu.
                                  A      255.255.255.0

      2. Since an A RR was found, repeat using mask from RR
         (255.255.255.0), constructing a query for
         0.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  Retrieve:

         0.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  PTR    div2-subnet.isi.edu.
                                  A      255.255.255.240

      3. Since another A RR was found, repeat using mask
         255.255.255.240 (x'FFFFFFF0').  constructing a query for
         16.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  Retrieve:

         16.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA. PTR    inc-subsubnet.isi.edu.

      4. Since no A RR is present at 16.2.9.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA., there
         are no more subnet levels.



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5. YP ISSUES AND DISCUSSION

   The term "Yellow Pages" is used in almost as many ways as the term
   "domain", so it is useful to define what is meant herein by YP.  The
   general problem to be solved is to create a method for creating
   mappings from one kind of identifier to another, often with an
   inverse capability.  The traditional methods are to search or use a
   precomputed index of some kind.

   Searching is impractical when the search is too large, and
   precomputed indexes are possible only when it is possible to specify
   search criteria in advance, and pay for the resources necessary to
   build the index.  For example, it is impractical to search the entire
   domain tree to find a particular address RR, so we build the IN-
   ADDR.ARPA YP.  Similarly, we could never build an Internet-wide index
   of "hosts with a load average of less than 2" in less time than it
   would take for the data to change, so indexes are a useless approach
   for that problem.

   Such a precomputed index is what we mean by YP, and we regard the
   IN-ADDR.ARPA domain as the first instance of a YP in the DNS.
   Although a single, centrally-managed YP for well-known values such as
   TCP-port is desirable, we regard organization-specific YPs for, say,
   locally defined TCP ports as a natural extension, as are combinations
   of YPs using search lists to merge the two.

   In examining Internet Numbers [RFC 997] and Assigned Numbers [RFC
   1010], it is clear that there are several mappings which might be of
   value.  For example:

   <assigned-network-name> <==> <IP-address>
   <autonomous-system-id>  <==> <number>
   <protocol-id>           <==> <number>
   <port-id>               <==> <number>
   <ethernet-type>         <==> <number>
   <public-data-net>       <==> <IP-address>

   Following the IN-ADDR example, the YP takes the form of a domain tree
   organized to optimize retrieval by search key and distribution via
   normal DNS rules.  The name used as a key must include:

      1. A well known origin.  For example, IN-ADDR.ARPA is the
         current IP-address to host name YP.

      2. A "from" data type.  This identifies the input type of the
         mapping.  This is necessary because we may be mapping
         something as anonymous as a number to any number of
         mnemonics, etc.



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      3. A "to" data type.  Since we assume several symmetrical
         mnemonic <==> number mappings, this is also necessary.

   This ordering reflects the natural scoping of control, and hence the
   order of the components in a domain name.  Thus domain names would be
   of the form:

   <from-value>.<to-data-type>.<from-data-type>.<YP-origin>

   To make this work, we need to define well-know strings for each of
   these metavariables, as well as encoding rules for converting a
   <from-value> into a domain name.  We might define:

   <YP-origin>     :=YP
   <from-data-type>:=TCP-port | IN-ADDR | Number |
                     Assigned-network-number | Name
   <to-data-type>  :=<from-data-type>

   Note that "YP" is NOT a valid country code under [ISO 3166] (although
   we may want to worry about the future), and the existence of a
   syntactically valid <to-data-type>.<from-data-type> pair does not
   imply that a meaningful mapping exists, or is even possible.

   The encoding rules might be:

   TCP-port        Six character alphanumeric

   IN-ADDR         Reversed 4-octet decimal string

   Number          decimal integer

   Assigned-network-number
                   Reversed 4-octet decimal string

   Name            Domain name

6. SPECIFICS FOR YP MAPPINGS

6.1. TCP-PORT

   $origin Number.TCP-port.YP.

   23              PTR     TELNET.TCP-port.Number.YP.
   25              PTR     SMTP.TCP-port.Number.YP.

   $origin TCP-port.Number.YP.

   TELNET          PTR     23.Number.TCP-port.YP.



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   SMTP            PTR     25.Number.TCP-port.YP.

   Thus the mapping between 23 and TELNET is represented by a pair of
   PTR RRs, one for each direction of the mapping.

6.2. Assigned networks

   Network numbers are assigned by the NIC and reported in "Internet
   Numbers" RFCs.  To create a YP, the NIC would set up two domains:

   Name.Assigned-network-number.YP and Assigned-network-number.YP

   The first would contain entries of the form:

   $origin Name.Assigned-network-number.YP.

   0.0.0.4         PTR     SATNET.Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.
   0.0.0.10        PTR     ARPANET.Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.

   The second would contain entries of the form:

   $origin Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.

   SATNET.         PTR     0.0.0.4.Name.Assigned-network-number.YP.
   ARPANET.        PTR     0.0.0.10.Name.Assigned-network-number.YP.

   These YPs are not in conflict with the network name support described
   in the first half of this RFC since they map between ASSIGNED network
   names and numbers, not those allocated by the organizations
   themselves.  That is, they document the NIC's decisions about
   allocating network numbers but do not automatically track any
   renaming performed by the new owners.

   As a practical matter, we might want to create both of these domains
   to enable users on the Internet to experiment with centrally
   maintained support as well as the distributed version, or might want
   to implement only the allocated number to name mapping and request
   organizations to convert their allocated network names to the network
   names described in the distributed model.

6.3. Operational improvements

   We could imagine that all conversion routines using these YPs might
   be instructed to use "YP.<local-domain>" followed by "YP."  as a
   search list.  Thus, if the organization ISI.EDU wished to define
   locally meaningful TCP-PORT, it would define the domains:

   <TCP-port.Number.YP.ISI.EDU> and <Number.TCP-port.YP.ISI.EDU>.



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   We could add another level of indirection in the YP lookup, defining
   the <to-data-type>.<from-data-type>.<YP-origin> nodes to point to the
   YP tree, rather than being the YP tree directly.  This would enable
   entries of the form:

   IN-ADDR.Netname.YP.   PTR     IN-ADDR.ARPA.

   to splice in YPs from other origins or existing spaces.

   Another possibility would be to shorten the RDATA section of the RRs
   which map back and forth by deleting the origin.  This could be done
   either by allowing the domain name in the RDATA portion to not
   identify a real domain name, or by defining a new RR which used a
   simple text string rather than a domain name.

   Thus, we might replace

   $origin Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.

   SATNET.         PTR     0.0.0.4.Name.Assigned-network-number.YP.
   ARPANET.        PTR     0.0.0.10.Name.Assigned-network-number.YP.

   with

   $origin Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.

   SATNET.         PTR     0.0.0.4.
   ARPANET.        PTR     0.0.0.10.

   or

   $origin Assigned-network-number.Name.YP.

   SATNET.         PTT     "0.0.0.4"
   ARPANET.        PTT     "0.0.0.10"

   where PTT is a new type whose RDATA section is a text string.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

   Drew Perkins, Mark Lottor, and Rob Austein contributed several of the
   ideas in this RFC.  Numerous contributions, criticisms, and
   compromises were produced in the IETF Domain working group and the
   NAMEDROPPERS mailing list.







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8. REFERENCES

   [HR]        Braden, B., editor, "Requirements for Internet Hosts",
               RFC in preparation.

   [ISO 3166]  ISO, "Codes for the Representation of Names of
               Countries", 1981.

   [RFC 882]   Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - Concepts and
               Facilities", RFC 882, USC/Information Sciences Institute,
               November 1983.

               Superseded by RFC 1034.

   [RFC 883]   Mockapetris, P.,"Domain names - Implementation and
               Specification", RFC 883, USC/Information Sciences
               Institute, November 1983.

               Superceeded by RFC 1035.

   [RFC 920]   Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Domain Requirements", RFC
               920, October 1984.

               Explains the naming scheme for top level domains.

   [RFC 952]   Harrenstien, K., M. Stahl, and E. Feinler, "DoD Internet
               Host Table Specification", RFC 952, SRI, October 1985.

               Specifies the format of HOSTS.TXT, the host/address table
               replaced by the DNS

   [RFC 973]   Mockapetris, P., "Domain System Changes and
               Observations", RFC 973, USC/Information Sciences
               Institute, January 1986.

               Describes changes to RFCs 882 and 883 and reasons for
               them.

   [RFC 974]   Partridge, C., "Mail routing and the domain system", RFC
               974, CSNET CIC BBN Labs, January 1986.

               Describes the transition from HOSTS.TXT based mail
               addressing to the more powerful MX system used with the
               domain system.







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   [RFC 997]   Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Internet Numbers", RFC 997,
               USC/Information Sciences Institute, March 1987

               Contains network numbers, autonomous system numbers, etc.

   [RFC 1010]  Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC
               1010, USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1987

               Contains socket numbers and mnemonics for host names,
               operating systems, etc.


   [RFC 1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - Concepts and
               Facilities", RFC 1034, USC/Information Sciences
               Institute, November 1987.

               Introduction/overview of the DNS.

   [RFC 1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - Implementation and
               Specification", RFC 1035, USC/Information Sciences
               Institute, November 1987.

               DNS implementation instructions.

Author's Address:

   Paul Mockapetris
   USC/Information Sciences Institute
   4676 Admiralty Way
   Marina del Rey, CA 90292

   Phone: (213) 822-1511

   Email: PVM@ISI.EDU

















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