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31 .\" @(#)ctype.3 6.5 (Berkeley) 4/19/91
51 .Nd character classification and mapping functions
71 The above functions perform character tests and conversions on the integer
74 See the specific manual pages for information about the
75 test or conversion performed by each function.
77 To print an upper-case version of a string on stdout, use the following
82 putchar(toupper((int)(unsigned char)*s));
103 These functions, with the exception of
108 The first argument of these functions is of type
110 but only a very restricted subset of values are actually valid.
111 The argument must either be the value of the macro
113 (which has a negative value),
114 or must be a non-negative value within the range representable as
116 Passing invalid values leads to undefined behavior.
120 that were returned by
123 and similar functions or macros
124 are already in the correct range, and may be safely passed to these
126 functions without any casts.
132 must first be cast to
134 to ensure that the values are within the correct range.
135 The result should then be cast to
137 to avoid warnings from some compilers.
138 Casting a negative-valued
144 will produce a negative-valued
146 which will be outside the range of allowed values
147 (unless it happens to be equal to
149 but even that would not give the desired result).