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30 .\" @(#)err.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
44 .Nd formatted error messages
50 .Fn err "int status" "const char *fmt" "..."
52 .Fn verr "int status" "const char *fmt" "va_list args"
54 .Fn errx "int status" "const char *fmt" "..."
56 .Fn verrx "int status" "const char *fmt" "va_list args"
58 .Fn warn "const char *fmt" "..."
60 .Fn vwarn "const char *fmt" "va_list args"
62 .Fn warnx "const char *fmt" "..."
64 .Fn vwarnx "const char *fmt" "va_list args"
70 family of functions display a formatted error message on the standard
72 In all cases, the last component of the program name, a colon character,
73 and a space are output.
78 the formatted error message is output.
85 functions, the error message string affiliated with the current value of
88 is output next, preceded by a colon character and a space if
92 In all cases, the output is followed by a newline character.
99 functions will not output this error message string.
107 functions do not return, but instead cause the program to terminate
108 with the status value given by the argument
110 It is often appropriate to use the value
116 argument given to these functions.
120 information string and terminate with status indicating failure:
121 .Bd -literal -offset indent
122 if ((p = malloc(size)) == NULL)
123 err(EXIT_FAILURE, NULL);
124 if ((fd = open(file_name, O_RDONLY, 0)) == -1)
125 err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s", file_name);
128 Display an error message and terminate with status indicating failure:
129 .Bd -literal -offset indent
130 if (tm.tm_hour \*[Lt] START_TIME)
131 errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "too early, wait until %s",
136 .Bd -literal -offset indent
137 if ((fd = open(raw_device, O_RDONLY, 0)) == -1)
138 warnx("%s: %s: trying the block device",
139 raw_device, strerror(errno));
140 if ((fd = open(block_device, O_RDONLY, 0)) == -1)
141 warn("%s", block_device);
152 functions first appeared in
155 It is important never to pass a string with user-supplied data as a
158 An attacker can put format specifiers in the string to mangle your stack,
159 leading to a possible security hole.
160 This holds true even if you have built the string
162 using a function like
164 as the resulting string may still contain user-supplied conversion specifiers
165 for later interpolation by the
171 Always be sure to use the proper secure idiom:
172 .Bd -literal -offset indent
173 err(1, "%s", string);