7 Network Working Group D. Eastlake
8 Request for Comments: 2537 IBM
9 Category: Standards Track March 1999
12 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name System (DNS)
16 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
17 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
18 improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
19 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
20 and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
24 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
28 A standard method for storing RSA keys and and RSA/MD5 based
29 signatures in the Domain Name System is described which utilizes DNS
30 KEY and SIG resource records.
34 Abstract...................................................1
35 1. Introduction............................................1
36 2. RSA Public KEY Resource Records.........................2
37 3. RSA/MD5 SIG Resource Records............................2
38 4. Performance Considerations..............................3
39 5. Security Considerations.................................4
40 References.................................................4
41 Author's Address...........................................5
42 Full Copyright Statement...................................6
46 The Domain Name System (DNS) is the global hierarchical replicated
47 distributed database system for Internet addressing, mail proxy, and
48 other information. The DNS has been extended to include digital
49 signatures and cryptographic keys as described in [RFC 2535]. Thus
50 the DNS can now be secured and used for secure key distribution.
58 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 1]
60 RFC 2537 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the DNS March 1999
63 This document describes how to store RSA keys and and RSA/MD5 based
64 signatures in the DNS. Familiarity with the RSA algorithm is assumed
65 [Schneier]. Implementation of the RSA algorithm in DNS is
68 The key words "MUST", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED", and "MAY"
69 in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
71 2. RSA Public KEY Resource Records
73 RSA public keys are stored in the DNS as KEY RRs using algorithm
74 number 1 [RFC 2535]. The structure of the algorithm specific portion
75 of the RDATA part of such RRs is as shown below.
79 exponent length 1 or 3 octets (see text)
80 exponent as specified by length field
81 modulus remaining space
83 For interoperability, the exponent and modulus are each currently
84 limited to 4096 bits in length. The public key exponent is a
85 variable length unsigned integer. Its length in octets is
86 represented as one octet if it is in the range of 1 to 255 and by a
87 zero octet followed by a two octet unsigned length if it is longer
88 than 255 bytes. The public key modulus field is a multiprecision
89 unsigned integer. The length of the modulus can be determined from
90 the RDLENGTH and the preceding RDATA fields including the exponent.
91 Leading zero octets are prohibited in the exponent and modulus.
93 3. RSA/MD5 SIG Resource Records
95 The signature portion of the SIG RR RDATA area, when using the
96 RSA/MD5 algorithm, is calculated as shown below. The data signed is
97 determined as specified in [RFC 2535]. See [RFC 2535] for fields in
98 the SIG RR RDATA which precede the signature itself.
103 signature = ( 00 | 01 | FF* | 00 | prefix | hash ) ** e (mod n)
114 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 2]
116 RFC 2537 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the DNS March 1999
119 where MD5 is the message digest algorithm documented in [RFC 1321],
120 "|" is concatenation, "e" is the private key exponent of the signer,
121 and "n" is the modulus of the signer's public key. 01, FF, and 00
122 are fixed octets of the corresponding hexadecimal value. "prefix" is
123 the ASN.1 BER MD5 algorithm designator prefix specified in [RFC
126 hex 3020300c06082a864886f70d020505000410 [NETSEC].
128 This prefix is included to make it easier to use RSAREF (or similar
129 packages such as EuroRef). The FF octet MUST be repeated the maximum
130 number of times such that the value of the quantity being
131 exponentiated is the same length in octets as the value of n.
133 (The above specifications are identical to the corresponding part of
134 Public Key Cryptographic Standard #1 [RFC 2437].)
136 The size of n, including most and least significant bits (which will
137 be 1) MUST be not less than 512 bits and not more than 4096 bits. n
138 and e SHOULD be chosen such that the public exponent is small.
140 Leading zero bytes are permitted in the RSA/MD5 algorithm signature.
142 A public exponent of 3 minimizes the effort needed to verify a
143 signature. Use of 3 as the public exponent is weak for
144 confidentiality uses since, if the same data can be collected
145 encrypted under three different keys with an exponent of 3 then,
146 using the Chinese Remainder Theorem [NETSEC], the original plain text
147 can be easily recovered. This weakness is not significant for DNS
148 security because we seek only authentication, not confidentiality.
150 4. Performance Considerations
152 General signature generation speeds are roughly the same for RSA and
153 DSA [RFC 2536]. With sufficient pre-computation, signature
154 generation with DSA is faster than RSA. Key generation is also
155 faster for DSA. However, signature verification is an order of
156 magnitude slower with DSA when the RSA public exponent is chosen to
157 be small as is recommended for KEY RRs used in domain name system
158 (DNS) data authentication.
160 Current DNS implementations are optimized for small transfers,
161 typically less than 512 bytes including overhead. While larger
162 transfers will perform correctly and work is underway to make larger
170 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 3]
172 RFC 2537 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the DNS March 1999
175 transfers more efficient, it is still advisable at this time to make
176 reasonable efforts to minimize the size of KEY RR sets stored within
177 the DNS consistent with adequate security. Keep in mind that in a
178 secure zone, at least one authenticating SIG RR will also be
181 5. Security Considerations
183 Many of the general security consideration in [RFC 2535] apply. Keys
184 retrieved from the DNS should not be trusted unless (1) they have
185 been securely obtained from a secure resolver or independently
186 verified by the user and (2) this secure resolver and secure
187 obtainment or independent verification conform to security policies
188 acceptable to the user. As with all cryptographic algorithms,
189 evaluating the necessary strength of the key is essential and
190 dependent on local policy.
192 For interoperability, the RSA key size is limited to 4096 bits. For
193 particularly critical applications, implementors are encouraged to
194 consider the range of available algorithms and key sizes.
198 [NETSEC] Kaufman, C., Perlman, R. and M. Speciner, "Network
199 Security: PRIVATE Communications in a PUBLIC World",
200 Series in Computer Networking and Distributed
201 Communications, 1995.
203 [RFC 2437] Kaliski, B. and J. Staddon, "PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography
204 Specifications Version 2.0", RFC 2437, October 1998.
206 [RFC 1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and
207 Facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
209 [RFC 1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
210 Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
212 [RFC 1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321
215 [RFC 2535] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions",
216 RFC 2535, March 1999.
218 [RFC 2536] EastLake, D., "DSA KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name
219 System (DNS)", RFC 2536, March 1999.
226 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 4]
228 RFC 2537 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the DNS March 1999
231 [Schneier] Bruce Schneier, "Applied Cryptography Second Edition:
232 protocols, algorithms, and source code in C", 1996, John
233 Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-11709-9.
237 Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
239 65 Shindegan Hill Road, RR #1
242 Phone: +1-914-276-2668(h)
244 Fax: +1-914-784-3833(w)
245 EMail: dee3@us.ibm.com
282 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 5]
284 RFC 2537 RSA/MD5 KEYs and SIGs in the DNS March 1999
287 Full Copyright Statement
289 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
291 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
292 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
293 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
294 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
295 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
296 included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
297 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
298 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
299 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
300 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
301 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
302 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
305 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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308 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
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338 Eastlake Standards Track [Page 6]